Water potential
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This document describes a procedure for determining the water potential of plant tissues using potato cylinders. Potato cylinders are placed in solutions of different sucrose concentrations and their change in length or weight is measured after 1 hour. If the cylinders show no change in length or weight in a particular solution, that solution has the same water potential as the potato tissue. Graphs of percentage change in length or weight versus sucrose concentration are plotted to determine the concentration where there is no change, which indicates the water potential of the potato tissue. The water potential can then be expressed in terms of the molarity of the matching sucrose solution.
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This document describes laboratory tests to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil sample. The liquid limit is the moisture content at which a soil pat will flow together over a distance of 13 mm after 25 shocks. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil thread cannot be rolled to 3.2 mm without crumbling. Laboratory tests are performed to determine the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil sample. The results, including the plasticity index, are used to classify soils.
Experiment 7-Atterberg Limits.pdf
This document describes a laboratory test procedure to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil, which are used to classify soils. The test involves measuring the moisture content at which the soil transitions from a plastic to liquid state (liquid limit), and from a semi-solid to plastic state (plastic limit). Samples are tested at different moisture contents and the number of blows to close a groove are recorded to find the liquid limit. The plastic limit is found by rolling threads of soil at different moisture contents. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are calculated and used to classify the soil.
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capillary suction time
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dialysis, ultrafiltration and lyophilization
This document discusses three separation techniques: dialysis, ultrafiltration, and lyophilization. Dialysis uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate molecules based on molecular weight, allowing small molecules to pass through while retaining larger ones. Ultrafiltration concentrates solutions using membranes that retain proteins while allowing water and small molecules to pass through under pressure. Lyophilization, or freeze drying, removes water from a frozen sample by sublimation under vacuum, leaving a dry powder.
Column Chromatography.pptx
Column chromatography is a separation technique that uses a column packed with a stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase. Components of a mixture are separated as they travel through the column at different rates depending on how strongly they interact with the stationary phase. Factors that affect column chromatography include the type of stationary phase, particle size, flow rate of the mobile phase, column temperature, and concentration of the mixture. Column chromatography is commonly used to purify compounds in chemistry and biochemistry.
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Mto lab
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the diffusivity of acetone in air using Winkelmann's method. Acetone is allowed to evaporate from a vertical glass tube while air flows over it. The rate of drop in the acetone level is measured over time.
2. The rate data is used to calculate the diffusivity coefficient of acetone in air using Stefan's correlation. The diffusivity is expected to decrease over time as the concentration gradient decreases.
3. Procedures are provided to measure parameters like temperature, acetone density, air velocity and to record observations of acetone level drop at regular time intervals. The diffusivity is then calculated from the data.
P3 q2 bio_latihan
The document describes 4 experiments investigating different scientific phenomena. Experiment 1 examines the effect of light intensity on transpiration rate in plants. Experiment 2 determines the vitamin C content in various fruit juices. Experiment 3 studies the effect of temperature on the rate of a salivary amylase reaction. Experiment 4 investigates the level of pollution in different water samples. Each experiment outlines the objective, variables, materials, procedure, and presents the results in a table or conclusion.
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Water potential
- 1. 26.........Practical work 11. Determination of water potential of plant tissues The water potential of a plant tissue can be determined by the following principle. If the tissue shows no net gain or loss of water when immersed in a solution of known molarity, its water potential is equal to that of the external solution. Samples of the tissue are allowed to come to equilibrium in a range of solutions of different concentrations. When the tissue shows neither an increase nor a decrease in mass or length, the water potential of the potato tissue is the same as that of the external solution. A. By length Procedure 1. Use 1M sucrose solution and distilled water to prepare a series of 10 cm3 sucrose solutions in boiling tubes of different concentrations: 1M, 0.8M, 0.6M, 0.4M 0.2M and 0.0M. Label the boiling tubes. 2. Use a cork borer to obtain cylinders of potato tissue with the same diameter. Cut them all to the same length of 5 cm. It is important to work quickly to avoid loss of water through evaporation as this would lower the water potential of the tissue. 3. Immerse two cylinders of potato tissue in each tube and cover the tubes with sealing film. 4. Leave the set up for one hour.
- 2. Practical work.........27 5. Remove the cylinders from each tube. Measure the length of the cylinders, and calculate the percentage change in length using the formula below: final length – initial length % change in length = initial length x 100% 6. Find the mean percentage change in length of the cylinders at each concentration. 7. Plot a graph of the mean percentage change in length (vertical axis) against the concentration of sucrose solution (horizontal axis). 8. From the graph, determine the concentration of sucrose solution which causes no change in length of the tissue. 9. The water potential of the potato tissue can be expressed in terms of the molarity of sucrose solution that causes no change in length of the tissue. B. By weight Procedure 1. Repeat steps (1) and (2) in method A. 2. Slice up each cylinder into six discs of approximately equal thickness. Place each group of discs on a separate piece of filter paper to blot dry the water on the surfaces. 3. Weigh each group of discs and record the results. 4. Put the groups of discs in each of the labelled tubes. Cover the tubes with sealing film. 5. Leave the set up for one hour.
- 3. 28.........Practical work 6. Remove the discs from each tube. Blot off any surplus fluid quickly and gently with filter paper and re-weigh them. Record the new weight of each group of discs. 7. Calculate the percentage change in weight using the formula below: final weight – initial weight % change in weight = initial weight x 100% 8. Plot a graph of the percentage change in weight (vertical axis) against the concentration of sucrose solution (horizontal axis). 9. From the graph determine the concentration of sucrose solution which causes no change in weight of the tissue. 10. The water potential of the potato tissue can be expressed in terms of the molarity of the sucrose solution that causes no change in weight of the tissue.