This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard. It describes the key components of the GSM system architecture, including the mobile station, base station subsystem (consisting of base transceiver stations and base station controllers), and network subsystem (consisting of mobile switching centers, home location registers, visitor location registers, and authentication centers). It also outlines the various interfaces that connect these components, such as the air interface Um, Abis interface, and A interface, as well as the protocols used on each interface.
The document discusses various topics related to GSM including:
- The GSM system architecture is divided into the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem. The base station subsystem consists of base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network subsystem includes mobile switching centers, home location registers, visitor location registers, and authentication centers.
- Interfaces include the Um air interface, Abis interface between the BTS and BSC, and A interface between the BSS and MSC. Various protocols are used on each interface including those for physical transmission, data link layer, and network layer.
- The GSM air interface Um uses TDMA/FDMA, dividing the radio frequency spectrum into frames divided into
This document proposes a public transportation information system that uses SMS (Short Message Service) to allow users to query bus schedules and routes without making phone calls. It describes a system that stores transportation data on a USB drive connected to an ARM microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to a GSM module to allow it to send and receive SMS messages containing queries and responses about bus schedules and stops. The system aims to provide transportation information to users 24/7 through SMS to eliminate the need to wait for an operator to answer phone calls.
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.
The document describes the key components and features of a mobile station. It discusses the mobile equipment (ME) which contains the radio components and allows network access. It also describes the subscriber identity module (SIM) card which provides subscriber information to allow chargeable calls and personalize the ME. It outlines the basic, supplementary and additional features a mobile station may have such as calling number display, keypad functions and short message capabilities.
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board system that uses GSM technology to display text messages on an LCD screen. The system includes a microcontroller (Arduino), GSM module, and LCD. It works by receiving SMS messages via the GSM module and displaying them on the LCD. The system has applications in schools, offices, transportation hubs and for advertisements. It allows messages to be sent and displayed from a distance but has limitations such as needing a network connection and no password protection for sending messages.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. GSM carriers include Cingular Wireless, T-Mobile, and others, while CDMA carriers include Sprint PCS and Verizon. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, roaming capabilities, and use of SIM cards, can help a customer choose the preferable network for their needs. While CDMA was initially faster, both technologies continue advancing and neither is clearly superior.
This module is ideally suitable for highly reliable 2G and 3G GSM / GPRS applications. The small form factor enables easy implementation in hand-held applications. The module has the flexibility of connecting either an UFL or SMA antenna. Additional advantages include Over the Air upgrade, SIM on chip feature, onboard RS232 converter.
Click on http://cascademic.com/index.php/ionos-e1-gsm-module for more information.
The document provides an introduction to the GSM system including:
- A brief history of public wireless communication and the development of GSM over time from 1982 to 2008.
- An overview of key concepts in GSM including the network structure, location areas, public land mobile networks, and cells.
- A description of the main components that make up a GSM network including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, and mobile station.
- Details on important interfaces in GSM like Um, Abis, A, Ater and Gb.
- Features of GSM such as improved spectrum efficiency, system capacity, voice quality, open interfaces, and security features like authentication and encryption.
The document discusses various topics related to GSM including:
- The GSM system architecture is divided into the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem. The base station subsystem consists of base transceiver stations and base station controllers. The network subsystem includes mobile switching centers, home location registers, visitor location registers, and authentication centers.
- Interfaces include the Um air interface, Abis interface between the BTS and BSC, and A interface between the BSS and MSC. Various protocols are used on each interface including those for physical transmission, data link layer, and network layer.
- The GSM air interface Um uses TDMA/FDMA, dividing the radio frequency spectrum into frames divided into
This document proposes a public transportation information system that uses SMS (Short Message Service) to allow users to query bus schedules and routes without making phone calls. It describes a system that stores transportation data on a USB drive connected to an ARM microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to a GSM module to allow it to send and receive SMS messages containing queries and responses about bus schedules and stops. The system aims to provide transportation information to users 24/7 through SMS to eliminate the need to wait for an operator to answer phone calls.
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.
The document describes the key components and features of a mobile station. It discusses the mobile equipment (ME) which contains the radio components and allows network access. It also describes the subscriber identity module (SIM) card which provides subscriber information to allow chargeable calls and personalize the ME. It outlines the basic, supplementary and additional features a mobile station may have such as calling number display, keypad functions and short message capabilities.
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board system that uses GSM technology to display text messages on an LCD screen. The system includes a microcontroller (Arduino), GSM module, and LCD. It works by receiving SMS messages via the GSM module and displaying them on the LCD. The system has applications in schools, offices, transportation hubs and for advertisements. It allows messages to be sent and displayed from a distance but has limitations such as needing a network connection and no password protection for sending messages.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. GSM carriers include Cingular Wireless, T-Mobile, and others, while CDMA carriers include Sprint PCS and Verizon. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, roaming capabilities, and use of SIM cards, can help a customer choose the preferable network for their needs. While CDMA was initially faster, both technologies continue advancing and neither is clearly superior.
This module is ideally suitable for highly reliable 2G and 3G GSM / GPRS applications. The small form factor enables easy implementation in hand-held applications. The module has the flexibility of connecting either an UFL or SMA antenna. Additional advantages include Over the Air upgrade, SIM on chip feature, onboard RS232 converter.
Click on http://cascademic.com/index.php/ionos-e1-gsm-module for more information.
The document provides an introduction to the GSM system including:
- A brief history of public wireless communication and the development of GSM over time from 1982 to 2008.
- An overview of key concepts in GSM including the network structure, location areas, public land mobile networks, and cells.
- A description of the main components that make up a GSM network including the network switching subsystem, base station subsystem, and mobile station.
- Details on important interfaces in GSM like Um, Abis, A, Ater and Gb.
- Features of GSM such as improved spectrum efficiency, system capacity, voice quality, open interfaces, and security features like authentication and encryption.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
CDMA and GSM are two competing digital mobile communication technologies. GSM was developed first in 1982 to standardize cellular networks across Europe. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency at different times. CDMA was developed later and uses spread spectrum technology to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency simultaneously through the use of unique codes. While CDMA provided benefits like increased capacity and security, GSM became the more widely adopted standard globally due to its early start and ability to provide international roaming. Today the difference between the two technologies has blurred as carriers support both.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes that GSM is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network that ensures compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers. It divides the service area into regions called cells, with each cell having equipment to transmit and receive calls within its radio coverage area. The document then discusses various components of the GSM network including the mobile station, SIM card, base station subsystem, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. It also covers frequency bands, handovers, and security features of GSM.
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board that displays notices sent via SMS from a mobile phone. The circuit uses an Arduino microcontroller, GSM module to receive SMS messages, and a 16x2 LCD for display. When an SMS with a notice message is sent, the GSM module receives it and sends it to the Arduino. The Arduino then extracts and displays the notice message on the LCD. This allows notices to be updated and viewed remotely via SMS from any location with cellular network access.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and development of GSM standards, the cellular network structure involving base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers and other components. It also describes key concepts such as frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, mobility management, call management, and identifies used in GSM networks including IMSI, TMSI, IMEI. The document outlines the protocol architecture and functions of various nodes in the GSM network.
The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
This document provides an overview of GSM and the basics of 3G mobile networks. It discusses the introduction and features of GSM, the GSM architecture including mobile stations, base station systems, and network switching systems. It then covers GSM interfaces, channelization, handover, and the evolutions of 3G technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. The benefits of HSPA for 3G are also summarized.
The document provides information on the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). It discusses the evolution and standards of GSM, the architecture including components like the BSS, NSS and interfaces. It describes the radio interface technology used in GSM, call flow, and different types of handovers between network elements.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document provides a comparison table of various mobile communication technologies including FDMA, TDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-IS-95, CDMA-IS-2000, OFDM, SSMA, and SDMA. The table compares these technologies across parameters such as features, technology, generation, encoding, year of first use, roaming capabilities, interference levels, signal quality, frequency utilization, call density, handoff types, and ability to perform voice and data communications simultaneously. SSMA is described as a tool to automate database migration from databases like Microsoft Access, DB2, MySQL, Oracle and Sybase to Microsoft SQL Server.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
China had the most cellular subscribers in 2005 with 398 million, representing 19.3% of the global total. The top 15 countries accounted for 68.5% of the world's 2.065 billion cellular subscribers. GSM is now used by over a billion people in more than 200 countries, making it the dominant mobile technology globally. [/SUMMARY]
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
This document provides an overview of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. It discusses the basic principles of spread spectrum techniques, including direct sequence, frequency hopping, and time hopping. It also covers the basic principles of CDMA, such as the RAKE receiver, power control mechanisms, spreading sequences, and classifications of enhanced CDMA systems. The document aims to help students understand the concepts of CDMA technology.
GSM and CDMA are the two main digital mobile technologies. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology and allows multiple users to access the network using the same frequency band at the same time through the use of unique codes. In CDMA, users share the same bandwidth and are separated by codes rather than frequency or time slots. CDMA provides advantages like better voice quality and easier frequency planning compared to TDMA/FDMA systems. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple access through allocating users to different time slots and frequency channels.
Iaetsd wireless electronic notice board using gsmIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board system that uses GSM technology to display messages. An authorized user can send an SMS text message from their mobile phone to have it displayed on the electronic board. The system includes a GSM modem connected to a microcontroller which extracts the message and sends it to an LED display board. This allows messages to be shared quickly and remotely without physically updating a notice board. It could be used for applications like education, transportation, advertising and more.
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
The system allows notices to be displayed on three LCD screens by sending an SMS to the GSM modem, which is connected to an microcontroller. The microcontroller then displays the SMS text on the LCD screens. It aims to provide a paperless solution for displaying notices in places like colleges, institutes, offices, etc. The document outlines the system's block diagram, components, power supply, microcontroller section, and applications. It concludes that the SMS-based electronic notice board overcomes issues with traditional paper-based boards.
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to access a single radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. The document discusses CDMA network architecture, which includes mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers. It also compares CDMA to earlier multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA, noting advantages of CDMA like increased capacity and soft handoffs between cells using the same frequency.
The document provides an overview of the key differences between GSM and CDMA wireless networks. It discusses differences in their radio spectrum usage, network architectures, radio channel technologies, call processing, and evolution to 3G. The network architectures for both include mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, and mobile switching centers. However, GSM uses TDMA while CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum. CDMA allows frequency reuse in all cells while GSM requires frequency assignments between adjacent cells. The document also compares their historical development and technical parameters.
The document provides an overview of GSM systems, including:
- A review of first and second generation cellular networks and their focus on coverage over capacity.
- An overview of the key components of GSM architecture, including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching system.
- Descriptions of the coverage and capacity challenges faced by early cellular networks as the subscriber base grew.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
CDMA and GSM are two competing digital mobile communication technologies. GSM was developed first in 1982 to standardize cellular networks across Europe. It uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency at different times. CDMA was developed later and uses spread spectrum technology to allow multiple users to access the same radio frequency simultaneously through the use of unique codes. While CDMA provided benefits like increased capacity and security, GSM became the more widely adopted standard globally due to its early start and ability to provide international roaming. Today the difference between the two technologies has blurred as carriers support both.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes that GSM is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network that ensures compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers. It divides the service area into regions called cells, with each cell having equipment to transmit and receive calls within its radio coverage area. The document then discusses various components of the GSM network including the mobile station, SIM card, base station subsystem, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. It also covers frequency bands, handovers, and security features of GSM.
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board that displays notices sent via SMS from a mobile phone. The circuit uses an Arduino microcontroller, GSM module to receive SMS messages, and a 16x2 LCD for display. When an SMS with a notice message is sent, the GSM module receives it and sends it to the Arduino. The Arduino then extracts and displays the notice message on the LCD. This allows notices to be updated and viewed remotely via SMS from any location with cellular network access.
This document provides an overview of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. It discusses the history and development of GSM standards, the cellular network structure involving base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers and other components. It also describes key concepts such as frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, mobility management, call management, and identifies used in GSM networks including IMSI, TMSI, IMEI. The document outlines the protocol architecture and functions of various nodes in the GSM network.
The global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN). These recommendations ensure the compatibility of equipment from different GSM manufacturers, and interconnectivity between different administrations, including operations across international boundaries
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
This document provides an overview of GSM and the basics of 3G mobile networks. It discusses the introduction and features of GSM, the GSM architecture including mobile stations, base station systems, and network switching systems. It then covers GSM interfaces, channelization, handover, and the evolutions of 3G technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. The benefits of HSPA for 3G are also summarized.
The document provides information on the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). It discusses the evolution and standards of GSM, the architecture including components like the BSS, NSS and interfaces. It describes the radio interface technology used in GSM, call flow, and different types of handovers between network elements.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
This document provides a comparison table of various mobile communication technologies including FDMA, TDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-IS-95, CDMA-IS-2000, OFDM, SSMA, and SDMA. The table compares these technologies across parameters such as features, technology, generation, encoding, year of first use, roaming capabilities, interference levels, signal quality, frequency utilization, call density, handoff types, and ability to perform voice and data communications simultaneously. SSMA is described as a tool to automate database migration from databases like Microsoft Access, DB2, MySQL, Oracle and Sybase to Microsoft SQL Server.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
China had the most cellular subscribers in 2005 with 398 million, representing 19.3% of the global total. The top 15 countries accounted for 68.5% of the world's 2.065 billion cellular subscribers. GSM is now used by over a billion people in more than 200 countries, making it the dominant mobile technology globally. [/SUMMARY]
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
This document provides an overview of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology. It discusses the basic principles of spread spectrum techniques, including direct sequence, frequency hopping, and time hopping. It also covers the basic principles of CDMA, such as the RAKE receiver, power control mechanisms, spreading sequences, and classifications of enhanced CDMA systems. The document aims to help students understand the concepts of CDMA technology.
GSM and CDMA are the two main digital mobile technologies. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology and allows multiple users to access the network using the same frequency band at the same time through the use of unique codes. In CDMA, users share the same bandwidth and are separated by codes rather than frequency or time slots. CDMA provides advantages like better voice quality and easier frequency planning compared to TDMA/FDMA systems. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple access through allocating users to different time slots and frequency channels.
Iaetsd wireless electronic notice board using gsmIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a wireless electronic notice board system that uses GSM technology to display messages. An authorized user can send an SMS text message from their mobile phone to have it displayed on the electronic board. The system includes a GSM modem connected to a microcontroller which extracts the message and sends it to an LED display board. This allows messages to be shared quickly and remotely without physically updating a notice board. It could be used for applications like education, transportation, advertising and more.
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It was developed by Groupe Spécial Mobile in 1982 to replace incompatible analog cellular systems. GSM specifications were released in 1990 and it is now used in over 135 countries worldwide with over 1.3 billion subscribers. GSM services include teleservices like voice calls, data services like SMS and supplementary services like call waiting. The GSM network architecture consists of mobile stations, base station subsystems including BTS and BSC, and network switching subsystems including MSC, HLR, VLR and others. Future enhancements to GSM include HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE to provide higher data rates before
The system allows notices to be displayed on three LCD screens by sending an SMS to the GSM modem, which is connected to an microcontroller. The microcontroller then displays the SMS text on the LCD screens. It aims to provide a paperless solution for displaying notices in places like colleges, institutes, offices, etc. The document outlines the system's block diagram, components, power supply, microcontroller section, and applications. It concludes that the SMS-based electronic notice board overcomes issues with traditional paper-based boards.
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to access a single radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. The document discusses CDMA network architecture, which includes mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers. It also compares CDMA to earlier multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA, noting advantages of CDMA like increased capacity and soft handoffs between cells using the same frequency.
The document provides an overview of the key differences between GSM and CDMA wireless networks. It discusses differences in their radio spectrum usage, network architectures, radio channel technologies, call processing, and evolution to 3G. The network architectures for both include mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, and mobile switching centers. However, GSM uses TDMA while CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum. CDMA allows frequency reuse in all cells while GSM requires frequency assignments between adjacent cells. The document also compares their historical development and technical parameters.
The document provides an overview of GSM systems, including:
- A review of first and second generation cellular networks and their focus on coverage over capacity.
- An overview of the key components of GSM architecture, including the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network switching system.
- Descriptions of the coverage and capacity challenges faced by early cellular networks as the subscriber base grew.
This document discusses using a Raspberry Pi-based system to prevent theft of car logos. The system uses a pressure sensor attached to the car logo to detect if someone is trying to remove it. If triggered, the system will first send an alert to the car owner if they are nearby. It will also use GSM to send an SMS message to the owner's phone with a photo of the thief captured by a camera. This provides anti-theft protection for the car logo at an affordable cost using Raspberry Pi and GSM technology to remotely alert the owner even if they are not near the car.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the second generation (2G) digital cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. GSM networks operate on various frequency bands and use logical channels to transmit different types of information like voice calls, SMS messages, and signaling data. GSM became the most widely used 2G standard globally due to its widespread adoption in Europe and other regions.
This document provides an overview of GSM architecture and components:
1. It describes first and second generation cellular systems, noting the transition to digital with GSM.
2. It outlines the key components of GSM architecture - the mobile station (MS), base station subsystem (BSS) comprising BTS and BSC, and the network switching subsystem (NSS) comprising MSC, HLR, VLR and other registers.
3. It explains the roles of the main functional entities - the MS containing the SIM card, the BTS which provides radio access, the BSC which manages radio resources, and the MSC which acts as the call switch connecting to other networks.
Wireless electronic notice board using gsm technolgydhanshri_deshmukh
This document discusses the design of a wireless electronic notice board using GSM technology. It begins with introductions to GSM and embedded systems. It then shows the block diagram of the notice board, which includes a GSM modem connected to a microcontroller that controls an LCD display. The document discusses the history and services of GSM networks. It provides details on the architecture of GSM networks and their components like the mobile station, base station subsystem, and network subsystem.
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This document describes a GSM-based campus display system project submitted by three students - Shah Kashyap B., Suthar Pragnesh G., and Rathod Yuvraj S. - to fulfill the requirements for their bachelor's degree. The project involves designing a system using a GSM modem and microcontroller that can receive SMS messages and display messages on an LCD screen for information broadcasting on a college campus. The document provides details about the hardware components used, including the GSM modem, microcontroller, and LCD display, as well as the interfacing between the components and software implementation.
The main aim of the project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display toolkit which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display.
.
The document provides an overview of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), the 3G mobile communication standard. It discusses trends driving the need for UMTS, including increasing data usage, integration of technologies, and limitations of 2G systems. The document also outlines key demands on UMTS, the standardization process, and the staged development of UMTS from GSM networks to the new UMTS network architecture using W-CDMA and other CDMA technologies over dedicated frequency bands.
The document contains detailed description for displaying a Message on LED Notice board through SMS service Wirelessly, if facing any problem you can mail me at rajneeshkumarsalgotra@gmail.com with Subject GSM Wireless Notice Board Report_Your Name
Problems on understanding old radiomobile technologies? Do you need something fast and useful for refreshing your knowledgs? Have a look on this document! Very easy and customized for everybody...from beginners to advanced engineers!
This document is a report submitted by Prashant Kumar Gajendra for his MCA 2nd semester seminar on cellular communication. It provides an acknowledgment thanking various sources of information and guidance. It includes an abstract describing an overview of cellular communication and GSM. It also includes various sections on the history, generations, components, and functions of cellular networks.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technology:
1. It describes the development of 3G mobile communication standards including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA, and outlines the 3GPP standard development process.
2. It explains the basic network structure of WCDMA based on 3GPP Release 99 (R99) and Release 4 (R4) standards, consisting of the core network and wireless access network (UTRAN).
3. It gives an overview of WCDMA technology characteristics such as supporting asynchronous and synchronous base stations, using QPSK and 16QAM modulation, power control, and soft/softer hand
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, describing its three main subsystems and their network elements. The Network Switching Subsystem includes elements like the MSC, HLR, VLR, AC and EIR and handles call control, mobility management, and subscriber data. The Base Station Subsystem includes the BSC, BTS and TC and manages radio resources and synchronization. The Network Management Subsystem handles operation and maintenance of the entire network. Key interfaces that connect these subsystems are also described.
This document provides an overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular network. It describes GSM's origins and development as the most widely used cellular technology in the world. It details GSM's infrastructure including mobile stations, the base station subsystem containing base transceiver stations and base station controllers, the network and switching subsystem, and the operation and support subsystem. The document summarizes GSM's key technical specifications and network architecture.
This document discusses technologies for future generations of wireless mobile communication networks. It describes 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation networks and their characteristics. It then focuses on technologies being developed for 5th generation networks, including OFDM, MIMO, software defined radio, and cognitive radio. It proposes a hierarchical network structure using macro cells, micro cells and pico cells. Key technologies discussed that could enable 5G networks include reconfigurable systems, distributed collaboration, and nanotechnology.
This document discusses a framework for fuzzing the GSM protocol stack. It begins with an abstract and introduction describing the challenges of fuzzing GSM due to its complexity. It then provides background on GSM basics including the network architecture, protocol layers, and message formats. The document focuses on describing the prerequisites and architecture developed for automated GSM fuzzing, including generating test cases, monitoring mobile phone states, and managing the fuzzing process.
This document describes a scrolling message display board project that receives messages sent via SMS or GPRS and displays them on a liquid crystal display. It uses a GSM modem and microcontroller to wirelessly communicate with mobile phones and receive messages. The messages are then verified and displayed one at a time on the board. Potential applications include information boards, advertisements, education and more. It allows for wireless information sharing and notice posting in public spaces.
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5. 1 ªMobilityª ±
The magic word
Hard to fathom, but it really wasn't all that long ago that even a plain
old telephone was a luxury item. But, as we all know, technology's only
constant is change. In this day and age, many folks need to be access-
ible everywhere, whether they're at work or play, in the office or at
home. To meet this demand, the GSM standard (Global System for Mo-
bile Communications) for mobile telephony was introduced in the mid-
1980s. Today, GSM is the most popular mobile radio standard in the
world. A boom is underway, such that many GSM users find life without
their phone practically inconceivable.
Nowadays, when we speak of GSM, we usually mean ªoriginalº GSM ±
also known as GSM900 since 900 MHz was the original frequency
band. To provide additional capacity and enable higher subscriber den-
sities, two other systems were added later: GSM1800 (also DCS1800)
and GSM1900 (also PCS 900). Compared to GSM 900, GSM1800 and
GSM1900 differ primarily in the air interface. Besides using another fre-
quency band, they use a microcellular structure (i.e. a smaller coverage
region for each radio cell). This makes it possible to reuse frequencies
at closer distances, enabling an increase in subscriber density. The dis-
advantage is the higher attenuation of the air interface due to the higher
frequency. The rest of this booklet will mainly focus on GSM900.
Where now? A few years ago, Michael Jackson sang ª. . . just call my
name and I'll be thereº. While this might seem inconceivable now, it
might become reality sooner than we think, given the rapid pace of
technological evolution. Faced with a whirlwind of speculation, ETSI
3
6. (the telecom standardization authority in Europe) decided to base the
air interface of the planned universal mobile telecommunications sys-
tem (UMTS) on a mix of WCDMA and TD/CDMA technologies. The in-
frastructure of the existing GSM networks will most likely be used.
This booklet is intended to provide communications engineers & techni-
cians with basic information about the GSM system ± a starting point
for further study of any given area. A word of warning: Look further if
you need complete GSM system specifications. Research sources are
listed in the appendix. Also: This booklet assumes you, the reader, have
a basic understanding of telecommunications technology.
Enjoy!
Marc Kahabka
4
7. 2 GSM overview
Fig. 1: The Mobile Evolution
Before GSM networks there were public mobile radio networks (cellu-
lar). They normally used analog technologies, which varied from country
to country and from manufacturer to another. These analog networks
5
8. did not comply with any uniform standard. There was no way to use a
single mobile phone from one country to another. The speech quality in
most networks was not satisfactory.
GSM became popular very quickly because it provided improved speech
quality and, through a uniform international standard, made it possible to
use a single telephone number and mobile unit around the world. The
European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) adopted
the GSM standard in 1991, and GSM is now used in 135 countries.
The benefits of GSM include:
± Support for international roaming
± Distinction between user and device identification
± Excellent speech quality
± Wide range of services
± Interworking (e.g. with ISDN, DECT)
± Extensive security features
GSM also stands out from other technologies with its wide range of
services1
:
± Telephony
± Asynchronous and synchronous data services (2.4/4.8/9.6 kbit/s)
± Access to packet data network (X.25)
± Telematic services (SMS, fax, videotext, etc.)
± Many value-added features (call forwarding, caller ID, voice mailbox)
± E-mail and Internet connections
1
Available services vary from operator to operator
6
9. 3 GSM system
architecture
Fig. 2
The best way to create a manageable communications system is to
divide it into various subgroups that are interconnected using
standardized interfaces. A GSM network can be divided into three
groups (see Fig. 2): The mobile station (MS), the base station
subsystem (BSS) and the network subsystem.
7
10. They are characterized as follows:
The mobile station
(MS)
A mobile station may be referred to as a ªhandsetº, a ªmobileº, a ªport-
able terminalº or ªmobile equipmentº ME). It also includes a subscriber
identity module (SIM) that is normally removable and comes in two
sizes. Each SIM card has a unique identification number called IMSI
(international mobile subscriber identity). In addition, each MS is as-
signed a unique hardware identification called IMEI (international mobile
equipment identity).
In some of the newer applications (data communications in particular),
an MS can also be a terminal that acts as a GSM interface, e.g. for
a laptop computer. In this new application the MS does not look like a
normal GSM telephone.
The seemingly low price of a mobile phone can give the (false) impres-
sion that the product is not of high quality. Besides providing a trans-
ceiver (TRX) for transmission and reception of voice and data, the
mobile also performs a number of very demanding tasks such as
authentication, handover, encoding and channel encoding.
The base station
subsystem (BSS)
The base station subsystem (BSS) is made up of the base station
controller (BSC) and the base transceiver station (BTS).
The base transceiver station (BTS): GSM uses a series of radio trans-
mitters called BTSs to connect the mobiles to a cellular network. Their
tasks include channel coding/decoding and encryption/decryption. A
BTS is comprised of radio transmitters and receivers, antennas, the in-
terface to the PCM facility, etc. The BTS may contain one or more
8
11. transceivers to provide the required call handling capacity. A cell site
may be omnidirectional or split into typically three directional cells.
. The base station controller (BSC): A group of BTSs are connected
to a particular BSC which manages the radio resources for them.
Today's new and intelligent BTSs have taken over many tasks that
were previously handled by the BSCs.
The primary function of the BSC is call maintenance. The mobile sta-
tions normally send a report of their received signal strength to the
BSC every 480 ms. With this information the BSC decides to initiate
handovers to other cells, change the BTS transmitter power, etc.
The network
subsystem
. The mobile switching center (MSC): Acts like a standard exchange
in a fixed network and additionally provides all the functionality
needed to handle a mobile subscriber. The main functions are regis-
tration, authentication, location updating, handovers and call routing
to a roaming subscriber. The signaling between functional entities
(registers) in the network subsystem uses Signaling System 7 (SS7).
If the MSC also has a gateway function for communicating with other
networks, it is called Gateway MSC (GMSC).
. The homelocation register (HLR): A databaseused formanagement of
mobile subscribers. Itstores the international mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI), mobile stationISDN number (MSISDN) andcurrent visitor location
register (VLR)address.The maininformation storedthere concernsthe
location ofeach mobile stationin order tobeable toroute callstothe mo-
bilesubscribers managed byeach HLR.The HLRalsomaintains the ser-
vicesassociated with eachMS. OneHLRcan serveseveral MSCs.
9
12. . The visitor location register (VLR): Contains the current location of
the MS and selected administrative information from the HLR, neces-
sary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each
mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the
VLR. A VLR is connected to one MSC and is normally integrated into
the MSC's hardware.
. The authentication center (AuC): A protected database that holds a
copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is
used for authentication and encryption over the radio channel. The
AuC provides additional security against fraud. It is normally located
close to each HLR within a GSM network.
. The equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is a database that
contains a list of all valid mobile station equipment within the net-
work, where each mobile station is identified by its international mo-
bile equipment identity (IMEI). The EIR has three databases:
± White list: for all known, good IMEIs
± Black list: for bad or stolen handsets
± Grey list: for handsets/IMEIs that are uncertain
Operation and
Maintenance Center
(OMC)
The OMC is a management system that oversees the GSM functional
blocks. The OMC assists the network operator in maintaining satisfac-
tory operation of the GSM network. Hardware redundancy and intelli-
gent error detection mechanisms help prevent network down-time. The
OMC is responsible for controlling and maintaining the MSC, BSC and
BTS. It can be in charge of an entire public land mobile network (PLMN)
or just some parts of the PLMN.
10
13. 4 Interfaces and
protocols
Fig. 3: OSI Layer structure
in GSM
Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate the relevant
ETSI-GSM Recommendations.
Providing voice or data transmission quality over the radio link is only
part of the function of a cellular mobile network. A GSM mobile can
seamlessly roam nationally and internationally, requiring standardized
call routing and location updating functions in GSM networks. A public
communications system also needs solid security mechanisms to pre-
vent misuse by third parties. Security functions such as authentication,
encryption and the use of Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identities
(TMSIs) are an absolute must.
11
14. Within a GSM network, different protocols are needed to enable the
flow of data and signaling between different GSM subsystems.
Figure 3 shows the interfaces that link the different GSM subsystems
and the protocols used to communicate on each interface.
GSM protocols are basically divided into three layers:
. Layer 1: Physical layer
± Enables physical transmission (TDMA, FDMA, etc.)
± Assessment of channel quality
± Except on the air interface (GSM Rec. 04.04), PCM 30 or ISDN
links are used (GSM Rec. 08.54 on Abis interface and 08.04 on
A to F interfaces).
. Layer 2: Data link layer
± Multiplexing of one or more layer 2 connections
on control/signaling channels
± Error detection (based on HDLC)
± Flow control
± Transmission quality assurance
± Routing
. Layer 3: Network layer
± Connection management (air interface)
± Management of location data
± Subscriber identification
± Management of added services (SMS, call forwarding, conference
calls, etc.)
12
15. 5 The air
interface Um
Fig. 4: GSM Air Interface,
TDMA frame
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages inter-
national allocation of radio spectrum (among many other functions), has
allocated the following bands:
GSM900:
Uplink: 890±915 MHz (= mobile station to base station)
Downlink: 935±960 MHz (= base station to mobile station).
13
16. GSM1800 (previously: DCS-1800):
Uplink: 1710±1785 MHz
Downlink: 1805±1880 MHz
GSM1900 (previously: PCS-1900):
Uplink: 1850±1910 MHz
Downlink: 1930±1990 MHz
The air interface for GSM is known as the Um interface.
Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a
method was devised to divide the bandwidth among as many users as
possible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of time- and
frequency-division multiple access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part
involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz allocated
bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or
more carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of
these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme.
The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst
period and it lasts approx. 0.577 ms. Eight burst periods are grouped
into a TDMA frame (approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit for
the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst
period per TDMA frame.
14
18. Several logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels. The
organization of logical channels depends on the application and the
direction of information flow (uplink/downlink or bidirectional). A logical
channel can be either a traffic channel (TCH), which carries user data,
or a signaling channel (see following chapters).
Fig. 6
16
19. 5.2 Traffic channels
on the air inter-
face
A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic. Traffic
channels are defined using a 26-frame multiframe, or group of 26 TDMA
frames. The length of a 26-frame multiframe is 120 ms, which is how
the length of a burst period is defined (120 ms divided by 26 frames
divided by 8 burst periods per frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are
used for traffic, 1 is used for the slow associated control channel
(SACCH) and 1 is currently unused (see Fig. 5). TCHs for the uplink and
downlink are separated in time by 3 burst periods, so that the mobile
station does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously, thereby
simplifying the electronic circuitry. This method permits complex an-
tenna duplex filters to be avoided and thus helps to cut power con-
sumption.
In addition to these full-rate TCHs (TCH/F, 22.8 kbit/s), half-rate TCHs
(TCH/H, 11.4 kbit/s) are also defined. Half-rate TCHs double the capa-
city of a system effectively by making it possible to transmit two calls
in a single channel. If a TCH/F is used for data communications, the
usable data rate drops to 9.6 kbit/s (in TCH/H: max. 4.8 kbit/s) due to
the enhanced security algorithms. Eighth-rate TCHs are also specified,
and are used for signaling. In the GSM Recommendations, they are
called stand-alone dedicated control channels (SDCCH).
17
20. 5.3 Signaling
channels on the
air interface
The signaling channels on the air interface are used for call establish-
ment, paging, call maintenance, synchronization, etc. There are 3 groups
of signaling channels:
. The broadcast channels (BCH): Carry only downlink information
and are responsible mainly for synchronization and frequency correc-
tion. This is the only channel type enabling point-to-multipoint com-
munications in which short messages are simultaneously transmitted
to several mobiles.
The BCHs include the following channels:
± The broadcast control channel (BCCH): General information, cell-
specific; e.g. local area code (LAC), network operator, access
parameters, list of neighboring cells, etc. The MS receives signals
via the BCCH from many BTSs within the same network and/or
different networks.
± The frequency correction channel (FCCH): Downlink only; correc-
tion of MS frequencies; transmission of frequency standard to MS;
it is also used for synchronization of an acquisition by providing
the boundaries between timeslots and the position of the first time-
slot of a TDMA frame.
± The synchronization channel (SCH): Downlink only; frame syn-
chronization (TDMA frame number) and identification of base
station. The valid reception of one SCH burst will provide the MS
with all the information needed to synchronize with a BTS.
18
21. . The common control channels (CCCH): A group of uplink and
downlink channels between the MS card and the BTS. These chan-
nels are used to convey information from the network to MSs and
provide access to the network. The CCCHs include the following
channels:
± The paging channel (PCH): Downlink only; the MS is informed by
the BTS for incoming calls via the PCH.
± The access grant channel (AGCH): Downlink only; BTS allocates a
TCH or SDCCH to the MS, thus allowing the MS access to the
network.
± The random access channel (RACH): Uplink only; allows the MS
to request an SDCCH in response to a page or due to a call; the
MS chooses a random time to send on this channel. This creates
a possibility of collisions with transmissions from other MSs.
The PCH and AGCH are transmitted in one channel called the paging
and access grant channel (PAGCH). They are separated by time.
. The dedicated control channels (DCCH): Responsible for e.g.
roaming, handovers, encryption, etc.
The DCCHs include the following channels:
± The stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH): Communica-
tions channel between MS and the BTS; signaling during call setup
before a traffic channel (TCH) is allocated;
± The slow associated control channel (SACCH): Transmits continu-
ous measurement reports (e.g. field strengths) in parallel to oper-
19
22. ation of a TCH or SDCCH; needed, e.g. for handover decisions; al-
ways allocated to a TCH or SDCCH; needed for ªnon-urgentº pro-
cedures, e. g. for radio measurement data, power control (downlink
only), timing advance, etc.; always used in parallel to a TCH or
SDCCH.
± The fast associated control channel (FACCH): Similar to the
SDCCH, but used in parallel to operation of the TCH; if the data
rate of the SACCH is insufficient, ªborrowing modeº is used:
Additional bandwidth is borrowed from the TCH; this happens for
messages associated with call establishment authentication of the
subscriber, handover decisions, etc.
Almost all of the signaling channels use the ªnormal burstº format
(see section 5.4 Burst formats), except for the RACH (Random Access
Burst), FCCH (Frequency Correction Burst) and SCH (SynCHronization
Burst) channels.
5.4 Burst formats A timeslot is a 576 ms time interval, i.e. 156.25 bits duration, and its
physical contents are known as a burst. Five different types of bursts
exist in the system. They are distinguished by different TDMA frame
divisions.
The normal burst (NB): Used to carry information on traffic and control
channels, except for RACH. It contains 116 encrypted bits.
The frequency correction burst (FB): Used for frequency synchroniza-
tion of the mobile. The contents of this burst are used to calculate an
20
23. unmodulated, sinusoidal oscillation, onto which the synthesizer of the
mobiles is clocked.
The synchronization burst (SB): Used for time synchronization of the
mobile. It contains a long training sequence and carries the information
of a TDMA frame number.
The access burst (AB): Used for random access and characterized
by a longer guard period (256 ms) to allow for burst transmission from
a mobile that does not know the correct timing advance at the first
access to a network (or after handover).
The dummy burst (DB): Transmitted as a filler in unused timeslots of
the carrier; does not carry any information but has the same format as
a normal burst (NB).
21
24. 5.5 Protocols on the
air interface
. Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 04.04): The physical properties of the Um inter-
face have already been described.
. Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 04.05/06): Here, the LAP-Dm protocol is used
(similar to ISDN LAP-D). LAP-Dm has the following functions:
± Connectionless transfer on point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
signaling channels,
± Setup and take-down of layer 2 connections on point-to-point
signaling channels,
± Connection-oriented transfer with retention of the transmission
sequence, error detection and error correction.
. Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 04.07/08): Contains the following sublayers which
control signaling channel functions (BCH, CCCH and DCCH):
± Radio resource management (RR): The role of the RR manage-
ment layer is to establish and release stable connection between
mobile stations (MS) and an MSC for the duration of a call, and to
maintain it despite user movements. The following functions are
performed by the MSC:
± Cell selection,
± Handover,
± Allocation and take-down of point-to-point channels,
± Monitoring and forwarding of radio connections,
± Introduction of encryption,
± Change in transmission mode.
22
25. ± Mobility management (MM) handles the control functions
required for mobility, e.g.:
± Authentication,
± Assignment of TMSI,
± Management of subscriber location.
± Connection management (CM) is used to set up, maintain and
take down calls connections; it is comprised of three subgroups:
± Call control (CC): Manages call connections,
± Supplementary service support (SS): Handles special services,
± Short message service support (SMS): Transfers brief texts.
Neither the BTS nor the BSC interpret CM and MM messages. They
are simply exchanged with the MSC or the MS using the direct transfer
application part (DTAP) protocol on the A interface. RR messages are
mapped to or from the base station system application part (BSSAP) in
the BSCREF for exchange with the MSC.
23
26. 6 The Abis
interface
Fig. 7: GSM Abis Interface,
PCM timeslot layout
The Abis interface lies within the base station subsystem (BSS) and
represents the dividing line between the BSC function and the BTS.
The BSC and BTS can be connected using leased lines, radio links or
metropolitan area networks (MANs).
Basically, two channel types exist between the BSC and BTS:
± Traffic channels (TCH): Can be configured in 8, 16 and 64 kbit/s
formats and transport user data,
24
27. ± Signaling channels: Can be configured in 16, 32, 56 and 64 kbit/s
formats and are used for signaling purposes between the BTS and
BSC.
Each transceiver (TRX) in a BSC generally requires a signaling channel
on the Abis interface. The positioning of the user data frames (T = Traf-
fic) and signaling data frames (S = Signaling) varies from manufacturer
to manufacturer and from system to system. The only requirement is
that the FAS/NFAS frame must be in timeslot 0. A signaling channel
can run at either 16 kbit/s (sub-channel signaling) or 64 kbit/s.
25
28. 6.1 The TRAU frame
Fig. 8
The TRAU (Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit) frame is the transport unit for
a 16 kbit/s traffic channel (TCH) on the Abis interface. It uses 13.6 kbit/s
for user data and 2.4 kbit/s for inband signaling, timing and synchroni-
zation. It is here that the positions at which the signaling and data bits
occur are determined.
26
29. The bit names shown in Fig. 8 are interpreted as follows:
(yellow or blue background): Synchronization bits
C... bits: Control/signaling bits
T... bits: Time alignment (TA) bits
D... bits: User data bits (payload)
The TRAU frame specifications are as follows:
Total bits per frame: 320
Synchronization bits: 25
Control bits: C1 to 15
C17 to 21 (frame dependent and for future applications)
There are four variants for the C, D and T bits,
depending on the frame type:
1. Speech frame
Data bits: D1 to 260
Control bits: C16 to 21
TA bits: T1 to 4
2. O&M frame
Data bits: D1 to 264
Spare bits: S1 to 6
3. Data frame
Data bits: D1 to 252
First bit of odd octets (5 to 39) is ª1º
4. Idle speech frame
Like the speech frame, but all data bits are set to ª1º
27
30. The protocol used on the Abis interface is LAPD, which is adapted from
ISDN. LAPD provides the following frame types that can be divided into
three groups:
± the unnumbered frames (SABM, DISC, UA, DM, UI),
± the information transfer frame (I)
± the supervisory frames (RR, RNR, REJ, FRMR).
In addition to the radio signaling procedures the Abis interface also pro-
vides a means of transport for operation and maintenance procedures
for BTSs, as well as a transport mechanism for Layer 2 management
procedures inherited directly from ISDN standards.
6.2 Protocols on the
Abis interface
The following protocols are used:
. Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 08.54): 2.048 Mbit/s (ITU-T: E1) or 1.544 Mbit/s
(ANSI: T1) PCM facility with 64/32/16 kbit/s signaling channels and
16 kbit/s traffic channels (4 per timeslot)
. Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 08.56): Here, the LAP-D protocol is used as the
transport mechanism for data messaging between the BTS and BSC.
Within GSM the SAPI refers to the link identifier transmitted in the
LAPD protocol that was inherited from ISDN.
. Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 08.58/04.08): BTS management (BTSM) works
mainly in this layer. BTSM distinguishes three logical signaling
connections with the SAPI (Service Access Point Identifier). SAPI 0 is
used by all messages coming from or going to the radio interface.
SAPI 62 provides 0&M message transport between the BTS and
BSC. SAPI 63 is used for dynamic management of TEIs as well as for
28
31. layer 2 management functions. The addition of another field to the
LAPD link layer address is for the TEIs. The TEIs that provide addres-
sing of the TRXs (transmitters and receivers) for the BTS are as fol-
lows:
1. Radio signaling link (RSL): Traffic management; used for sig-
naling between the BSC and BTS (non-transparent messages,
e.g. RR) and transmission of signaling information on the air
interface in the form of transparent messages (CM and MM
messages)
2. Operating & maintenance link (OML): Network management;
used to monitor the operating status of the TRXs or BTS; OML
messages have priority over other layer 2 messages.
3. Layer 2 management link (L2ML): Layer 2 management; controls
the TEI management and addressing procedures (allocation,
de-allocation of BTS internal transceiver [TRX] addresses)
29
32. 7 The A interface The A interface lies between the BSC and MSC. If the BSC contains
the transcoder equipment (TCE), a traffic channel (TCH) occupies a
complete 64 kbit/s timeslot in the 2 Mbit/s or 1.544 Mbit/s PCM link
(layer 1, GSM Rec. 08.04). Out of 32 available timeslots on the PCM
link, a maximum of 30 traffic channels can be operated simultaneously,
since at least 2 timeslots are needed for control and signaling purposes
(TS0 for FAS/NFAS and another TS for signaling, usually TS16) on PCM
facilities. One signaling channel supports many 64 kbit/s PCM facilities
between one BSC and the MSC. Normally two active 64 kbit/s time-
slots are used for this purpose.
If the MSC is equipped with a TCE, the TCHs are converted from
64 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s in the transcoder equipment. If the BCS does not
contain a TCE, then the TCHs are 16 kbit/s on the A interface.
Between the BSC and MSC, the TCHs are ªrecordedº from 64 kbit/s to
16 kbit/s in the transcoder equipment (TCE).
7.1 Protocols on
the A interface
The signaling protocol (layer 2+3) between the BSC and MSC is based
on the SS7 standard, but is transmitted along with the user data within
the PCM facility. Normally timeslot 16 (TS16) of the 64 kbit/s frame is
used.
The following protocols are employed:
. Layer 1 (GSM Rec. 08.04): 2.048 Mbit/s (ITU-T: E1) or 1.544 Mbit/s
(ANSI: T1) PCM link.
. Layer 2 (GSM Rec. 08.06): Here, SS7-based protocols are used for
layer 2; the message transfer part (MTP) protocol (responsible for
30
33. transmission security between the BCS and MSC) and the signaling
connection control part (SCCP) protocol (allows global addressing of
network elements and thus offers a service corresponding to the ex-
change layer). MTP and SCCP also perform layer 3 functions. SCCP
is used to transport DTAP and base station management application
part (BSSMAP) messages on the A interface, ensuring both conec-
tionless and connection-oriented message flows. The connections
can be related to a specific MS or radio channel.
An SCCP connection can be initiated by a mobile station (MS) or an MSC.
An SCCP connection can involve the following protocols:
. From the MS: ± MM: CM service request
± RR: Paging response
± MM: Location updating request
± MM: CM re-establishment request.
. From the MSC: Initiation of an ªexternal handoverº
(BSSMAP: handover request).
The MSC always manages an SCCP connection.
. Layer 3 (GSM Rec. 08.08): Contains the base station system appli-
cation part (BSSAP) protocol. This layer has multiple parts on the
MSC end:
. The base station management application part (BSSMAP) protocol
is the counterpart to the RR protocol on the air interface.
. The direct transfer application part (DTAP) protocol transmits CC
and MM messages and is transmitted transparently through the
BTS and BSC.
31
34. 8 MSC-based
interfaces
Fig. 9
All of the interfaces around the MSC use SS7-based protocols. The B,
C, D, F and G interfaces are referred to as MAP interfaces. These con-
nect either the MSC to registers or registers to other registers. The E
interface supports the MAP protocol and calls setup protocols (ISUP/
TUP). This interface connects one MSC to another MSC within the
same network or to another network's MSC. They are designated as
follows (protocols are explained in section 8.1 MSC protocols):
. B interface: between MSC and VLR (use MAP/TCAP protocols)
. C interface: between MSC and HLR (MAP/TCAP)
. D interface: between HLR and VLR (MAP/TCAP)
. E interface: between two MSCs (MAP/TCAP + ISUP/TUP)
. F interface: between MSC and EIR (MAP/TCAP)
. G interface: between VLRs (MAP/TCAP).
32
35. Fixed network interfaces:
. via TUP protocol: between MSC and analog/digital networks
. via ISUP protocol: between MSC and analog/digital networks;
provides more features than TUP
. via INAP protocol: between MSC and IN.
The SCCP protocol provides connectionless message transport to and
from the GSM network databases for TCAP and MAP messaging.
Here, two connection types are also distinguished:
. Circuit-related call control: Related to ISUP and TUP
. Non circuit-related call control: The mobile application part (MAP)
protocol is used here, allowing implementation of functions such as
location updating/roaming, SMS delivery, handover, authentication and
incoming call routing information. The MAP protocol uses the trans-
action capability application part (TCAP) protocol to transfer real-time
information (between MSCs, HLRs and VLRs).
8.1 MSC protocols MAP (Mobile Application Part): (GSM Rec. 09.02) Used to control
queries to the different databases in the mobile radio network (HLR,
VLR and EIR). MAP responsibilities include access and location man-
agement (e.g. where is the called subscriber currently?), MSC-MSC
handover, security functions, O&M, SMS and supplementary services.
TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part): Provides universal
calls and functions for handling requests to distributed application
processes.
33
36. ISUP (ISDN User Part): Controls interworking (e.g. call setup/take-
down) between PLMNs and other networks, and provides the same ba-
sic functionalities as TUP.
INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part): Implements intelligent
supplementary services (e.g. free call, time-dependent routing functions
in a central service center).
TUP (Telephone User Part): Implements interworking between PLMNs
and other networks. TUP is normally used to provide international con-
nections and is slowly being replaced by ISUP.
34
37. 9 Call setup
Fig. 10
(To help understand the complexity of a simple phone call, the pro-
cesses that are necessary in a GSM network to complete a connection
to a mobile telephone).
The following example describes a call from a fixed network subscriber
to a mobile subscriber in a GSM network:
35
38. The incoming call is passed from the fixed network to the gateway
MSC (GMSC) (1). Then, based on the IMSI numbers of the called party,
its HLR is determined (2). The HLR checks for the existence of the
called number. Then the relevant VLR is requested to provide a mobile
station roaming number (MSRN) (3). This is transmitted back to the
GMSC (4). Then the connection is switched through to the responsible
MSC (5). Now the VLR is queried for the location range and reachability
status of the mobile subscriber (6). If the MS is marked reachable, a
radio call is enabled (7) and executed in all radio zones assigned to the
VLR (8). When the mobile subscriber telephone responds to the page
request from the current radio cell (9), all necessary security procedures
are executed (10). If this is successful, the VLR indicates to the MSC
(11) that the call can be completed (12).
36
39. 10 Test and
measurement
problems
in GSM
Fig. 11
As you can see from the previous sections, GSM technology is very
complex. Naturally, such a technology is a challenge to install, commis-
sion, manage and optimize. The following section will consider some
sample network problems1
.
1
For more information on GSM test applications, see the WG Application Notes
(available upon request)
37
40. Due to the limited nature of resources (not to mention their high cost),
network optimization is becoming a more and more critical economic
factor. To get a handle on network performance, network utilization,
subscriber behavior and quality of service (QoS), the following test
methods are useful:
Traffic analysis: Here, the contents of signaling channels in an E1 or
T1 PCM frame are monitored and analyzed on the Abis and A interfaces
of the GSM network. It does not matter what type traffic the various
timeslots transport (speech, data or signaling) since all contribute
equally to traffic loading.
Bit error ratio test (BERT): A BERT involves bit error measurement at
the PCM level and the GSM-specific level (TRAU frame ± TRAU: Trans-
coder and Rate Adapter Unit). The PCM bit error ratio (BER) is of inter-
est to GSM operators who need to verify the quality of leased lines
from fixed network operators.
At the GSM level, by evaluating the control bits in the TRAU, a bit error
probability can be determined (uplink) during actual communications
(in-service). More accurate BER measurement requires out-of-service
simulation in which the 260 data bits in the TRAU frame are checked
using a pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS).
38
41. Alarm monitoring: This test type checks all PCM links for layer 1
alarms, including:
± No signal,
± Alarm indication signal (AIS),
± No synchronization,
± Remote alarm,
± CRC alarm.
Network quality test: Includes a number of diverse measurements that
work together to provide an indication of network quality and reveal
potential areas for improvement. This includes:
± Island problems (see Fig. 11),
± Detection of coverage holes,
± Interference,
± Network load regarding signaling and traffic,
± Handover failures,
± Receive level (RXLEV) surveillance,
± Bit error ratio of a BTS (RXQUAL),
± Multipath interference and propagation delays,
± Frequency interference (due to frequency reuse),
± Call completion/disconnect rate,
± System overload.
Optimally qualifying a GSM network requires extensive protocol analysis
in the Abis and SS7-based interfaces. This is due to the intersection of
the GSM and SS7 protocol worlds, as described in section 8.1 ªMSC
protocolsº.
39
42. System features This section provides a brief description of the GSM network
features.
Roaming: The roaming feature allows a user to make and receive calls in any
GSM network and to use the same user-specific services worldwide1
.
This requires a roaming agreement between the individual operators.
With worldwide roaming the MS is accessible under the same phone
number everywhere.
Handover: In a cellular network, the radio and fixed voice connections are not per-
manently allocated for the duration of a call. Handover, or handoff as it
is called in North America, means switching an ongoing call to a differ-
ent channel or cell. The execution and measurements required for
handover are a basic function of the RR protocol layer.
There are four different types of handovers in GSM, which involve
transferring a connection between:
. Channels (timeslots) in the same cell (intra-BTS handover)
. Cells under the control of the same BSC (inter-BTS handover).
. Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same
MSC (inter-BSC handover)
. Cells under the control of different MSCs (inter-MSC handover)
1
Identical carrier frequencies (900/1800/1900) are required, therefore, or the telephone
needs to support the desired frequency. Dual-band mobiles that support several fre-
quency bands are becoming increasingly popular in this connection.
40
43. The first two types of handover involve only one base station controller
(BSC). To save signaling bandwidth, they are managed by the BSC
without involving the MSC, except to notify it upon completion of the
handover. The last two types of handover are handled by the MSCs
involved. An important aspect of GSM is that the original MSC, the
anchor MSC, remains responsible for most call-related functions, with
the exception of subsequent inter-BSC handovers under the control of
the new MSC, called the relay MSC.
Handovers can be initiated by either the BSC or the MSC (as a means
of traffic load balancing). During its idle timeslots, the mobile scans the
broadcast control channel of up to 16 neighboring cells, and forms a
list of the six best candidates for possible handover, based on the
received signal strength. This information is passed to the BSC and
MSC, at least once per second, and is used by the handover algo-
rithm.
The decision on when to initiate a handover is a function of the
following parameters:
± receive quality,
± receive level.
Successful handovers in GSM can take place at propagation speeds of
up to 250 km/h.
Multipath equalization: At the 900 MHz range, radio waves bounce off everything ± buildings,
hills, cars, airplanes, etc. Many reflected signals, each with a different
41
44. phase, can reach an antenna (also known as ªmultipath propagationº).
Equalization is used to extract the desired signal from the unwanted
reflections. It works by finding out how a known transmitted signal is
modified by multipath fading, and constructing an inverse filter to
extract the rest of the desired signal. This known signal is the 26-bit
training sequence transmitted in the middle of every time-slot burst.
The actual implementation of the equalizer is not specified in the GSM
specifications.
Frequency hopping: The mobile station has to be frequency-agile, meaning it can move
between different frequencies in order to transmit and receive data, etc.
A normal handset is able to switch frequencies 217 times per second.
GSM makes use of this frequency agility to implement slow frequency
hopping, where the mobile and the BTS transmit each TDMA frame on
a different carrier frequency. The frequency hopping algorithm is broad-
cast on the broadcast control channel. Since multipath fading is depen-
dent on the carrier frequency, slow frequency hopping helps alleviate
the problem. In addition, co-channel interference is in effect rando-
mized. The broadcast and common control channels are not subject to
frequency hopping and are always transmitted on the same frequency.
Discontinuous trans-
mission (DTX):
To reduce the MS's power consumption and minimize interference on
the air interface, user signal transmission is interrupted during pauses
in speech. ªComfort noiseº is artificially generated by the MS to avoid
disruption due to an abrupt interruption in speech.
42
45. Discontinuous
reception (DRX):
Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is dis-
continuous reception. The paging channel, used by the base station to
signal an incoming call, is structured into sub-channels. Each mobile
station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time between
successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into sleep mode,
when almost no power is used.
Power control: Several classes of mobile stations are defined in the GSM specifica-
tions, according to their peak transmitter power. To minimize co-chan-
nel interference and to conserve power, both the mobiles and the base
transceiver stations operate at the lowest power level that will maintain
an acceptable signal quality. Power levels can be stepped up or down
in steps of 2 dBm from the peak power for the class down to a mini-
mum of 13 dBm (20 milliwatts for MS).
The mobile station and BTS continually measure the signal strength or
signal quality (based on the bit error ratio), and pass the information to
the base station controller, which ultimately decides if and when the
power level should be changed.
Short Message
Service (SMS)
SMS offers message delivery (similar to ªtwo-way-pagingº) that is guar-
anteed to reach the MS. If the GSM telephone is not turned on, the
message is held for later delivery. Each time a message is delivered
to an MS, the network expects to receive an acknowledgement
from this MS that the message was correctly received. Without a posi-
43
46. tive acknowledgement the network will re-send the message or store it
for later delivery. SMS supports messages up to 160 characters in
length that can be delivered by any GSM network around the world
wherever the MS is able to roam.
Call Waiting (CW) CW is a network-based feature that must also be supported by the
GSM telephone (MS). With CW, GSM users with a call in progress will
receive an audible beep to alert them that there is an incoming call for
the MS. The incoming call can be accepted, sent to voice mail or re-
jected. If the incoming call is rejected, the caller will receive a busy
signal. Once the call is accepted, the original call is put on hold to allow
a connection to the new incoming call.
Call Hold (CH) CH must be supported by the MS and the network. It allows the MS to
ªparkº an ªin progress callº, to make additional calls or to receive in-
coming calls.
Call Forwarding (CF) This is a network-based feature that can be activated by the MS. CF
allows calls to be sent to other numbers under conditions defined by
the user. These conditions can be either unconditional or dependent on
certain criteria (no answer, busy, not reachable).
Calling Line ID Calling Line ID must be supported by the GSM network and the tele-
phone. The GSM telephone displays the originating telephone number
of incoming calls. This feature requires the caller's network to deliver
the calling line ID (telephone no.) to the GSM network.
44
47. Mobility
Management (MM)
The GSM network keeps track of which mobile telephones are powered
on and active in the network. To provide as efficient call delivery as
possible, the network keeps track of the last known location of the MS
in the VLR and HLR. Radio sites connected to the MSC are divided into
groups called ªlocation areasº. When a call is designated for an MS,
the network looks for the MS in the last known location area.
Authentication Authentication normally takes place when the MS is turned on with
each incoming call and outgoing call. A verification that the »Ki« (secur-
ity code) stored in the AuC matches the »Ki« stored in SIM card of the
MS completes this process.
The user must key in a PIN code on the handset in order to activate
the hardware before this automatic procedure can start.
45
48. 11 Outlook In early 1998, the ETSI standardization committee made up its mind on
the future, third-generation mobile radio standard, known as the univer-
sal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). UMTS should support
all forms of mobile, satellite-based and fixed-network-based telecom-
munications. The user should be able to use all services (voice, data,
multimedia, etc.) in each of the stated areas.
ETSI agreed to use a combination of wideband code division multiple
access (W-CDMA) and time division multiple access (TD/CDMA) on the
air interface. W-CDMA will be used to cover larger areas and TD/CDMA
for local (indoor) applications. CDMA technology holds the promise of a
higher channel capacity and lower power consumption with GSM-like
speech quality. Costly frequency planning like that required in GSM net-
works is unnecessary in CDMA networks.
Now that Europe has made its choice, work is underway towards
worldwide acceptance of the UMTS standard. There is still no agree-
ment on the network architecture, but network operators naturally hope
to reuse existing GSM networks to save money.
Besides straightforward telephony, data communication is also import-
ant in UMTS. Here, the catch phrase is ªmobile multimediaº: It should
be possible in the future to operate data-intensive applications such as
video conferencing via a mobile unit.
46
49. 12 GSM glossary AB Access Burst
AGCH Access Grant CHannel
AIS Alarm Indication Signal
AMPS Advanced Mobile Telephone Service
AuC Authentication Center
BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel
BCH Broadcast CHannels
BER Bit Error Rate
BERT Bit Error Rate Test
BSC Base Station Controller
BSSAP Base Station System Application Part
BSSMAP Base Station Management Application Part
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BTSM BTS Management
CC Call Control
CCCH Common Control CHannels
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CM Connection Management
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CT0/1/2 (Standards for) Cordless Telephony 0/1/2
D-AMPS Dual Mode AMPS
DB Dummy Burst
DCCH Dedicated Control CHannels
DCS 1800 Digital Cellular System 1800 (today: GSM1800)
DECT Digital Enhanced Telecommunications System
DRX Discontinuous reception
47
50. DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
EIR Equipment Identity Register
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel
FAS Frame Alignment Signal
FB Frequency correction Burst
FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
GMSC Gateway MSC
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HDLC High Level Data Link Control
HLR Home Location Register
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IN Intelligent Network
INAP Intelligent Network Application Part
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISUP ISDN User Part
L2ML Layer 2 Management Link
LAP-D Link Access Protocol for the (ISDN) D-Channel
LAP-Dm LAP-D for the GSM Um Interface
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MAP Mobile Application Part
ME Mobile Equipment
48
51. MM Mobility Management
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MSISDN MS ISDN number
MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number
MTP Message Transfer Part
NB Normal Burst
NFAS Non-FAS
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone Network
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
OML Operating & Maintenance Link
PCH Paging CHannel
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PCS1900 Personal Communications System 1900 (today: GSM1900)
PHS Personal Handyphone System
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PRBS Pseudo Random Bit Sequence
QoS Quality of Service
RACH Random Access CHannel
RR Radio Resource management
RSL Radio Signaling Link
RXLEV Received Signal Level
RXQUAL Received Signal Quality
SACCH Slow Associated Control CHannel
SB Synchronization Burst
49
52. SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part
SCH Synchronization CHannel
SDCCH Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SMS Short Message Service
SMS Short Message Service Support
SS Supplementary Service Support
SS7 Signaling System Number 7
TA Time Alignment
TACS Total Access Communication System
TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TCH Traffic CHannel
TD/CDMA Time Division Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TRAU Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit
TRX Transceiver
TS Timeslot
TUP Telephone User Part
Um Air interface in GSM
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VLR Visitor Location Register
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
50
53. 13 Bibliography 1. GSM-Technik und Messpraxis [GSM technology and practical testing
± in German] ± Redl/Weber, Franzis', Poing
2. Microcells in mobile communications ± Tibor Rako , GyoÄ zoÄ Drozdy;
http://www.pgsm.hu/english/gsm/more.html
3. Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications ± John
Scourias; University of Waterloo;
http://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/~jscouria/GSM/gsmreport.html
4. Mobilkommmunikation, Hochschulkolleg [Mobile communications,
High-school textbook ± in German] ± Ulrich Bochtler, Walter Buck,
Eberhard Herter; Steinbeis-Transferzentrum, Kommunikationszentrum
Esslingen
5. The Global System for Mobile Communications ± Michel Mouly,
Marie-Bernadette Paulet; Palaiseau, France
6. Vermittlungstechnik und Schnittstellen [Switching technology and
interfaces ± in German] ± Ulrich Bochtler; Steinbeis-Transferzentrum,
Kommunikationszentrum Esslingen
Want to know more
about WG and GSM?
Please visit our GSM webpage at http://www.gsm.wg.com or contact
your local Wandel & Goltermann sales office.
51