military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is appropriate in war. However, do we want to use military forces to govern or patrol our cities and towns?
We do not know much about the very early history of the police. Policing—maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers—had always been a private matter. Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society. Uniformed, organized police departments as we think o£ them today were rare.
Around die fifth century B.C.E., Rome created the first specialized investigative unit, called questors, or "trackers of murder." (Dempsey 203) Around die sixth century B.C.E. in Athens and the third century B.C.E. in Rome, unpaid magistrates (judges), appointed by the citizens, were the only people we would consider law enforcement professionals. The magistrates adjudicated cases, but private citizens arrested offenders and punished them. In most societies, people in towns would group
together and form a watch,
particularly at night, at the
Praetorian Guard , ,
town borders or gates to
Select group of highly qualified ., , . i.j
a ensure that outsiders did
members of the military established ,
not attack the town,
by the Roman emperor Augustus ^ a^out ^e yme Qf
to protect him and his palace. .1 r>
Chnst, the Roman emperor
Vigtles Augustus picked special,
Early Roman fire fighters who also highly qualified members
patrolled Rome's streets to protect of the military to form the
citizens. Praetorian Guard, which
mutual pledge
A form of community self-protection developed by King Alfred the Great in the latter part of the ninth century in England.
could be considered the
first police officers. Their
job was to protect the
palace and the emperor.
At about die same time,
Augustus also established
hue and cry die Praefectus Urbi (Urban
A method developed in early Cohort) to protect the city
England for citizens to summon The Urban Cohort had
assistance from fellow members of both executive and judicial
the community. power. Augustus also estab-
constable
An official assigned to keep the peace in the mutual pledge system in England.
lished the Vigiles of Rome.
The Vigiles began as fire-
fighters and were eventually
also given law enforcement
responsibilities, patrolling
shire-reeve Rome's streets day and
Earty English official placed m night. The Vigiles could be
cnarge of shires (counties) as part considered the first civil
of the system of mirtual pledge; police force designed to
evolved into the modem concept of protect citizens. They were
the sheriff. quite brutal, and our words
Log onto wnm.cengagebrain.com vigilance and vigilante come
- ' to practice your vocabulary with ° m\\
' <\ flash cards and more. from them. (AytO 559).
1O2 Discuss English Policing: Our English Heritage
The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. Therefore, we will now concentrate on the English police experience, which is colorful a ...
This document provides an overview of different police systems around the world and their evolution over time. It discusses four main types of police systems - common law, civil law, socialist, and Islamic. It then examines the evolution of policing in different periods - from ancient Rome and France to modern systems in England, including the development of specialized police forces in London in the 18th-19th centuries that helped establish the foundation of modern policing.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of policing systems around the world, with a focus on systems in England, France, the United States, and the Philippines. It traces the development of policing from early systems like the tun policing system in Anglo-Saxon England to the establishment of the first modern police force in London in 1829. It also outlines the key organizations and acts that shaped policing in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, the American occupation, and as an independent nation.
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docxedgar6wallace88877
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
This document provides a history of law and law enforcement from ancient times to modern police departments. It discusses how tribes and clans in ancient times were governed by chieftains who had executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Early justice systems focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation. The first formal legal codes emerged around 2000 BC in places like Sumer and Babylon. The Code of Hammurabi established standardized legal principles and punishments. Early English societies had local systems of law enforcement organized by hundreds and parishes. The Norman conquest established separate church and secular courts. Over time, a common law system developed across England. The Metropolitan Police was founded in London in 1829 as the first modern police force. Early American policing was localized and corrupt
This document provides a history of law and law enforcement from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how in early tribal societies, chieftains held executive, legislative, and judicial powers to handle crimes. Early legal codes established standards of conduct and punishments. The Code of Hammurabi established one of the first formal legal systems and principles of lex talionis. The Roman Empire established some of the first formal police forces. In medieval England, crimes were viewed as personal wrongs handled locally until the Norman conquest established royal courts. The development of local policing systems like tithings, hundreds, and frankpledge led to the creation of early police roles like constables. The Metropolitan Police in London in 1829 was one
Walker Chapter 2 history of the american policegregory riley
1) The history of American policing can be divided into three eras: the political era from 1830-1900, the professional era from 1900-1960, and the era of conflicting pressures from 1960 to present.
2) Key figures like August Vollmer helped establish policing as a profession by defining a reform agenda that focused on eliminating political influence, raising personnel standards, and introducing modern management principles.
3) The introduction of new technologies like patrol cars, two-way radios, and telephones revolutionized policing by allowing for quicker response times, more efficient patrols, and constant supervision of officers.
This document provides an overview of the development of policing models in the United States. It discusses the English origins of American policing and how early colonial institutions such as sheriffs, constables, and night watches evolved into modern police forces. It highlights the creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829 as establishing the foundation for modern professional policing, with its focus on preventative patrols, visible community presence, and quasi-military command structure. This model then influenced the development of American policing.
History of Law and Law Enforcement | David Ford Avon CtDavid Ford Avon Ct
A system of law and law enforcement began earlier than 2000 B.C. as a means to control human conduct and enforce society’s rules. Keeping the peace was the responsibility of the group.
This document provides an overview of different police systems around the world and their evolution over time. It discusses four main types of police systems - common law, civil law, socialist, and Islamic. It then examines the evolution of policing in different periods - from ancient Rome and France to modern systems in England, including the development of specialized police forces in London in the 18th-19th centuries that helped establish the foundation of modern policing.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of policing systems around the world, with a focus on systems in England, France, the United States, and the Philippines. It traces the development of policing from early systems like the tun policing system in Anglo-Saxon England to the establishment of the first modern police force in London in 1829. It also outlines the key organizations and acts that shaped policing in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule, the American occupation, and as an independent nation.
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docxedgar6wallace88877
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
This document provides a history of law and law enforcement from ancient times to modern police departments. It discusses how tribes and clans in ancient times were governed by chieftains who had executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Early justice systems focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation. The first formal legal codes emerged around 2000 BC in places like Sumer and Babylon. The Code of Hammurabi established standardized legal principles and punishments. Early English societies had local systems of law enforcement organized by hundreds and parishes. The Norman conquest established separate church and secular courts. Over time, a common law system developed across England. The Metropolitan Police was founded in London in 1829 as the first modern police force. Early American policing was localized and corrupt
This document provides a history of law and law enforcement from ancient times to the modern era. It describes how in early tribal societies, chieftains held executive, legislative, and judicial powers to handle crimes. Early legal codes established standards of conduct and punishments. The Code of Hammurabi established one of the first formal legal systems and principles of lex talionis. The Roman Empire established some of the first formal police forces. In medieval England, crimes were viewed as personal wrongs handled locally until the Norman conquest established royal courts. The development of local policing systems like tithings, hundreds, and frankpledge led to the creation of early police roles like constables. The Metropolitan Police in London in 1829 was one
Walker Chapter 2 history of the american policegregory riley
1) The history of American policing can be divided into three eras: the political era from 1830-1900, the professional era from 1900-1960, and the era of conflicting pressures from 1960 to present.
2) Key figures like August Vollmer helped establish policing as a profession by defining a reform agenda that focused on eliminating political influence, raising personnel standards, and introducing modern management principles.
3) The introduction of new technologies like patrol cars, two-way radios, and telephones revolutionized policing by allowing for quicker response times, more efficient patrols, and constant supervision of officers.
This document provides an overview of the development of policing models in the United States. It discusses the English origins of American policing and how early colonial institutions such as sheriffs, constables, and night watches evolved into modern police forces. It highlights the creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829 as establishing the foundation for modern professional policing, with its focus on preventative patrols, visible community presence, and quasi-military command structure. This model then influenced the development of American policing.
History of Law and Law Enforcement | David Ford Avon CtDavid Ford Avon Ct
A system of law and law enforcement began earlier than 2000 B.C. as a means to control human conduct and enforce society’s rules. Keeping the peace was the responsibility of the group.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of criminal investigation. It discusses how criminal investigation originated from the Latin term "investigat" meaning to inquire or discover. It then outlines the major phases and goals of criminal investigation. The document traces the evolution of criminal investigation from ancient civilizations like Babylon and Rome that first established specialized investigative units, through medieval England which developed systems like the Statute of Winchester to the modern era with figures like Robert Peel founding the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. It discusses key developments in forensic tools like photography and the growth of criminal investigation as a science.
Ch 23 2 Revolution Brings Reform And TerrorJohn Hext
1) After the storming of the Bastille, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, modeling it after the American Declaration of Independence.
2) During the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, radical Jacobins led by Robespierre took control and began executing around 40,000 people throughout France for any perceived lack of radicalism.
3) Robespierre's increasing radicalism and godlessness made him unpopular, and members of the Convention arrested and executed him in 1794 to end the Reign of Terror.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, changes came to the police in Western Europe. As populations grew in cities due to poor living conditions and unemployment, crime rates increased. The ruling classes were concerned about social disorder and their safety. This led to calls for organized police forces to protect citizens and property. The French created the first modern police force called the Serjents in 1829 to maintain order and safety. The British followed with the Bobbies in 1829 due to ineffective constables, aiming to prevent crime. Germany established the Schutzmannschaft in 1848 after revolutions, modeled on the Bobbies but evolving to be more militaristic. Prison systems also changed from arbitrary capital punishment to rehabilitation based on
This document provides an overview of the history and philosophy of criminal law and the development of police organizations. It discusses the origins of cities and early empires that established legal codes. It then covers the development of the feudal system in medieval Europe and the establishment of the first police forces in London and Boston. The document outlines the structure of modern police departments and different roles within law enforcement agencies. It also examines how crimes are defined and measured as well as the investigative process and what evidence police look for at crime scenes.
23.2 - The French Revolution Brings Reform and TerrorDan Ewert
The French Revolution brought widespread reforms but also a period of terror. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and adopted a Declaration of Rights of Man in 1789 that established principles of equality and liberty. However, in the following years the Revolution grew increasingly radical as the monarchy was overthrown, the king and queen were executed, and a Reign of Terror began where tens of thousands were executed under Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of criminal investigation. It discusses key events and individuals that helped shape the field over time in various parts of the world, including:
- In England in the 1720s, Jonathan Wild established the practice of employing thieves to catch other thieves.
- In the 1800s, figures like Henry and John Fielding in England and Eugène François Vidocq in France helped professionalize criminal investigation and introduced new techniques like using paid informants and undercover officers.
- Allan Pinkerton founded the first private detective agency in the United States in the 1850s and promoted fingerprint analysis and centralized criminal records.
- Developments in the late 19th
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
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CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docxannandleola
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docxannandleola
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docxannandleola
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docxannandleola
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is a.docx
1. military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is
appropriate in war. However, do we want to use military forces
to govern or patrol our cities and towns?
We do not know much about the very early history of the police.
Policing—maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers—had
always been a private matter. Citizens were responsible for
protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society.
Uniformed, organized police departments as we think o£ them
today were rare.
Around die fifth century B.C.E., Rome created the first
specialized investigative unit, called questors, or "trackers of
murder." (Dempsey 203) Around die sixth century B.C.E. in
Athens and the third century B.C.E. in Rome, unpaid
magistrates (judges), appointed by the citizens, were the only
people we would consider law enforcement professionals. The
magistrates adjudicated cases, but private citizens arrested
offenders and punished them. In most societies, people in towns
would group
together and form a watch,
particularly at night, at the
Praetorian Guard , ,
town borders or gates to
Select group of highly qualified ., , . i.j
a ensure that outsiders did
members of the military established ,
not attack the town,
by the Roman emperor Augustus ^ a^out ^e yme Qf
to protect him and his palace. .1 r>
Chnst, the Roman emperor
Vigtles Augustus picked special,
Early Roman fire fighters who also highly qualified members
patrolled Rome's streets to protect of the military to form the
citizens. Praetorian Guard, which
mutual pledge
2. A form of community self-protection developed by King Alfred
the Great in the latter part of the ninth century in England.
could be considered the
first police officers. Their
job was to protect the
palace and the emperor.
At about die same time,
Augustus also established
hue and cry die Praefectus Urbi (Urban
A method developed in early Cohort) to protect the city
England for citizens to summon The Urban Cohort had
assistance from fellow members of both executive and judicial
the community. power. Augustus also estab-
constable
An official assigned to keep the peace in the mutual pledge
system in England.
lished the Vigiles of Rome.
The Vigiles began as fire-
fighters and were eventually
also given law enforcement
responsibilities, patrolling
shire-reeve Rome's streets day and
Earty English official placed m night. The Vigiles could be
cnarge of shires (counties) as part considered the first civil
of the system of mirtual pledge; police force designed to
evolved into the modem concept of protect citizens. They were
the sheriff. quite brutal, and our words
Log onto wnm.cengagebrain.com vigilance and vigilante
come
- ' to practice your vocabulary with ° m
' < flash cards and more. from them. (AytO 559).
1O2 Discuss English Policing: Our English Heritage
The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed
from the English. Therefore, we will now concentrate on the
English police experience, which is colorful and related to the
3. development of English society.
Early History
Sir Robert Peel is generally credited with establishing the first
English police department, die London Metropolitan Police, in
1829. However, the first references to an English criminal
justice or law enforcement system appeared some 1,000 years
earlier, in die latter Sir Robert Peel part of the nindi century,
when England's king, Alfred die Great, was preparing his
kingdom for an impending Danish invasion. Part of King
Alfred's strategy against die Danes was maintaining stability in
his own country and providing a mediod for people living in
villages to protect one anodier. To achieve diis stability, King
Alfred established a system of mutual plod, (a form of "society
control" where citizens grouped together to protect each otiier),
which organized the responsibility for die security of the
country into several levels. At die lowest level were tJdiings, 10
families who grouped together to protect one anodier and to
assume responsibility for the acts of the groups members. At the
next level, 10 timings (100 families) were grouped together into
a hundred; die hundred was under the charge of a constable.
People were supposed to police tiieir own communities. If
trouble occurred, a citizen was expected to raise the (yell for
help), and odier citizens were expected to come to that citizen's
assistance. The ,stabl«, who might be considered die first form
of English police officer, was responsible for dealing widi more
serious breaches of die law.
Groups of hundreds widiin a specific geographic area
were combined to form shires (the equivalent of today's
county). The shires were put under die control of the king
and were governed by a , or sheriff.
Over the centuries, as formal governments were established,
early, primitive forms of a formal criminal justice system
evolved in England. In 1285 C.E., the Statute of Winchester was
enacted in England and established
4. 25
4
Police History and Organization
Peel's Nine Principles
Basic guidelines created by
Sir Robert Peel for the London
Metropolitan Police in 1829.
Log onto
www.cengagebrain.com
to practice your vocabi Nash cards and more.a rudimentary
criminal justice system in which most of die responsibility for
law enforcement remained with the people themselves. The
statute formally established (1) the watch and ward, (2) die hue
and cry, (3) the parish constable, and (4) the requirement diat
all males keep weapons in their homes for use in maintaining
the public peace.
The required all men in a given
town to serve on the night watch. The watch, therefore, can be
seen as the most rudimentary form of metropolitan policing. The
watch was designed to protect against crime, disturbances, and
fire. The watchmen had diree major duties:
Patrolling die streets from dusk until dawn to ensure that all
local people were indoors and quiet and that no strangers were
roaming about
Performing duties such as lighting street lamps, clearing
garbage from streets, and putting out fires
Enforcing the criminal law
Persons serving on the watch would pronounce the hue and cry,
if necessary, and all citizens would dien be required to leave
their homes and assist die watchmen. The Statute of Winchester
5. made it a crime not to assist die watch. The statute also
established the office of parish constable, who was responsible
for organizing and supervising the watch. The parish constable
was, in effect, the primary urban law enforcement agent in
England.
A night watchman on his rounds in early England.
Seventeenth Century and Thief-Takers
In seventeendi-century England, as before, law enforcement was
seen as the duty of all die people, even though more and more
officials were being charged with enforcing the law and keeping
the peace.
The seventeenth-century English policing svs-tem used a form
of individual, private police. Called take; , diese private citizens
widi no official status were paid by the king for every criminal
they arrested— similar to the bounty hunter of the American
West. The major role of the thief-takers was to combat highway
robbery committed by highwaymen, whose heroes watch and
ward were the likes of such leg- A ••x,:'™y ,aTn oi K< c ^
endary outlaws as Robin Signed to orotect agai-" :
Hood and Little John. By C*StufDanCe8' aro *** "
the seventeenth century,
highwaymen made travel- thief-takers
ing through the English Pi vats English citizens wfth :
countryside so dangerous official status who were paid t
that no coach or traveler king for every criminal theyanss
was safe. In 1693, an act Tney were similar to the bounty
of Parliament established hunter of the American vv
a monetary reward for the
capture of any road agent, or
armed robber. A diief-taker
was paid upon the convic-
tion of the highwayman and
also received the highway- to pre
man's horse, arms, money, and property.
6. Peel's Police: The Metropolitan Police for London
In 1828, Sir Robert Peel, England's home secretary, drafted the
first police bill, the Act for Improving the Police in and near the
Metropolis (the Metropolitan Police Act). Parliament passed it
in 1829. This act established the first large-scale, uniformed,
organized, paid, civil police force in London. More than 1,000
men were hired. Although a civil—rather than a military—force,
it was structured along military lines, with officers wearing
distinctive uniforms.
Peel has become known as die fomider of modern policing;
however, it must be noted that he was never a member of a
police department. His link to policing comes from his
influence in getting the new police bill passed. The early
London police were guided by Peel's Nine Principli , as
described by die New Westminster Police Service:
Police History
TeePsNine Trincilples
I. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent
crime and disorder.
i. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent
upon public approval of police actions.
3. Tolice must secure the willing co-operation of the public in
voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and
maintain the respect of the public.
4. The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured
diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of
physicalforce.
5. Police seek and preserve public favour not by catering to
public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute
impartial service to the law.
6. Tolice use physical force to the extent necessary to secure
7. observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise
of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient.
7. Tolice, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the
public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police
are the public and the public are the police, the police being
only members of the public who are paid to give full-time
attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the
interests of community welfare and existence.
8. Tolice should always direct their action strictly towards their
functions and never appear to usurp the powers ofthe judiciary.
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and
disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing
with it.
New Westminster Tolice Service
The Metropolitan Police was organized around the
, in which officers were assigned to relatively small permanent
posts and were expected to become familiar with diem and the
people residing there, thereby making the officer a part of
neighborhood life.
l03 Discuss American Policing: The Colonial Experience
The North: The Watch
By die seventeenth century, die northern colonies started to
institute a civil law enforcement system that closely replicated
die English model. The county sheriff was the most important
law enforcement official. In addition to law enforcement,
however, he collected taxes, supervised elections, and had much
to do with die legal process. Sheriffs were not paid a salary but,
much like the English thief-taker, were paid fees for each arrest
they made. Sheriffs did not patrol but stayed in their offices.
In cities, the town marshal was the chief law enforcement
official, aided by constables and night watchmen. Night watch
was sometimes performed by the military. The city of Boston
created the first colonial night watch in 1631 and diree years
later created the position of constable. In 1658, eight paid
8. watchmen replaced a patrol of citizen volunteers in the Dutch
city of New Amsterdam. The British inherited this police system
in 1664 when they took over the city and renamed it New York.
X
cannot afford to hire local police officers and often rely on state
troopers.Rural and Small-Town Law Enforcement
Eighty-seven percent of police departments have 25 or fewer
officers and they serve in rural and small-town law
enforcement. Often, rural and smalltown police face the sajne
problems as large metropolitan and county police. They also
face other serious problems because of their size. The state of
Wyoming, for example, has the lowest population in die United
States and has vast open areas where one can drive over 100
miles between small towns. The law enforcement officers in this
state must routinely face die problem of not having immediate
backup in most situations. As Mike Roy, the lead instructor at
die Wyoming Law Enforcement Academy, says,
Regarding the lack of readily available backup, Roy says,
"Everyone completing our academy is instructed not to get
9. stupid by acting alone in known volatile situations. Officers are
instructed to get used to waiting for the closest help to arrive
even if it's 60 miles away. (Hoffman 20-24)
Rural and small-town law enforcement agencies engage in
mutual assistance programs with neighboring agencies and come
to one another's aid when necessary. Limited resources, rising
crime trends, and geographic barriers severely impair the ability
of rural law enforcement agencies to effectively combat crimes
in dieir communities. To ensure that diey can meet the
challenge of law enforcement in die twenty-first century, rural
executives are increasingly seeking opportunities to provide
more education and training for their staffs and to maximize
their effectiveness dirough new and improved technology.
Many small remote towns and villages cannot afford to hire
local police officers and often rely on state troopers based in
areas far away. As an example, in 2006 it took
four hours for Alaska state troopers to arrive at die 200-person
Eskimo village of Nunam Iqua after a man choked and raped his
13-year-old stepdaughter in front of diree younger children,
beat his wife with a shotgun, and pistol-whipped a friend after
an evening drinking home brew. During the attack, residents
called troopers in Bediel, Alaska, 155 miles away. But the
trooper's aircraft was being serviced, so they had to charter a
plane to get to Nunam Iqua. In 2008, it was reported diat die
village had hired a single public safety officer, but she has no
law enforcement training and is unarmed. (Associated Press,
"Many Villages")
Indian Country and Tribal Law Enforcement
Laurence French, professor at the University of New
Hampshire, writes that policing American Indians in die United
States has always been contentious, especially from the tribal
perspective. First, American Indians were regulated by die U.S.
Army and the Department of War, and dien later by the Bureau
10. of Indian Affairs and the Department of the Interior. Today the
controversy continues widi federal, state, and local jurisdictions
attempting to intervene in tribal policing. This has caused
jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, and litigations in
Indian country.(French 69-80)
M. Wesley Clark, a senior attorney in the U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA), says, "Policing in and
adjacent to land widiin Indian country is often a complex and,
at times, confusing jurisdictional puzzle. Solving this puzzle
depends on a variety of factors, including whether the crime is a
felony or misdemeanor, whether the subjects and victims are
Indians, and whether the crime violates tribal, state, or federal
law." (Clark 22-31)
A 2005 report for die National Institute of Justice offers
detailed information gathered on tribal law
i 9
Police History and Organization
.Indian reservations are plagued by a systematic breakdown in
the delivery of justice.
enforcement agencies, tribal courts and services, and criminal
11. records systems from continental American Indian jurisdictions.
More than 92 percent (314) of the 341 federally recognized
American Indian tribes in the continental 48 states responded to
the census. Relative to policing, die report reveals that 165 of
the responding 314 tribes employed one or more full-time sworn
officers widi general arrest powers; almost all (99 percent) had
cross-deputization agreements with another tribal or public
agency; and 56 percent of the tribes that employed one or more
full-time sworn officers with general arrest powers were also
recognized by their state governments to possess arrest
authority. (Perry 1-5)
The governmental power to make or enforce laws in Indian
country is divided among federal, state, and tribal
governments. Jurisdiction in a specific incident depends on the
nature of the offense, whether the offender or victim was a
tribal member, and the state in which the crime occurred. Public
Law 83-280 (commonly called PL 280) conferred criminal
jurisdiction in Indian country to six state governments
(mandatory PL 280 states)—California, Minnesota, Nebraska,
Oregon, Wisconsin, and Alaska—and the federal government. It
also permitted other states to acquire jurisdiction at their option
(optional PL 280 states). The optional PL 280 states—Nevada,
Idaho, Iowa, Washington, Soudi Dakota, Montana, North
Dakota, Arizona, and Utah— assumed jurisdiction either in
whole or in part over Indian country within their boundaries. In
states where PL 280 does not apply, the federal government
retains criminal jurisdiction for major crimes.
The 1994 Crime Act expanded federal criminal jurisdiction in
Indian country in such areas as guns, ^ violent juveniles, drugs,
and domestic violence. Thus, $ law enforcement in Indian
country is dispersed among § federal, state, local, and tribal
agencies. The tribes have | inherent powers to exercise criminal
jurisdiction over ■ all tribal members and the authority to arrest
and detain | non-Indians for delivery to state or federal
authorities § for prosecution. These tribal police powers are
generally ^ limited to the reservation. The work of tribal police
12. 5 is often critical to resolving criminal cases referred to % state
and federal agencies because tribal police usually discover the
crime, interview witnesses, and investigate the circumstances
involved in the crime. Often tribal police refer cases to U.S.
attorney's offices for investigation because tribal courts
generally hear only misdemeanor cases. (FBI, "Indian Country
Crime")
Cross-deputization agreements have been used to enhance law
enforcement capabilities in areas where state and tribal lands
are contiguous and intermingled. Under some agreements,
federal, state, county/local, and/ or tribal law enforcement
officers have the power to arrest Indian and non-Indian
wrongdoers whenever a violation of law occurs. States, in some
cases, have recognized tribal police to have peace officer
authority to arrest tribal offenders off the reservation or detain
nontribal offenders on the reservation. About 45 percent of die
tribes with law enforcement personnel had arrest authority over
tribal members off the reservation. About 62 percent of the
tribes widi at least one sworn officer reported having arrest
authority over non-Indians on tribal reservations.
Very real problems affect tribal police as they provide law
enforcement services in the country's most remote and
undeveloped areas. These tribal police officers are stretched
thin over large and diverse geographical territories. As an
example, in Arizona, the Hualapal nation has only one police
chief and 10 commissioned officers to cover the reservation's
one million acres and population of 2,800 residents. The
Stillaguamish Tribal Police of Arlington, Washington, have
only seven patrol officers to cover 650 square miles of fish and
game territory, as well as a casino. They face severe community
problems and high unemployment, with drugs and substance
abuse their greatest challenges. They also experience a lack of
funding to build die type of infrastructure needed to accomplish
their mission of policing. (Falk 20-27)
In 2007, the Denver Post produced a series of articles on
criminal justice in Indian country. It reported that Indian
13. reservations are plagued by a systematic breakdown in the
deliver)7 of justice. Noting that die sole authority to prosecute
felony crimes on reservations lies widi die federal government,
it reported that U.S. attorneys and FBI investigators face huge
challenges fighting crime on reservations as they are mistrusted
and viewed as outsiders. The high levels of alcohol use among
victims, suspects, and witnesses that accompany many serious
crimes can
Organizing Security in the United States
£3
make them very difficult to prove. Additionally, federal law
enforcement officials are burdened by competing federal
priorities such as immigration and terrorism. (Riley, "Promises,
Justice Broken")
Open road in Monument Vail Navajo Nation, Arizona.
These problems are reflected in the statistics: Between 1997 and
2006, federal prosecutors rejected nearly two-thirds of the
reservation cases brought to them by FBI and Bureau of Indian
Affairs investigators, more than twice the rejection rate for all
federally prosecuted crimes. Of the nearly 5,900 aggravated
assaults reported on reservations in 2006, only 558 were
referred to federal prosecutors, who declined to prosecute 320
of them. Of the more dian 1,000 arson complaints reported in
2006, only 24 were referred to U.S. attorneys, who declined to
prosecute 18 of them. Commenting on die federal justice
system, a Navajo tribal prosecutor stated, "They've created a
lawless land." (Riley, "Promises, Justice Broken")
14. Local Law Enforcement and Illegal Immigration
A controversial issue in current law enforcement is the
cooperation and escalating involvement of local police widi
federal immigration officials in enforcing immigration laws.
Immigration advocates and some local officials fear that diis
cooperation will further erode an already tense relationship
between minority and immigrant communities and local officers
entrusted widi serving local residents. It has become routine for
some police agencies to assist immigration authorities during
arrests and to call immigration officials if a criminal suspect
appears to be an undocumented alien. Also, some local police
have been deputized as immigration agents at the request of
federal authorities under signed agreements. On the other hand,
some departments generally prohibit officers from asking
people they stop about their immigration status.
Q E
UJ
O UJ
UJ z S Q
Many police departments in cities, counties, and states have
policies that restrict enforcement of federal immigration laws
by local authorities. These policies, which can be termed as
"don't ask," are favored by many police chiefs when dealing
with undocumented residents who haven't committed crimes
other than being in die country illegally. Chiefs say that these
policies are an effective crime-fighting tool because they
encourage illegal immigrants to report crimes without fear of
deportation. They feel that the police can better fight crime by
building trust with residents and encouraging them to help
15. identify suspects and report problems. As an example, the
Phoenix Police Department bars its officers from stopping
people for the sole purpose of determining immigration status.
It also forbids officers to call the federal Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (ICE) about people who are crime victims
or witnesses or people who have committed only minor civil
offenses, such as driving without a license. However, officers
automatically notify ICE whenever illegal immigrants are
booked into jail. (Gonzalez, "Illegal Immigration.") Some anti-
illegal-immigration advocates say these policies create
"sanctuary cities" for illegal immigrants, shield foreign
criminals from deportation, and hamper federal efforts to
combat illegal immigration and terrorism.
As of 2008, frustrated with ineffective immigration enforcement
and often under considerable political pressure, a growing
number of states, counties, and cities are requiring their law
enforcement officers to help detect and deport illegal
immigrants rather than just rely on federal agents. Some law
enforcement agencies are training their officers to perform
immigration checks themselves as part of ICE s 287 (g)
program. This program refers to Section 287 (g) of die 1996
Immigration and Nationality Act. The 287 (g) program
deputizes local officers to help enforce federal immigration
laws. ICE provides local officers widi access to its immigration
database and trains them in identifying illegal immigrants and
ordering deportations with ICE's approval. ICE officials report
that, under this program, local law enforcement officers have
helped detect 32,000 illegal immigrants over the past three
years who otherwise may have remained in the country.
Approximately 55 state, county, and local law enforcement
departments have taken die ICE training and more than 70
others are
2 24-
Police History and Organization
16. A Border Patrol agent processes a
group of illegal immigrants in ^Arizona.
centralized model of state law enforcement
Combines the duties of major criminal investigations with the
patrol of state highways.
decentralized model of state law enforcement
A clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state
highways and other state-level 'aw enforcement functions.
1
1
Log onto
www.cengagebrain.com
' to practice your vocabulary ' » with flash cards a
nd more.on the ICE waiting list for training. (Taylor, "Local
Police") Officers undergo a five-week training course in the 287
(g) program. The training includes instruction on civil rights
and immigration laws, federal prohibitions on racial profiling,
cross-cultural issues, and treaty obligations that require officers
to notify foreign consulates about certain arrests. (Vock, "Police
Join Feds")
l.03 Describe State Law Enforcement
Forty-nine of the fifty U.S. states have a primary state law
enforcement agency. The only state without a primary state
police agency is Hawaii, although it has several law
enforcement agencies widi statewide jurisdiction.
In the latest reporting year, die 49 primary state law
enforcement agencies had about 89,265 full-time employees and
more than 58,190 full-time sworn personnel. (Reaves, "Census"
2,6) State expenditures for police protection increased nearly
293 percent from 20 years ago with an average annual change of
6.4 percent. (Hughes 3)
The largest state law enforcement agency is the California
Highway Patrol, which has about 7,085 sworn officers followed
by die New York State Police widi 4,667 sworn employees; the
Pennsylvania State Police with 4,200 sworn officers; and die
17. Texas Department of Public Safety widi 3,437 sworn
employees. The smallest state police agencies are the North
Dakota Highway Patrol with 135 sworn employees; the
Wyoming Highway Patrol widi 188 sworn personnel; and the
South Dakota Highway Patrol with 154 sworn employees.
(Reaves, "Census" 6)
Historically, state police departments were developed to deal
with growing crime in nonurban areas of the country, which was
attributable to the increasing mobility of Americans, die
proliferation of cars, and die ease of travel. The state police
agencies were formed by governors and legislators to lessen
reliance on metropolitan and county police departments, which
were more closely linked with politics and urban and county
corruption.
Generally, state police patrol small towns and state highways,
regulate traffic, and have the primary responsibility to enforce
some state laws. The state police also carry out many duties for
local police agencies, such as managing state training
academies, criminal identification systems, and crime
laboratories.
At die state level, there are two distinct models of law
enforcement agencies. The centralized model of combines the
duties of major criminal investigations with the patrol of state
highways. The centralized state police agencies generally assist
local police departments in criminal investigations when
requested and provide the identification, laboratory, and
training functions for local departments.
Forty-nine of the 50 U.S. states have a primary state law
enforcement agency.
The second state model, the decentralized model of state law
enforcement, has a clear distinction between trafficenforcement
on state highways and other state-level law enforcement
functions. The states that use this model—many southern and
midwestern, and some western states— generally have two
separate agencies, one a highway patrol and the other a state
bureau of investigation. California, for example, has the
18. California Highway Patrol and the California Division of Law
Enforcement.
1
Organizing Security in the United States 25
1