The document summarizes water purification methods used in Kanpur, India. It discusses purification on a large, medium, and small scale. Purification on a large scale involves coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection of water sources like rivers and lakes. Medium scale purification adds bleaching powder or chlorinated lime to wells and springs. Small scale involves boiling or adding chemicals like bleaching powder. The municipal water supply covers 80% of Kanpur using treatments like pre-chlorination, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination. Reverse osmosis removes more impurities but also minerals and recovers only 5-15% of water.

1. WATER
PURIFICATION
PRESENTED BY :
OAM WANDHARE (831)
OM NINAWE (833)
PALLAVI SHARMA (834)
POOJA NAIKWADE (835)
PRACHI WANDHARE (836)
PRANAY NAGPURE (837)
PRATHAM SHENDE (838)
PUNAM KHADSE (839)
RAJAT KADIWAKE (840)

3. JALKALVIBHAG NagarNigam, Kanpur
The municipal limit of Kanpur Nagar is about 780 sq. km. About 80% is covered
by water supply and about 60% is covered by sewerage system.
Prior to the creation of Kanpur Jal Sansthan water supply and sewerage
services were looked after by local Municipal Corporation.
The working / administrative set up of JalKal Vibhag is decentralized in Six
Zone. Each zone is headed by Executive Engineer who is responsible for water
supply, sewerage.

4. Methods of purifying water
 Purification on large scale.
 Purification on medium scale.
 Purification on small scale.

5. Purification on large scale
When sources of water are Rivers , Steams, Lakes etc. then water is purified by
 Coagulation
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Disinfection
 Storage
Purification on Medium Scale
When sources of water are wells, Springs, Tanks etc. Then water is purified by the
addiction of bleaching powder/Chlorinated Lime as it is
 Cheep
 Easy to use
 Reliable and safe

6. Purification on small scale
Boiling : For 5 -10 minutes kills almost all organisms & removes temporary
Hardness.
Distillation : Not commonly used due to higher cost, used in labs. Etc.
ADDICTION OF CHEMICALS
Bleaching Powder : 5% solution is used Dose : 3-6 drops/L Contact time of ½ hour.
Chlorine Tablets . One tablet/litre.
Iodine solution : 02drops of 2% Soln. /litre.
KMnO4 : An amount that gives just pink coloration to the water.
Alum : Used for turbid water in a dose of 0.1-0.4 grains/5 litres of water.

7. PRE-CHLORINATION
It is the process in which chlorine is added to break down the heavier particle in the
smaller fraction present in the raw water.
Example : WASTE OF SUGARE PLANTS( MOLASSES), PLANTS & TREES
0.2 mg/litre, Is the concentration of chlorine is used inn JAL KAL NIGAM in the
PRE-CHLORINATION
Water is delivered by pumps into a sump.
 Chlorine gas is mixed with the sumps in such a way the gas is bubbled from downward
direction.
Gas pipe of chlorine was plotted in Rectangular sump in such a way that: All corners ,
and middle of the sump where in direct contact of Chlorine
.
Its not allowed to stay in the Pre-chlorination chamber for long time due to TOXICITY which chlorine contains

8. COAGULATION
Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge
The colloidal particles are negatively charged and alum is added as a coagulant
to create positively charged ions.
A chemical compound “ALUM” is added as the coagulation agent.
Dosing
JAR Test
Rapid & slow mixing
in constant volume

9. It’s the self explaining flow diagram
Iron and aluminum salts are the most widely used coagulants but salts of other
metals such as titanium and zirconium have been found effective.

11. The settled water is again treated with CHLORINE for
removal of ODOR , COLOUR , TASTE.
It is the addition of chlorine to the water in order to prevent
microbial growth. Ideally, there should be 0.2 to 0.1 parts of
Chlorine per Million parts of water.
It also reduces the load on the FILTRATION unit , by
maximum elimination of the impurities (unwanted
component).

12. FILTRATION
Water flows through a Filter designed to remove particles in
the water.
 The filters are made of layers of sand and gravel, and some
filter units with crushed Anthracite(to eliminate odor).
 Filtration collects the suspended impurities in water and
enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.
 The filters are routinely cleaned by Backwashing.

15. REVERSE OSMOSIS V/S TREATED
WATER
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially
permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger
particles from drinking water. Its maintain the T.D.S level to 100mg/l
They recover only 5 to 15% of the water entering the system. The remainder is
discharged as waste water
A reverse-osmosis unit delivering 19 L of treated water per day may discharge between
75–340 L of waste water daily
1. RO Purification Removes All Essential Minerals from
Water
2. RO Purification Reduces the pH Level of
Water
According to a WHO report published in 1980, de-mineralized water or
low-mineral water is not considered ideal and its regular consumption
may result in a deficiency of some essential minerals