Walker, Chapter 2
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The document provides an overview of the history of policing in America from the colonial era to the present. It discusses the origins of policing from English institutions like the constable and sheriff, and how the first modern police departments emerged in the 19th century in response to urbanization and immigration. It then outlines three major eras in American policing history - the political era from 1830s-1900, the professional era from 1900-1960s, and the era of conflicting pressures from 1960s onward. Key reforms and developments that changed the role of police are also summarized.
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Sistema Nacional de Información de Seguridad Pública
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Walker, Chapter 1
The purpose of this chapter is to provide background on policing and discuss the goals and realities of police work. It defines law enforcement agencies and police officers, and notes that police have complex roles that involve enforcing laws, investigating crimes, maintaining order, and providing services to citizens. While often portrayed as crime fighters, police work really involves discretion, ambiguity, and balancing many standards like protecting rights and ensuring safety. The chapter introduces alternatives like problem-oriented, community, and zero-tolerance policing that will be explored in later sections.
Evolution of law enforcement and our criminal justice
This document traces the evolution of law enforcement and the criminal justice system from ancient times to the present. It discusses early systems of law from Egypt, Greece and Rome, followed by developments in medieval England like the Frankpledge system, tithing system, and Magna Carta. It then covers watch and ward systems from the 1500s, the role of sheriffs, and the establishment of the first police forces in 17th century Boston and London. The document concludes by outlining the traditional three eras of policing: the political era from 1840-1930, the reform/professional era from 1930-1980, and the community-focused era from 1980 to present.
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This document provides an overview of the history of policing in America from the colonial era to present day. It discusses how the earliest forms of law enforcement included sheriffs, constables, night watches, and slave patrols. The first modern police departments were formed in the 19th century in response to urbanization and immigration. Early police forces were politically influenced and unprofessional. The professional era began in the early 1900s with reforms advocating higher education and specialized units. New technologies like patrol cars and radios were adopted. Current issues include changing officer demographics, discretion control, community policing, and problem-oriented policing.
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This chapter discusses various strategies and techniques used by police to prevent and solve crimes. It covers proactive and reactive crime control strategies, and how police work to prevent crime through routine patrol and specialized units. The chapter also examines how police apprehend criminals through citizen reporting, the investigation process, and challenges in measuring effectiveness. Special investigative techniques like undercover work and informants are addressed. Policing of drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism are also summarized.
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The document discusses several aspects of entering a career in law enforcement, including:
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1) The history of American policing can be divided into three eras: the political era from 1830-1900, the professional era from 1900-1960, and the era of conflicting pressures from 1960 to present.
2) Key figures like August Vollmer helped establish policing as a profession by defining a reform agenda that focused on eliminating political influence, raising personnel standards, and introducing modern management principles.
3) The introduction of new technologies like patrol cars, two-way radios, and telephones revolutionized policing by allowing for quicker response times, more efficient patrols, and constant supervision of officers.
The Reform Era By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing.docx
The Reform Era
By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing and to some degree, state and federal 1960s was most significant period in the development of policing in the United States, because it the foundations for the professionalization of law le definitions. As used here it means an attempt to improve police behavior and performance a code ethics improving selection of police departments. It also means that training, and management professions, would focus on core rather than performing a kaleidoscope of this core strategy would become crime control. coupled For the police Professionalism is discussed in more in Chapter 11 During this period a reform model (also called the professional, bureaucratic, legalistic, quasi- or semi-military model) of policing began to dominate thinking about police work. Essentially, it means that the police-community relationship should be based on law and departmental policy because police (both as organizations and as individuals) should not be unduly influenced by politics or personal considerations when making decisions. One of the most important aspects of the legalistic model is related to the mission of the police. Advocates of this model thought that crime fighting should be the primary purpose of the police. They used this idea to mobilize support for their reforms and to improve the public image of the police (Kelling and Moore 1988). The police, in effect, began to emphasize the most dramatic aspects of their work Uohnson 1981, 105-189). Between about 1920 and the mid-1960s, many police departments changed dramatically in the United States. Political meddling was substantially, but not entirely, replaced by effi cient and centralized management and a commitment to professionalism. This change was the result of European developments in criminalistics, (2) changes in American so and politics, and (3) the growth of the police reform movement.
American society and politics also that the dev elop more emphasis on industrial and consumer goods and rail and automobile transportation improved, more and more people moved to th The change as increasing numbers of Spanish-speaking immigrants and blacks from the rural unskilled, poor, powerless, and in great need south Many of these were services (Johnson 1981, 105-189) The Spanish-speaking and black neighborhoods were by extensive crime began to neighborhoods and troublesome areas in which to Given the fact that beginning with and long history of racist behavior the tension between minority grou the pol ncreased and became an important factor in the numerous urban riots of th century. These riots began in East St. Louis in 1917 and were by 1919 at least seven during World War II, and numerous riots in the 1960s. were major to serious disorders in 1967 alone (National Advisory Commission 1968, 35-206) Although there were many reasons for these riots, a significant factor was the behavior of police officers in minority neighborhoods In the newly establish ...
Comparative police systems_preview
This document provides an overview of the development of policing models in the United States. It discusses the English origins of American policing and how early colonial institutions such as sheriffs, constables, and night watches evolved into modern police forces. It highlights the creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829 as establishing the foundation for modern professional policing, with its focus on preventative patrols, visible community presence, and quasi-military command structure. This model then influenced the development of American policing.
The History of American Police.pptx
The history of American policing can be traced back to colonial policing methods and the development of modern police forces in Europe and early American cities. Some key developments include:
- The first organized police force was established in London in 1749 called the Bow Street Runners. The London Metropolitan Police was founded in 1829 and is considered the first modern professional police force.
- Early policing in colonial America relied on citizen self-policing, constables, night watches, and slave patrols. The first municipal police forces were established in Boston in 1801 and New York City in 1845.
- Reform efforts in the early 1900s led by figures like August Vollmer professionalized policing with
History of Law Enforcement
Learn about the history and introduction of law enforcement in society to the appointment of constables in United States.
CJ 288 paper
This document discusses the history of technology used in policing from the 19th century to present day. It describes how early inventions like the telephone, two-way radio, and automobile revolutionized policing by allowing improved communication and mobility for officers. The professional policing era from the early 1900s established many modern policing practices. While innovations initially helped address crime, rising populations created new challenges. Recent decades saw a shift to community-oriented policing and new technologies that further aid law enforcement, making officers more efficient and data-driven.
Overview In this you will describe how the history.docx
This document provides instructions for an assignment to create a timeline describing the evolution of policing in America across four eras: colonial, 18th-19th centuries, 20th century, and 21st century. Students are asked to address major events or changes in policing that occurred in specific regions and time periods, including the North and South in the colonial era, urban and southern regions in the 18th-19th centuries, and the American frontier during that time as well. For the 20th-21st centuries, students should describe policing from 1900-1960, the 1960s-70s, 1980s-90s, and 2000s. The timeline must be completed using a provided template and any references should be
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docx
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the --political-- era.docx
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the \"political\" era to the present.
Solution
The development of policing in the United States closely followed the development of policing in England. In the early colonies policing took two forms. It was both informal and communal, which is referred to as the Watch, or private for profit policing, which is called The Big Stick.
The modern police organizations shared similar characteristics: (1) they were publicly supported and bureaucratic in form; (2) police officers were full-time employees, not community volunteers or case-by-case fee retainers; (3) departments had permanent and fixed rules and procedures, and employment as a police officers was continuous; (4) police departments were accountable to a central governmental authority.
Modern police forces in the United States emerged as a response to disorder. What constitutes social and public order depends largely on who is defining those terms, and in the cities of 19th century America they were defined by the mercantile interests, who through taxes and political influence supported the development of bureaucratic policing institutions. These economic interests had a greater interest in social control than crime control. Private and for profit policing was too disorganized and too crime specific in form to fulfill these needs. The emerging commercial elites needed a mechanism to insure a stable and orderly work force, a stable and orderly environment for the conduct of business, and the maintenance of what they referred to as the \"collective good\". These mercantile interests also wanted to divest themselves of the cost of protecting their own enterprises, transferring those costs from the private sector to the state.
.
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is a.docx
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is appropriate in war. However, do we want to use military forces to govern or patrol our cities and towns?
We do not know much about the very early history of the police. Policing—maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers—had always been a private matter. Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society. Uniformed, organized police departments as we think o£ them today were rare.
Around die fifth century B.C.E., Rome created the first specialized investigative unit, called questors, or "trackers of murder." (Dempsey 203) Around die sixth century B.C.E. in Athens and the third century B.C.E. in Rome, unpaid magistrates (judges), appointed by the citizens, were the only people we would consider law enforcement professionals. The magistrates adjudicated cases, but private citizens arrested offenders and punished them. In most societies, people in towns would group
together and form a watch,
particularly at night, at the
Praetorian Guard , ,
town borders or gates to
Select group of highly qualified ., , . i.j
a ensure that outsiders did
members of the military established ,
not attack the town,
by the Roman emperor Augustus ^ a^out ^e yme Qf
to protect him and his palace. .1 r>
Chnst, the Roman emperor
Vigtles Augustus picked special,
Early Roman fire fighters who also highly qualified members
patrolled Rome's streets to protect of the military to form the
citizens. Praetorian Guard, which
mutual pledge
A form of community self-protection developed by King Alfred the Great in the latter part of the ninth century in England.
could be considered the
first police officers. Their
job was to protect the
palace and the emperor.
At about die same time,
Augustus also established
hue and cry die Praefectus Urbi (Urban
A method developed in early Cohort) to protect the city
England for citizens to summon The Urban Cohort had
assistance from fellow members of both executive and judicial
the community. power. Augustus also estab-
constable
An official assigned to keep the peace in the mutual pledge system in England.
lished the Vigiles of Rome.
The Vigiles began as fire-
fighters and were eventually
also given law enforcement
responsibilities, patrolling
shire-reeve Rome's streets day and
Earty English official placed m night. The Vigiles could be
cnarge of shires (counties) as part considered the first civil
of the system of mirtual pledge; police force designed to
evolved into the modem concept of protect citizens. They were
the sheriff. quite brutal, and our words
Log onto wnm.cengagebrain.com vigilance and vigilante come
- ' to practice your vocabulary with ° m\\
' <\ flash cards and more. from them. (AytO 559).
1O2 Discuss English Policing: Our English Heritage
The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. Therefore, we will now concentrate on the English police experience, which is colorful a ...
239Chapter 9 POLICE PSYCHOLOGY In this ch.docx
239
Chapter 9
POLICE PSYCHOLOGY
In this chapter, you will become familiar with:
The diverse nature of law enforcement agencies operating in the
United States
The practice of police psychology and how it has changed over time
The four major domains of practice in police psychology
Some of the specifi c profi ciencies of police psychologists
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Police psychology is the application of psychological theory and research
to law enforcement or, more specifi cally, “ the delivery of psychological
services to and on behalf of law enforcement agencies, their executives,
and employees ” (Aumiller et al., 2007, p. 65). As we will see, the fi eld
of law enforcement is broad. It certainly includes the local agencies, typi-
cally city or county police and sheriff departments, with which we are
most familiar. But it is much broader, and includes various public safety,
corrections, and national security agencies at all levels of government. We
begin this chapter with overviews of law enforcement and the history of
police psychology in the United States. Next, we discuss in greater detail
four core domains of police psychology: assessment, intervention, opera-
tional support, and organizational consulting. Specifi c topics in the fi eld
of correctional psychology, including the assessment and management of
offenders, are covered in Chapter 9.
Modern societies give law enforcement agencies the responsibility to
uphold their laws and protect their citizens, and give them special powers
to do so. But how do we make sure that law enforcement agencies hire the
best possible offi cers, give them the best possible education and training,
and support them to do the best job possible? And what can law enforce-
ment agencies do to minimize the chances that a tragedy such as the shoot-
ing of Jean - Charles de Menezes does not happen again? These are the
kinds of questions that interest police psychologists.
c09.indd 239c09.indd 239 11/3/09 5:46:55 PM11/3/09 5:46:55 PM
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/17/2020 6:18 PM via STRAYER UNIVERSITY
AN: 309009 ; Roesch, Ronald, Hart, Stephen D., Zapf, Patricia A..; Forensic Psychology and Law
Account: strayer.main.eds-live
240 Police Psychology
POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES
Police or law enforcement agencies are bureaucracies created by gov-
erning bodies to maintain public order and safety by ensuring compliance
with laws, rules, and regulations (Skolnick, 2001). The term governing
London, England . It is July 22, 2005, two we.
239Chapter 9 POLICE PSYCHOLOGY In this ch.docx
239
Chapter 9
POLICE PSYCHOLOGY
In this chapter, you will become familiar with:
The diverse nature of law enforcement agencies operating in the
United States
The practice of police psychology and how it has changed over time
The four major domains of practice in police psychology
Some of the specifi c profi ciencies of police psychologists
•
•
•
•
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Police psychology is the application of psychological theory and research
to law enforcement or, more specifi cally, “ the delivery of psychological
services to and on behalf of law enforcement agencies, their executives,
and employees ” (Aumiller et al., 2007, p. 65). As we will see, the fi eld
of law enforcement is broad. It certainly includes the local agencies, typi-
cally city or county police and sheriff departments, with which we are
most familiar. But it is much broader, and includes various public safety,
corrections, and national security agencies at all levels of government. We
begin this chapter with overviews of law enforcement and the history of
police psychology in the United States. Next, we discuss in greater detail
four core domains of police psychology: assessment, intervention, opera-
tional support, and organizational consulting. Specifi c topics in the fi eld
of correctional psychology, including the assessment and management of
offenders, are covered in Chapter 9.
Modern societies give law enforcement agencies the responsibility to
uphold their laws and protect their citizens, and give them special powers
to do so. But how do we make sure that law enforcement agencies hire the
best possible offi cers, give them the best possible education and training,
and support them to do the best job possible? And what can law enforce-
ment agencies do to minimize the chances that a tragedy such as the shoot-
ing of Jean - Charles de Menezes does not happen again? These are the
kinds of questions that interest police psychologists.
c09.indd 239c09.indd 239 11/3/09 5:46:55 PM11/3/09 5:46:55 PM
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/17/2020 6:18 PM via STRAYER UNIVERSITY
AN: 309009 ; Roesch, Ronald, Hart, Stephen D., Zapf, Patricia A..; Forensic Psychology and Law
Account: strayer.main.eds-live
240 Police Psychology
POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES
Police or law enforcement agencies are bureaucracies created by gov-
erning bodies to maintain public order and safety by ensuring compliance
with laws, rules, and regulations (Skolnick, 2001). The term governing
London, England . It is July 22, 2005, two we.
Racial Profiling In New York City
Racial profiling has been studied extensively in New York City, where researchers have found evidence that it does occur. Studies have shown that police activity disproportionately targets minority groups, which some attribute to the "Broken Windows Theory" of policing minor crimes. However, the facts also show that police focus extends beyond just disorderly individuals in certain areas. A police chief's email condoning racial profiling has raised concerns and could lead to his firing if found to be legitimate. Debate continues over racial discrimination and unequal treatment in law enforcement.
Ethnicity and the PoliceCJA344 Version 31University of Ph.docx
Ethnicity and the Police
CJA/344 Version 3
1
University of Phoenix Material
Ethnicity and the Police
The Ethnicity and the Police assignment consists of two parts:
· Part 1: Outline – Due in Week Two
· Part 2: Final Deliverable – Due in Week Four
Select and complete one of the following assignments:
Option 1: Newspaper Article
Option 2: Speech
Option 3: Podcast
Regardless of the option selected, your final deliverable is based on your opinion about the topic and must provide evidence to support your opinion.
Option 1: Newspaper Article
Develop a 700- to 1050-word newspaper article based on the topic you selected in your Week Two individual assignment. Follow the outline created in Week Two and incorporate any changes suggested by the facilitator.
Address the following topics in your newspaper article:
· Express your opinion on the topic.
· Includeat least one contemporary event as an example to illustrate the main points.
· Include three references from peer-reviewed journals, trade publications, or other sources from the Online Library Major Article Database to support your opinion.
Include photos, diagrams, or graphs as appropriate.
Format any references used in the article consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit the newspaper article assignment.
Option 2: Speech
Develop a 700- to 1050-word speech based on the topic you selected in your Week Two individual assignment. Follow the outline created in Week Two and incorporate any changes suggested by the facilitator.
Address the following topics in your speech:
· Express your opinion on the topic.
· Include at least one contemporary event as an example to illustrate the main points.
· Include three references from peer-reviewed journals, trade publications, or other sources from the Online Library Major Article Database to support your opinion.
Format any references in the speech consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit the speech assignment.
Option 3: Podcast
Develop a 3- to 5-minute audio podcast that isbased on the topic you selected in your Week Two individual assignment. Follow the outline created in Week Two and incorporate any changes suggested by the facilitator.
Address the following in your audio recording:
· Express your opinion on the topic.
· Includeat least one contemporary event as an example to illustrate the main points.
· Include three references from peer-reviewed journals, trade publications, or other sources from the Online Library Major Article Database to support your opinion.
Submit the sound file to your facilitator.
Running head: POLICE INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
1
POLICE INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY
2
Police Influence on Society
Marcela R. Montoya
Professor Brain Bugge
March 9, 2014
CJA 344
How the historical development of policing in the United States relates to the current relationship between police and different ethnic groups and social classes.
Policing in America today ha ...
The Evolution of the Police Force
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, changes came to the police in Western Europe. As populations grew in cities due to poor living conditions and unemployment, crime rates increased. The ruling classes were concerned about social disorder and their safety. This led to calls for organized police forces to protect citizens and property. The French created the first modern police force called the Serjents in 1829 to maintain order and safety. The British followed with the Bobbies in 1829 due to ineffective constables, aiming to prevent crime. Germany established the Schutzmannschaft in 1848 after revolutions, modeled on the Bobbies but evolving to be more militaristic. Prison systems also changed from arbitrary capital punishment to rehabilitation based on
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5Running head MODULE 1 HOMEWORK AS.docx
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5
Running head: MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Author Note
This paper was prepared for INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT CRJ 120, MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
PART I: SHORT RESPONSE
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions. Ensure that your responses are at least 1-2 paragraphs in length for each question. You may include examples from the text; however, please include APA citations as necessary. Please visit the Academic Resource Center for a concise guide on APA format.
1. Describe the colonial period’s three legacies to contemporary policing. Then list and discuss two powerful trends in England and America that brought about changes in policing in both countries.
2. List and describe major characteristics of the three eras of policing.
3. Describe August Vollmer's contributions to policing.
4. Discuss how Peel's “principles" of policing are relevant to today's police practices.
5. Explain the 1829 "Metropolitan Police Act," and what it provided to the history of policing.
6. Explain the contributions that were made to professional policing by William Parker.
7. Describe how policing was returned to its roots by the President's Crime Commission.
8. Examine how the struggle for civil rights affected the police-community relationship.
9. Describe the functions of the law enforcement agencies contained within the U.S. Department of Justice.
10. What are the agencies contained with the Department of Homeland Security, including their roles and functions?
11. What is INTERPOL and how does it function?
12. Discuss the Uniform Crime Reports—its methods of collecting data, purpose, and shortcomings.
13. What is the role of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC)? Discuss its purpose and application by law enforcement agencies.
14. This chapter described two “other” federal law enforcement agencies—the CIA and IRS. How would you describe their major roles and functions?
15. Describe the primary functions and organization of state law enforcement agencies.
PART II: JOURNAL ACTIVITY
Review the website of any large law enforcement agency (e.g., a large city police department, large county sheriff's office, state police agency or a large federal law enforcement agency) and write a 200-400 word essay (1-2 pages, 12-point font, double spaced) about the history of the agency and how it has grown to its current level of resources and divisions.
1. The three legacies to contemporary policing where local, republicanism, and crime prevention. This became the framework in which policing is model off of in today’s society. In this time, a colonist formed a local policing in which they then formed republicanism which was supposed to be a form of government. Republicanism asserted that power can be divided, and it relied on local interests to promote the general welfare (Peak 10). Since the population had then double, the came up with pla ...
History of Policing.PPT
American policing originated from English roots of mutual pledge systems and constables appointed to keep the peace. The first real police officers emerged in England in the 13th century as laws were passed to create organized night watches. These systems influenced the development of policing in American colonies and cities. Over time, policing expanded and professionalized with the growth of local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies addressing evolving crime problems. Today, policing involves a complex network of over 18,000 agencies at various levels of government alongside private security organizations.
Justice on the Street The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minoritie.docx
Justice on the Street?: The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Goals of the Chapter
This chapter explores the complex issues in the relationship between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities and helps sort through the sometimes conflicting evidence on race, ethnicity, and criminal justice.1 The first section outlines a contextual approach that helps resolve the apparent contradictions in the available evidence. The second section examines public opinion about the police, comparing the attitudes of whites, African Americans, and Hispanics (unfortunately, there is little evidence on other racial and ethnic groups). The third section reviews the evidence on police behavior, beginning with the most serious action, use of deadly force, and proceeding through the less-serious police activities. The fourth section deals with citizen complaints against the police, reviewing the evidence on the extent of misconduct and the ways police departments handle citizen complaints. The final section examines police employment practices. Particular attention is given to the law of employment discrimination and the historic problem of discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities.
After you have read this chapter:
1. You will be familiar with the most important issues related to police and people of color.
2. You will be able to make sense of the complex data on police arrests, use of force, use of deadly force, and racial profiling.
3. You will be able to discuss the difference between racial disparities and racial discrimination.
4. You will be able to discuss the most important reforms in policing and whether or not they have succeeded in reducing racial disparities.
5. You will be knowledgeable about police–community relations programs and which ones work and do not work in terms of improving relations between the police and communities of color.
6. You will be familiar with the trends in the employment of people of color in policing, and you will be able to discuss what difference it makes in terms of actual police work.
Unequal Justice?
A Famous Incident
It is one of the most famous incidents in all of U.S. police history. On March 3, 1991, Los Angeles police officers stopped an African American man named Rodney King after a high-speed chase and proceeded to savagely beat him. The beating was videotaped by an observer across the street, and when the tape was broadcast around the country on television, a national uproar broke out. The term “Rodney King” became shorthand for all police abuse. When several of the officers involved were acquitted of criminal charges a year later, a major riot broke out in Los Angeles. Officers were subsequently convicted on federal civil rights charges. The beating also led to the Christopher Commission Report (1991), which proposed sweeping reforms in the Los Angeles Police Department. The Rodney King incident summarized a range of issues we will consider in this chapter: police use of force, ra ...
comparative-police-system 2.pdf
This document provides an overview of different police systems around the world and their evolution over time. It discusses four main types of police systems - common law, civil law, socialist, and Islamic. It then examines the evolution of policing in different periods - from ancient Rome and France to modern systems in England, including the development of specialized police forces in London in the 18th-19th centuries that helped establish the foundation of modern policing.
POLICE-ORGANIZATION-ADMINISTRATION (2).pptx
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of policing systems around the world, with a focus on systems in England, France, the United States, and the Philippines. It traces the development of policing from early systems like the tun policing system in Anglo-Saxon England to the establishment of the first modern police force in London in 1829. It also outlines the key organizations and acts that shaped policing in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, the American occupation, and as an independent nation.
Similar to Walker, Chapter 2 (20)
The Reform Era By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing.docx
The Reform Era By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing.docx
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Overview In this you will describe how the history.docx
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docx
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docx
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the --political-- era.docx
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the --political-- era.docx
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is a.docx
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is a.docx
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Ethnicity and the PoliceCJA344 Version 31University of Ph.docx
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5Running head MODULE 1 HOMEWORK AS.docx
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5Running head MODULE 1 HOMEWORK AS.docx
Justice on the Street The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minoritie.docx
Justice on the Street The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minoritie.docx
More from William Harmening
Chapter Fifteen
Police and correctional officers face tremendous stress from their jobs, including vicarious, occupational, and professional stress. The police culture impacts how officers deal with stress, sometimes preventing healthy processing of trauma and even encouraging unhealthy coping like alcohol abuse. Prolonged exposure to trauma can result in PTSD or Police Trauma Syndrome, which progresses through stages from initial repression of emotions to burnout. Critical incident stress debriefings provide a confidential space after traumatic events for officers to externalize their emotions before unhealthy defense mechanisms set in.
Chapter Fifteen
Police and correctional officers face tremendous stress from their jobs, including vicarious, occupational, and professional stress. Prolonged exposure to trauma can lead to conditions like PTSD. The police culture impacts how officers deal with stress, sometimes in unhealthy ways like alcohol abuse. After traumatic incidents, departments use strategies like critical incident stress debriefing to help officers process their emotions in a safe environment and avoid long-term negative consequences of job stress.
Chapter Twelve
Mental illness presents challenges for law enforcement. Officers receive little training but often encounter mentally ill individuals, sometimes violently. Common mental illnesses include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and anxiety disorders. Traditionally, officers resorted quickly to force without understanding illnesses. Now, programs like the "Memphis Model" establish crisis intervention teams to de-escalate situations non-violently through engagement, rapport building and community resources. These programs reduce injuries while increasing public awareness of mental health issues.
Chapter Fourteen
The courtroom is a high-risk environment due to emotions running high and potential losses for those involved. Maintaining security is challenging due to lack of funding, preparedness, complacency, and outdated infrastructure. Risk assessment protocols examine the hearing type, participants, and emotions to determine security levels. Proactive security includes transport procedures, staffing levels, and facility design. Reactive measures provide communication systems and response protocols for emergencies. Overall, the goal is protecting all within constitutional rights.
Chapter Eleven
A cult is a group that separates itself from mainstream culture and forms a distinct belief system. Cults can take various forms such as violent apocalyptic, passive apocalyptic, seeking a new world order, or social isolation. Most are led by charismatic leaders and have different types of followers. Police must balance constitutional rights with protecting people from harm when responding to cults.
Chapter Seven
This chapter discusses domestic violence in the United States. It begins by explaining the scope and prevalence of domestic violence, noting that it predominantly affects women and is often quite severe, resulting in death. The chapter then summarizes the historical police response to domestic violence, which was often to view it as a private family matter. Various typologies of domestic abusers and the cycle of violence are described. Battered spouse syndrome is explained, adapting learned helplessness theory. Symptoms experienced by abused spouses and children witnessing abuse are listed. The chapter concludes by describing the Minneapolis Police Department's experiment with arrest in domestic violence cases, which helped shape modern best practices for police response.
Chaptersevenquestions
This document summarizes a chapter from a textbook on crisis intervention and the criminal justice response to domestic violence. It provides multiple choice questions, true-false questions, and fill-in-the-blank questions about the chapter's content. The chapter discusses the historical police response to domestic violence, typologies of domestic abusers, battered spouse syndrome, and best practices for the police response to domestic violence cases. It also covers special topics like the impact of domestic violence on children and prevalence among LGBT couples.
Chapter Four
Police and correctional officers may use various levels of force to gain compliance, make arrests, and protect themselves and others. The Supreme Court ruled in Tennessee v. Garner that deadly force is only justified to protect against death or serious harm, rather than to stop all fleeing felons. An officer's perception can be distorted by stress, leading them to "see" things that aren't there, especially for black suspects due to racial stereotypes. Training aims to reduce these effects of stress.
Chapter One
The document summarizes Chapter 1 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. It defines crisis as an event that causes internal and external systems of control to become stressed, requiring third-party intervention. It discusses classifying crises based on their potential impact, the history of crisis intervention in America from the 1700s to today, and the five steps of modern crisis intervention: response, containment, de-escalation, remediation, and prevention.
Chapter Three
The document summarizes key concepts about crisis communication from Chapter 3 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. It discusses (1) the importance of communication in crisis intervention and containment/de-escalation, (2) Transactional Analysis as a model involving the Parent, Adult, and Child ego states, and typical communication patterns from each, and (3) specific communication patterns like parallel vs crossed transactions and hooking someone in crisis into a more rational discussion.
Chapter Thirteen
This chapter discusses prison riots, including their typologies and psychological principles. It covers four types of prison riots defined by the motivations of inmates: grievance riots resulting from living conditions or restrictions on lifestyle/privileges; retaliation riots seeking vengeance; power riots attempting to gain control among gangs; and symbolic riots supporting a cause. During riots, psychological principles of deindividuation and obedience to group norms can overcome individual decision making. Response strategies include tactical strikes, riot squad maneuvers, or negotiation to de-escalate threats and resolve inmate demands.
Chapter Ten
A mass panic occurs when a group acts in dangerous or destructive ways contrary to social norms due to abandoning individuality and adopting a group mentality. There are four types of mass panic that determine the police response: anger-driven, excitement-driven, desperation-driven, and fear-driven. The police must be prepared to avoid exacerbating a potential panic with either under- or over-response. Elements of an effective response include preparedness, command/communication, contingencies, and rules of engagement tailored for each panic type.
Chapter Five
The document discusses the tactical response to crisis situations. It covers the historical development of SWAT teams and their role in containing crises. For active shooter situations, the response has changed from setting up a perimeter to immediately confronting the shooter to minimize loss of life. Rapid deployment involves contact, rescue, evacuation, and perimeter teams working together. When breaching a location, teams can either breach and hold or use various entry tactics like crisscross or buttonhook depending on the situation.
Chapter Nine
The document discusses the components and structure of a police hostage team. It explains that a hostage team includes a team leader, primary and secondary negotiator, intelligence officer, communications officer, public information officer, and team psychologist. The team leader is responsible for overall command, while the primary negotiator communicates directly with the hostage-taker to negotiate a peaceful resolution. Other roles include gathering intelligence, managing communications, releasing information to the public, and providing psychological support and analysis.
Chapter Eight
The document discusses victimology and victim services. It defines different types of victims, including the violated (sex crimes), assaulted (physical violence), uprooted (natural disasters), oppressed (psychological/economic abuse), and passive (witnesses). It describes the enormous costs of victimization to society and discusses services available in communities to help victims. It also notes that victim trauma can negatively impact the accuracy of eyewitness reports due to effects on memory and perception.
Chapter Six
The document summarizes chapter 6 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. The chapter discusses suicide and the psychology of self-destruction. It covers the social impact of suicide in America, predominant theories of suicide, a typology scheme for different types of suicide and the dangers they pose, and techniques for responding to and de-escalating suicide situations. The chapter objectives are to summarize these topics.
Chapter Two
The document discusses the psychophysiological response to crisis and stress. It describes how the human brain evolved to maintain homeostasis and how the introduction of a stressor can cause disequilibrium, activating the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response. Various factors like perceived control and predictability impact the level of stress experienced. The document outlines four potential response modes (offense, defense, escape, panic) that a criminal offender may demonstrate under stress.
Walker, Chapter 15
The document discusses several key trends and technologies impacting modern policing in America. It outlines technologies like computer-aided dispatch systems, mobile computing, and license plate readers that help police share information and prioritize calls. Crime analysis functions like tactical analysis of specific crime problems and strategic analysis of long-term trends are also described. The outlook discusses demographic changes, the impact of the war on terrorism, and personnel shortages challenging police.
Walker, Chapter 13
Police corruption involves criminal or improper behavior by police officers for personal gain. It undermines the criminal justice system and public trust in the police. There are different types of corruption like accepting gratuities, taking bribes, theft, and protecting illegal activities. Corruption can range from a few "rotten apples" to being widespread and organized in a police department. Theories for why it occurs include individual officer explanations, neighborhood factors, and police subculture and organization issues. Controlling corruption requires internal police mechanisms like effective leadership and supervision as well as external oversight like investigations and public scrutiny.
Walker, Chapter 12
The document discusses police-community relations, specifically between police and racial/ethnic minority communities. It notes that while most Americans view police positively, minorities generally view them less favorably. Attitudes vary based on factors like age, income, location, and experiences with police. Community policing programs have been shown to improve citizen attitudes by fostering trust and cooperation. Sources of tensions include disparities in police protection across neighborhoods and controversial uses of force against minorities.
More from William Harmening (20)
Walker, Chapter 2
- 1. Police in America Chapter Two The History of American Police