2. EXAMPLE 1:
1) Objective:
2) Problems
statement:
3) Hypothesis:
4) Variables:
5) Apparatus
And material :
6) Procedure:
7)Table:
To investigate the effect of light intensity on the
rate of transpirations.
Does the light intensity affect the rate of transpirations?
The rate of the transpirations ……….…… when light intensity …………..
Manipulate: ………………………..
Responding: ……………………………..
Fixed: Temperature
Photometer, beaker, ruler, stopwatch, black and transparent polythene bag,
wire, cellophane tape, retort stand.
Leaf branch, distilled water.
1) Photometer are prepared as shown at the diagram.
2) Mark two point of X and Y with the distance of 5 cm at capillary tube.
3) Black polythene bag were covered on the leaf branch.
4) Lift up the capillary tube to produce air bubble.
5) Start the stop watch when air bubble move from x to y point.
6) Repeat step 4 and 5 for three times to get an average.
7) Replace black polythene with transparent polythene and repeat step 4
and 5.
8) The data are recorded in the table as shown below.
9) Transpiration rate are calculated and compared the result of two type of
polythene.
9) The rate of transpiration for the transparent polythene bag is higher than
black polythene bag.
Light
Intensity
Time taken for air bubble
move from X to Y (5 cm)
Transpiration
Rate (cm s-1
)
1 2 3 Average
Black
Polythene
Transparent
Polythene
3. EXAMPLE 2 : CHAPTER 6 – NUTRITION ( Vitamin C )
Aim/
Objective
: To determine the vitamin C content in different fruit juice
Problem
statement
: …………………………………………………………………………….
Hypothesis : …………………………………………………………………………….
Manipulated
Variable
:
…………………………………..
Responding
Variable
:
……………………………………………………………………………...
Fixed
Variable
:
Volume of DCPIP solution
Material &
Apparatus
: 0.1% ascorbic acid solution, DCPIP solution, freshly prepared fruit juice
and pineapple juice
Specimen tubes, a syringe (1 ml), syringes (5ml) with needles, beakers
(50ml), gauze cloth, knife and mortar.
Procedure 1. Three specimen tubes are labeled as ascorbic acid, lime juice and
pineapple juice.
2. 1 ml of DCPIP solution is placed in each specimen tube.
3. A syringe is filled with 5 ml of ascorbic acid solution.
4. The needle of the syringe is immersed in the DCPIP solution.
5. The ascorbic solution is added drop by drop to the DCPIP solution and
the tube is shaken slowly.
6. The amount of ascorbic acid solution use to decolorize the DCPIP
solution is recorded.
7. Steps 2 to 6 are repeated using lime and pineapple juices.
8. The percentage and concentration of vitamin C in the in the fruit juices
are calculated. using the following
9. The data collected is recorded in a table.
Results :
4. EXAMPLE 3 : CHAPTER 4 – CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
Problem Statement:
What are the effects of different temperature on the rate of salivary amylase reaction?
Hypothesis:
As the temperature ………………………., the rate of amylase reaction …………………. until it
reaches the optimum temperature.
Variables :
Manipulated : …………………………………
Responding : ………………………………..
Controlled : volume of saliva // volume of starch suspension // concentration of
starch suspension // pH
Apparatus :
Beakers, test tube, thermometer, syringe, droppers, glass rods, white tiles with grooves,
water bath, stop watch
Materials : 1% of starch suspension, saliva suspension, iodine solution, ice cubes and
distilled water.
Procedure :
1. 5 ml of 1% starch suspension is put into each of the test tubes labelled A1, B1, C1, D1
and E1 respectively using a syringe.
2. 2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of test tubes labelled A2, B2, C2, D2 and
E2 using a second syringe.
3. Test tubes A1 and A2, B1 and B2, C1 and C2, D1 and D2, E1 and E2 is immersed
respectively into 5 different water baths with temperatures kept constant at 00
C, 280
C,
370
C, 450
C and 600
C.
4. The test tubes are left for five minutes
5. After five minutes of immersion, the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into the
saliva in test tube A2. The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started
immediately.
5. 6. A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2 using a dropper and is placed in into the
iodine solution in the first groove on the tile. The first groove is considered as zero
minute.
7. The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute. The dropper in a beaker of water
is rinsed after each sampling. The time taken for the completion of the hydrolysis of
starch is recorded (that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test.
8. The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the
experiment. Steps 7 to 10 for test tubes B1, C1, D1 and E1 is repeated.
9. Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperatures remain constant throughout the
experiment.
Results
6. EXAMPLE 4: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM ( Water Pollution )
Level of Water Pollution in Different Sources of Water
Aim : To investigate the level of pollution in water sample P, Q, R and S.
Problem : ………………………………………………………………………………...
Hypothesis : ………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
Variables
Manipulated : ………………………………………………………..
Responding : …………………………………………………………
Fixed : …………………………………………………………
Material and : 0.1 % methylene blue solution and water samples
Apparatus Three reagent bottles ( depends on the number of water samples) and
syringe, stop watch,measuring sylinder,stopper,
Procedure : 1. Water from P, Q R and S were collected.
2. Each labeled reagent bottle was filled with 200 ml of the collected water
samples respectively.
3. Using a syringe, 1 ml of 0.1 % methylene blue solution was added to the
base of water sample slowly.
4. Immediately, the reagent bottle was closed with a stopper.
5. Step 2 to 4 were repeated using distilled water as a control.
6. All the bottles were placed in dark area ( cupboard)
7. The change in the colour of the sample was check every one hour.
8. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to decolorize was recorded
in a table.
Result :
7. EXAMPLE 4: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM ( Water Pollution )
Level of Water Pollution in Different Sources of Water
Aim : To investigate the level of pollution in water sample P, Q, R and S.
Problem : ………………………………………………………………………………...
Hypothesis : ………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
Variables
Manipulated : ………………………………………………………..
Responding : …………………………………………………………
Fixed : …………………………………………………………
Material and : 0.1 % methylene blue solution and water samples
Apparatus Three reagent bottles ( depends on the number of water samples) and
syringe, stop watch,measuring sylinder,stopper,
Procedure : 1. Water from P, Q R and S were collected.
2. Each labeled reagent bottle was filled with 200 ml of the collected water
samples respectively.
3. Using a syringe, 1 ml of 0.1 % methylene blue solution was added to the
base of water sample slowly.
4. Immediately, the reagent bottle was closed with a stopper.
5. Step 2 to 4 were repeated using distilled water as a control.
6. All the bottles were placed in dark area ( cupboard)
7. The change in the colour of the sample was check every one hour.
8. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to decolorize was recorded
in a table.
Result :
