The document discusses the historical evolution of water management systems in the Kathmandu Valley, beginning with the Kirat and Licchavi periods and the development of hiti technology. It outlines the management practices at family, neighborhood, and city levels, emphasizing the cultural and ritualistic elements linked to water cleanliness and infrastructure maintenance. Festivals like the rato machindranath jatra play a significant role in promoting and sustaining these water management systems.

1. Water Movement In
Kathmandu
Valley
HRISHAV RAJ JOSHI

2. History Of Water System
• During Kirat Period
people of hilly origin
Source of water Spring

3. During licchavi period
• People from the plain
• Source of water well

4. • Invention of Hiti technology
• Sustainable, Holistic and renewable design
• Uninterruptable flow

5. Working of hiti
River
Raj kulo
(canal)
Pond
(reservoir)
Increase
in GWT
Fills up
Aquifer
Hiti
(stonetaps)
Drainage

6. Concept of water recharge area
• What's common between jawalakhel, lagankhel, thasikhel and
jhamsikhel?

7. Stone spouts in Kathmandu valley

8. Traditional water management
system
•Family level Management
•Neighborhood level management
•City level management

9. Family level management
• Naga and deity related to cleanliness are related to hiti
• Belief and superstition are tools use to maintain and manage
• Maximum diseases are linked with water
• Puja such as naga puja and kshyama puja are related to
cleanliness

10. Neighborhood level
management
• Guthi are formed for management of hiti
• Different auspicious days were used for the puja and
maintenance of hities by the guthies e.g
Yenya Punhi, (the full moon in September)
Khai Sahnu (the New year day of Bikarm Era in April)
Nag Panchami (the 5th day of the new moon in August)
Fagu Punhi (the full moon in March, the day Karunamaya Jatra
starts)
Sithinakha, one of the driest day in June

11. City level Management
• City level infrastructures were maintained under
the leadership of city level institutions
• Festivals were created (or utilised) to draw
attention to these infrastructures.
• Rato machindranath jatra an example

12. Nepal's longest festival (Rato
Macchindranath Jatra)
• People of various caste are given responsibility
• Main purpose to maintain pukh and de dha (raja kulo)
• All major pond charged by raja kulo is somehow related to rituals
done during jatra
• 12 years jatra of bungamati is largest maintenance work scheduled
for raja kulo and pukhus

13. Thank you