The document summarizes a workshop agenda on integrated drought management in Central and Eastern Europe. It discusses concepts of water scarcity and drought, and how climate change may impact water resources in drought conditions. There is uncertainty around projections due to limitations of climate models and data availability. Networks like CLIMATE-ADAPT and research projects provide information. Developing integrated drought management plans that incorporate climate adaptation is recommended to minimize drought impacts. The IDMP initiative aims to build knowledge and early warning systems to support better risk responses.
Presentation made by Dr. Elena Mateescu, Executive Director of National Meteorological Administration, GWP Consulting Partners Meeting, 26. August 2012, Stockholm, Sweden
Climate Variability and Change, Importance for IWRM planning process
International Roundtable on Protection and Sustainable Use of Trans-boundary Waters in South East Europe, 15-16 December 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
In Search of Shelter: Mapping the effects of climate change on human migration and displacement.
Presentation at the UNFCCC Bonn Climate Change Talks, June 2009.
Presentation made by Dr. Elena Mateescu, Executive Director of National Meteorological Administration, GWP Consulting Partners Meeting, 26. August 2012, Stockholm, Sweden
Climate Variability and Change, Importance for IWRM planning process
International Roundtable on Protection and Sustainable Use of Trans-boundary Waters in South East Europe, 15-16 December 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
In Search of Shelter: Mapping the effects of climate change on human migration and displacement.
Presentation at the UNFCCC Bonn Climate Change Talks, June 2009.
Soil in the City Andrea Zelioli - URBAN Soil Management Strategy, Central Eur...Andrea Zelioli
Management strategies and experiences are thus required for the practical
implementation of soil protection strategies at regional and local level. The
Urban Soil Management Strategy (URBAN SMS) project, funded by the European
Regional Development Fund (2007 to 2013), is facing this challenge.
A transnational team of eleven partners from seven Central European countries
have implemented comprehensive soil management strategies and tools. As
a result, the URBAN SMS project provides useful approaches to protect high
quality soils and their functions during urban development. Combined with
awareness raising activities and a permanent and unceasing commitment
on the European, national and local level, these results will lead to a better
management and protection of soil resources in Europe.
Climate Change: Implications for CitiesECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief that the cities sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
Grateful thanks are extended to all reviewers from both the science and business communities for their time, effort and invaluable feedback on this document. The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
FEMIP Report on Climate Change in the Mediterraneangueste33f29
FEMIP, the European Investment Bank’s (EIB) dedicated facility for the Mediterranean, together with the UNEP have published a study on "Climate change, energy and water in the Mediterranean".
The report, available in English and French, deals with the impact of climate change in the region. It calls for a strong investment in renewable energy and measures to modernise electricity production and improve energy efficiency.
How to plan and design your next digital projects. Multi screen digital strategy explained. How organizations and corporates should manage their websites, mobile apps and mobile (or responsive) websites.
for more info visit http://www,realcommerce.co.il
Soil in the City Andrea Zelioli - URBAN Soil Management Strategy, Central Eur...Andrea Zelioli
Management strategies and experiences are thus required for the practical
implementation of soil protection strategies at regional and local level. The
Urban Soil Management Strategy (URBAN SMS) project, funded by the European
Regional Development Fund (2007 to 2013), is facing this challenge.
A transnational team of eleven partners from seven Central European countries
have implemented comprehensive soil management strategies and tools. As
a result, the URBAN SMS project provides useful approaches to protect high
quality soils and their functions during urban development. Combined with
awareness raising activities and a permanent and unceasing commitment
on the European, national and local level, these results will lead to a better
management and protection of soil resources in Europe.
Climate Change: Implications for CitiesECFoundation
The Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the
most comprehensive and relevant analysis of our changing climate. It provides the scientific fact base that will be used around the world to formulate
climate policies in the coming years.This document is one of a series synthesizing the most pertinent findings of AR5 for specific economic and business sectors. It was born of the belief that the cities sector could make more use of AR5, which is long and highly technical, if it were distilled into an accurate, accessible, timely, relevant and readable summary. Although the information presented here is a ‘translation’ of the key content relevant to this sector from AR5, this summary report adheres to the rigorous scientific basis of the original source material.
Grateful thanks are extended to all reviewers from both the science and business communities for their time, effort and invaluable feedback on this document. The basis for information presented in this overview report can be found in the fully-referenced and peer-reviewed IPCC technical and scientific background reports at: www.ipcc.ch
FEMIP Report on Climate Change in the Mediterraneangueste33f29
FEMIP, the European Investment Bank’s (EIB) dedicated facility for the Mediterranean, together with the UNEP have published a study on "Climate change, energy and water in the Mediterranean".
The report, available in English and French, deals with the impact of climate change in the region. It calls for a strong investment in renewable energy and measures to modernise electricity production and improve energy efficiency.
How to plan and design your next digital projects. Multi screen digital strategy explained. How organizations and corporates should manage their websites, mobile apps and mobile (or responsive) websites.
for more info visit http://www,realcommerce.co.il
Fourth IDMP CEE workshop: Upgrading agricultural drought monitoring and forecasting: the case of Ukraine and Moldova by Anna Tsvietkova & Dumitru Drumea
2010 Mobile Trends, Mobile Development Strategy, Mobile User Experience - Rea...Shay Rosen (שי רוזן)
This is the longer version of the Mobile Trends and User experience survival kit I usually use. This version is built for introductory seminars and corporates willing to make their move into the world of mobile developments and mobile apps.
The Presentation covers the 2010 top mobile trend worldwide. I also discusses key questions in mobile development in the enterprise level and includes my golden rules for a successful UX in mobile apps. The presentation contains some 60 something slides and usually takes 3-4 hours.
Water Management in Rural Areas in a Changing ClimateCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation by Prof. Edward Pierzgalski from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the main issues of water management in rural areas, climate change versus water resources, water management in agriculture versus climate change and what we should do.
Introducing climate change in river basin managementLia Romano
3rd International Meeting on Meteorology and Climatology of the Mediterranean
POSTER
ABSTRACT
Within an increasing sensibility of international scientific community and public opinion about the issue, the recent European Directives in water policy, the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Floods Directive 2007/60/EC - that provide legal instruments for protecting and restoring the water environment, as well as for reducing risks to human health, cultural heritage and economic activity - require the States Member to take into account the eventual trend induced by climate change, from which major changes in yearly and seasonal precipitation and water flow, flooding, coastal erosion and water quality arise.
The effects of the climate change on the hydrological cycle are usually carried out by means of climatic models working on a planetary scale and most of all forecast an drying trend in Southern Europe, unlike a wetting trend in the Northern Europe. On the other hand, at regional scale, the expected changes can be rather different, indeed forecast of precipitation and flow changes at river basin scale are less certain, due to large natural variability in these quantities, as well as the limitation of climate models, and assumptions used to downscale information from climate to hydrological models.
It follows that an important role of water managers would be to adopt plans to climate change impacts, individuating methodologies for evaluation of climate variability scenarios in the basins management, both for water scarcity management and for flood risk management in order to apply efficiently long term measures.
A presentation on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, with particular relevance to Africa and Trans-frontier Conservation Areas within Southern Africa
Presented by Vladimir Smakhtin at the National Workshop on “Use of Space Based Information for Disaster Management” Colombo, Sri Lanka, November 17, 2014.
Presentation made at the expert meeting organised jointly by the European Commission, the OECD and the project PLACARD, in Paris 26th -28th October 2016. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/risk/joint-expert-meeting-on-disaster-loss-data.htm
Speakers: Cather Gamper, Team lead, Climate adaptation and resilience team, Environment directorate (OECD) and Sophie Lavaud, Policy Analyst, Climate adaptation and resilience team, Environment directorate (OECD).
Presentation at the 1st meeting of the Working Party on Climate Change (WPCC) held at the OECD headquarters on 27-28 September, 2023.
Socio-economic development and availability of water are strongly interrelated.
Advances in water related engineering, technology and management have been central to progress in human development.
Today water remains central to many aspects of socio-economic development – key to energy and food production (nexus) and other areas of human endeavor.
FEMIP Report on Climate Change in the MediterraneanPARIS
FEMIP, the European Investment Bank’s (EIB) dedicated facility for the Mediterranean, together with the UNEP have published a study on "Climate change, energy and water in the Mediterranean".
The report, available in English and French, deals with the impact of climate change in the region. It calls for a strong investment in renewable energy and measures to modernise electricity production and improve energy efficiency.
Presentation held by Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa from IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), at the learning event The Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
Presentation of the Project "Amazonia:
The Security Agenda: at the Conference "Climate Change and Security at the Crossroads – Pathways to Conflict or Cooperation”, Kristiansand, Norway, June 21th, 2013
Similar to Water Scarcity and Climate Uncertainty by Elena Mateescu, National Meteorological Administration, Romania and National Focal Point UNCCD (20)
Fourth IDMP CEE workshop: Development of GIS Based Communication Technology Platform for the Sustainable Management of Transboundary Water Resources in Lithuania, Poland, Belarus and Kaliningrad Region by Edvinas Stonevicius
More from Global Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe (20)
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Water Scarcity and Climate Uncertainty by Elena Mateescu, National Meteorological Administration, Romania and National Focal Point UNCCD
1. 5 – 6 October 2012, Bratislava, Slovakia
Integrated Drought Management Programme in Central and Eastern Europe
A GWP and WMO initiative: Regional Workshop Agenda
5 October 2012
Drought management: current status and future
regional perspectives, water management and
agriculture sectors perspectives
Water scarcity and climate uncertainty; what do we know
on droughts in Europe
Dr. Elena Mateescu - National Meteorological Administration, Romania
Liviu Popescu – GWP, Romania
2. Outline
Water scarcity and drought concepts
Water scarcity, drought and CC - policy framework
Knowledge base and information exchange on CC and drought –
technical and scientific platform
Climatic conditions in Europe – current status and projected changes
Potential impacts of CC on the status of water resources in drought
conditions
What are the main sources of uncertainty on CC and drought impact ?
Examples of information networks on DROUGHT
Drought management and adaptation options – IDMP
Conclusions
3. Water scarcity and drought concepts
Water scarcity is a man-made caused phenomenon. It is a recurrent imbalance that arises
from an overuse of water resources, caused by consumption being significantly higher than
the natural renewable availability. Water scarcity can be more aggravated by disturbed
meteorological conditions during drought episodes and even more complicated by the water
pollution which is associated with lack of resources (reducing the suitability for different
water uses);
Drought is a natural phenomenon. It is a temporary, negative and severe deviation along a
significant time period and over a large region from average precipitation values (a rainfall
deficit), which might lead to meteorological, agricultural, hydrological and socio-economic
drought, depending on its severity and duration (EU definitions on WS&D Report, 2007).
TIME SCALE
Short-term Mid-term (months, Long-term
(days, weeks) seasons, years) (decades)
Causes Natural Dry spell Drought Aridity
Man-made Water shortage Water scarcity Desertification
Timescale and causes of water scarcity, drought and related concepts
Source: Gap Analysis of the Water Scarcity and Droughts Policy in the EU,
European Commission Tender ENV.D.1/SER/2010/0049 August 2012
4. Water scarcity, drought and CC – policy framework
Related on water scarcity and droughts policy, several EU policies and initiatives
contribute to efforts for adaptation to climate change impact on water resources
management; examples :
EU Water Framework Directive (WFD/2000/60/EC) and the Water Scarcity and
Droughts EU Policy (EC 2007b) refers :
- to protect and restore the water environment across Europe by 2015 and to
ensure the long term sustainable use of water;
- to development of adaptation measures and sets out of a number of policy
options for addressing impacts of water scarcity and droughts in next decades.
The Blueprint to safeguard Europe's water resources is a communication to be
released by the end of 2012 that will address the evolution of water resources, including
water's vulnerability to climate change and anthropogenic pressures (i.e. land use
management). It will focus on different water resource management aspects that are related
to adaption (land use management including forests, indicative water efficiency targets,
economic instruments, innovation, governance and knowledge base).
WATER SAVING SHOULD BECAME THE PRIORITY.
Drought Management Plans must be the first set of policy options for future action
5. Knowledge base and information exchange on CC and
drought – technical and scientific platform
The White Paper of the European Commission “Adapting to climate change: Towards
a European framework for action” (COM/2009/147) issued in April 2009 sets out a framework
to reduce the EU’s areas vulnerability to the water scarcity and drought.
Starting with March 2012, the European Climate Adaptation Platform (CLIMATE- ADAPT)
is a publicly accessible web-based platform designed to support policy-makers at EU,
national, regional and local level in the development of climate change adaptation measures
and policies;
The CLIMATE-ADAPT have been developed with the support of the European scientific and
policy making community, and will help users to access, disseminate and integrate information
on:
- Expected climate change in Europe
- The vulnerability of regions and sectors at present and in the future
- National, regional and transnational adaptation activities and strategies
- Case examples of adaptation and potential future adaptation options
- Online tools that support adaptation planning
- Adaptation-related research projects, guideline documents,
reports information sources, links, news & events.
http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/
6. Why is water use a concern in Europe?
Balance between demand and availability has reached a critical level in
many areas of Europe (water scarcity)
More and more areas are affected by weather changes, in particular less
rain (droughts)
Climate change will almost certainly make the situation worse
More frequent and severe droughts expected across Europe and the
neighbouring countries
Total water abstraction in EU 247 billion m³/year:
44% for energy production,
24% for agriculture,
17% for public water supply
Agriculture is currently accountable for 85% of the global water
consumption, and irrigated areas are expected to rise by a factor of 1.9 by
2050, globally in the highest percentages where water-scarcity is most
intense, namely South Europe Countries.
For this reason, the need for improved water management practices, soil
and crop, particularly in light of climate change, is growing.
Source: Martindale W., 2010. Food supply chain innovation. Aspects of Apll. Biol., 102, 1-6.
7. Climatic conditions in Europe – current status
Over the past
thirty years,
droughts have
dramatically
increased in
number and
intensity in the
EU, the number
of areas and
people affected
by droughts
increasing by
almost 20%
between 1976
Observed changes in annual precipitation between 1961-2006
and 2006.
Source: EEA, Impacts of Europe's changing climate - 2008 indicator-
based assessment (2008).
8. Drought situation and related risks in CEE countries
Slovenia Romania Bulgaria Hungary
Agricultural drought in summer 2003 Areas affected by drought Annual precipitation (mm) Drought risk zones
Ukraine Poland Lithuania
Crop yields in dry (2003) and non-dry Spatial distribution of water deficit Precipitation amount for May-July,
(2008) years in 1992 year 2006
Slovakia was affected by extreme droughts in several years: 2000, 2002, 2003, 2006,
2007, 2008 and 2009). Also, the autumn of 2011 was the second driest since 1881.
9. Climatic conditions in Europe – projected changes
Drought is one of the most damaging natural hazards through its
effects on agricultural, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic
systems.
For the next two decades a warming of about 0.2°C per decade is
projected for a range of SRES emissions scenarios. Even if the concentrations
of all GHGs and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further
warming of about 0.1°C per decade would be expected. Afterwards,
temperature projections increasingly depend on specific emissions scenarios.
Drought prone areas and regions affected by heat waves are considered
likely to increase in extent. In Southern Europe especially climate change
is projected to worsen conditions (high temperatures and drought) in
a region that already faces water scarcity and heat waves in a
substantial number of areas. In Central and Eastern Europe, summer
precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress
(4-th Assessment Reports of the IPCC, 2007).
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2012/EGU2012-563-2.pdf
http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC55386.pdf
10. Climatic conditions in Europe – projected changes
In EUROPE, a mean
annual air temperature
increase of 2...4,5°C is
foreseen by the end of
the century, function of
the scenarios of green
house gas emissions.
A 10...30% decrease of
the annual precipitation
amounts is estimated in
the southern part of
Europe, and even higher
values in the north are
expected.
(Source: IPCC, 4AR, 2007)
11. Climatic condition in Europe – projected changes
Europe has seen an
increase in temperature
of 0.3°C per decade
since the 1970s. At least
two summers in the last
decade (2003 and 2010)
have been the warmest
of the last 500 years in
Europe. Southern Europe
in particular is affected
by hot summer days and
tropical nights.
Projections indicate an
increase of the length,
frequency and/or
intensity of warm spells,
or heat waves.
Source: EEA Report, No 2/2012
12. Climatic condition in Europe – projected changes
During the 20th century has been a
clear trend towards drier conditions,
with decreases in rainfall especially
in Southern and Eastern European
countries. The total area affected by
water scarcity and droughts
doubled - from 6 to 13 % - during
the last 30 years.
Future projections shows how the
precipitation deficit is projected to
change in the future in summer and
winter time. In this context, CC is
projected to lead to major changes
in water availability across Europe
with increasing water scarcity and
droughts mainly in Southern
Europe.
Source: EEA Report, No 2/2012
13. Climatic condition in Europe – projected changes
The water stress indicator (WEI) describes the ratio between total water withdrawals against water availability. It
illustrates to which extent the total water demand puts pressure on the available water resources in a given
territory and points out the territories that have high water demand compared to their resources.
The results show that parts
of southern and north-
western Europe are already
under severe water stress.
Projected climatic changes
shows that the situation
worsens and most parts of
Europe will be under severe
or medium water stress.
Source: EEA Report, No 2/2012
14. Potential impacts of CC on the status of water resources in drought
conditions
In drought conditions climate change affects the following variables:
• water availability (river flows and groundwater levels)
Annual river flow is projected to decrease in southern and south-eastern
Europe and increase in northern Europe, but absolute changes remain uncertain.
Climate change is projected to result in strong changes in the seasonality of river
flows across Europe (EEA/JRC/WHO, 2008).
• water demand (esp. peak demands during periods of drought)
Regions in southern Europe which already suffer most due to water stress are
projected to be particularly vulnerable to reductions in water resources due to CC.
In addition, higher temperatures are expected to lead to increased water demand,
especially for irrigation and urban supply. This will result in increased competition for
available resources (EEA/JRC/WHO, 2008).
• intensity and frequency of droughts
The frequency and intensity of droughts are projected to increase in many regions of
Europe, as a result of higher temperatures, decreased summer precipitation, and
more and longer dry spells. The regions most prone to an increase in drought
hazard are southern and south-eastern Europe (EEA/JRC/WHO, 2008).
15. What are the main sources of uncertainty on CC and drought impact ?
Uncertainties related on scientific information:
Data availability, particularly with respect to the historical climatic series collected in the
relevant database;
The lack of common drought indicators – climatic, agricultural, hydrological, etc;
The difficulties in modeling of drought impact based on climatic conditions and a
variety of emission scenarios. The results are interpreted, described and published on a
regular basis by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC);
The spatial resolution of global models is insufficient for application in impact models
and thereby for determining the effects of regional and local climate change. To overcome
this limitation, regionalisation procedures are applied. By these, the global projections
are “downscaled” to smaller grid elements of up to 25 km × 25 km. In individual studies the
downscaling is even below this grid size, or adjusted to the locations of individual stations;
Quantitative projections of changes in precipitation and the river flows at the river-
basin scale are due to the limitations of climate models, as well as scaling issues between
climate and hydrological models. Statistical correction methods have been developed
which bring the models closer to a realistic simulation of, for instance, the amount and
intensity of precipitation at the scale of river basins and small catchments.
16. Handling uncertainty
The handling related uncertainties of available scientific knowledge on CC and
drought:
In practical terms, decisions related to climate change impacts need to encompass several
adaptation options to the climate projections. In other words, decision makers will have to
handle and accept different options based on scenarios and be explicit about
uncertainty.
A bottom-up approach in terms of looking at potential measures and considering how
each of these or combinations of them will perform against the range of possible climate
futures modeled.
Research and development projects can determine which sectors are impacted most
severely by climate change and where measures are needed most urgently to prevent
severe effects, even if their extent is not yet known.
17. Examples of information networks on DROUGHT
At global level:
- The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- UNCCD Convention
- The Global Water Partnership (GWP)
in Europe:
- EC/DG Environment Program “Halting Desertification in Europe
- The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
- The European Water Partnership (EWP)
- CLIMATE-ADAPT Platform
- ADAM Digital Compendium on Adaptation is a the portal for the dissemination of the trans-disciplinary
analysis results carried out in the EU ADAM project
- Research projects:
- Research into climate change scenarios: PRUDENCE, ENSEMBLES, STARDEX,
CECILIA, CLAVIER, CIRCA ERA-Net, CCWATERs, etc
- Research on droughts and water scarcity: XEROCHORE, European Drought Observatory
(EDO), WATERCoRe, MIDMURES, REDSIM, DESIRAS, I-ADAPT, Desert-net, DROUGHT-R&SPI;
- Research into climate change impacts on the aquatic environment and water cycle: CLIME,
KLIWAS, CLIMWATERADAPT, WATCH, CIRCE; WATER2ADAPT,
- Research into mitigation / adaptation options and costs: AquaStress, ADAM, ClimateWater,
18. Drought management and adaptation options
The basic Framework to minimize the adverse impacts on the economy, social life
and environment when drought occurs, is the development of a specific Integrated
Drought Management Plan (IDMP).
Guiding principles:
1. Diagnose the causes that led to drought in the past and/or may lead to it in the future;
2. Monitor current drought conditions in order to detect water deficit early;
3. Develop a comprehensive set of indicators at appropriate temporal and spatial scale in
order to predict drought impacts;
4. Diagnose and improve knowledge of water deficit based on past and future trends,
incorporating climate change projections;
5. Analyze how predicted changes in mean annual rainfall will affect the socio-economic life
and environment;
6. Incorporate climate change adaptation in water management by continuing the focus on
sustainability (sustainable balance between water availability and demand).
7. Follow an integrated approach based on a combination of measures (compared to
alternatives based on water supply or economic instruments only);
8. Assess other climate change adaptation and mitigation measures on their impact on
drought risks.
19. IDMP initiative as a decisional tool
The outputs of IDMP initiative are:
1. Knowledge base on recorded practices in drought planning and management;
2. Guidance on tools and institutional arrangements to support increased risk responses;
3. Advocacy through regional and country dialogues;
4. Improved early drought warning services, building upon existing regional initiatives.
Recommendations in order to implement the outputs of IDMP initiative:
- to collaborate closely with WMO on the drafting the work plan on IDMP(2013-2015);
- to invite the DMCSEE and the European Drought Centre (EDO) to conduct the proposed activities and seek synergies;
- to invite and inform national secretariats of UNCCD of all CEE countries to contribute to specific case studies dealing with
degradation of land caused by desertification;
- to seek an appropriate mechanism and cooperation with agriculture sector at national levels;
- to invite the UNECE and its Task Force on Climate Change Adaptation to coordinate and share achievements in IDMP in CEE
region and seek a potential of the program replication in other signatory UNECE countries (specifically those in Central Asia,
where GWP has also its partners).
- to establish a web-based Integrated Drought Management Platform for:
• commonly agreed products (e.g. objectively measurable drought indices covering as many contributing parameters
as possible);
• joint comparison and analysis of information;
• mutual exchange of knowledge & methodologies, and downscaling products;
• real-time monitoring and forecasting products and services (early warning, preparedness).
Policymakers need good information at the local, regional and European
scales to identify priority issues, relevant sectors and economic activities.
20. Conclusions
Climate change is likely to exacerbate current pressures on Europe's water
resources. Increasingly, much of Europe will face reduced water availability
especially during summer months, while the frequency and intensity of
drought is projected to increase especially in the South. In the absence of
sufficiently strong action, climate change may have also an sever impact
on water management resources (EEA, 2010c).
Environmental measures need to be implemented in the policies of all sectors
affected by water scarcity and drought. To inform decisional makers at the
regional and local levels the knowledge base for action needs to be improved.
At the regional/local level it is crucial that competent authorities make any
water management decisions in full awareness of the availability of water
resources and in full awareness of the actual needs of all actors. Appropriate
methodologies need to be implemented in order to provide effective monitoring
and better management planning.
Source: Towards efficient use of water resources in Europe, EEA Report No.1, 2012