1) The history of American policing can be divided into three eras: the political era from 1830-1900, the professional era from 1900-1960, and the era of conflicting pressures from 1960 to present.
2) Key figures like August Vollmer helped establish policing as a profession by defining a reform agenda that focused on eliminating political influence, raising personnel standards, and introducing modern management principles.
3) The introduction of new technologies like patrol cars, two-way radios, and telephones revolutionized policing by allowing for quicker response times, more efficient patrols, and constant supervision of officers.
Theories of Female Criminality: A criminological analysis
Mohammed J. Islam
Subrata Banarjee
Nurjahan Khatun
Department of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
Theories of Female Criminality: A criminological analysis
Mohammed J. Islam
Subrata Banarjee
Nurjahan Khatun
Department of Criminology and Police Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is a.docxannandleola
military, of necessity, are trained to kill and destroy. That is appropriate in war. However, do we want to use military forces to govern or patrol our cities and towns?
We do not know much about the very early history of the police. Policing—maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers—had always been a private matter. Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves and maintaining an orderly society. Uniformed, organized police departments as we think o£ them today were rare.
Around die fifth century B.C.E., Rome created the first specialized investigative unit, called questors, or "trackers of murder." (Dempsey 203) Around die sixth century B.C.E. in Athens and the third century B.C.E. in Rome, unpaid magistrates (judges), appointed by the citizens, were the only people we would consider law enforcement professionals. The magistrates adjudicated cases, but private citizens arrested offenders and punished them. In most societies, people in towns would group
together and form a watch,
particularly at night, at the
Praetorian Guard , ,
town borders or gates to
Select group of highly qualified ., , . i.j
a ensure that outsiders did
members of the military established ,
not attack the town,
by the Roman emperor Augustus ^ a^out ^e yme Qf
to protect him and his palace. .1 r>
Chnst, the Roman emperor
Vigtles Augustus picked special,
Early Roman fire fighters who also highly qualified members
patrolled Rome's streets to protect of the military to form the
citizens. Praetorian Guard, which
mutual pledge
A form of community self-protection developed by King Alfred the Great in the latter part of the ninth century in England.
could be considered the
first police officers. Their
job was to protect the
palace and the emperor.
At about die same time,
Augustus also established
hue and cry die Praefectus Urbi (Urban
A method developed in early Cohort) to protect the city
England for citizens to summon The Urban Cohort had
assistance from fellow members of both executive and judicial
the community. power. Augustus also estab-
constable
An official assigned to keep the peace in the mutual pledge system in England.
lished the Vigiles of Rome.
The Vigiles began as fire-
fighters and were eventually
also given law enforcement
responsibilities, patrolling
shire-reeve Rome's streets day and
Earty English official placed m night. The Vigiles could be
cnarge of shires (counties) as part considered the first civil
of the system of mirtual pledge; police force designed to
evolved into the modem concept of protect citizens. They were
the sheriff. quite brutal, and our words
Log onto wnm.cengagebrain.com vigilance and vigilante come
- ' to practice your vocabulary with ° m\\
' <\ flash cards and more. from them. (AytO 559).
1O2 Discuss English Policing: Our English Heritage
The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. Therefore, we will now concentrate on the English police experience, which is colorful a ...
The Reform Era By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing.docxssusera34210
The Reform Era
By the 1920s, attempts to reform local policing and to some degree, state and federal 1960s was most significant period in the development of policing in the United States, because it the foundations for the professionalization of law le definitions. As used here it means an attempt to improve police behavior and performance a code ethics improving selection of police departments. It also means that training, and management professions, would focus on core rather than performing a kaleidoscope of this core strategy would become crime control. coupled For the police Professionalism is discussed in more in Chapter 11 During this period a reform model (also called the professional, bureaucratic, legalistic, quasi- or semi-military model) of policing began to dominate thinking about police work. Essentially, it means that the police-community relationship should be based on law and departmental policy because police (both as organizations and as individuals) should not be unduly influenced by politics or personal considerations when making decisions. One of the most important aspects of the legalistic model is related to the mission of the police. Advocates of this model thought that crime fighting should be the primary purpose of the police. They used this idea to mobilize support for their reforms and to improve the public image of the police (Kelling and Moore 1988). The police, in effect, began to emphasize the most dramatic aspects of their work Uohnson 1981, 105-189). Between about 1920 and the mid-1960s, many police departments changed dramatically in the United States. Political meddling was substantially, but not entirely, replaced by effi cient and centralized management and a commitment to professionalism. This change was the result of European developments in criminalistics, (2) changes in American so and politics, and (3) the growth of the police reform movement.
American society and politics also that the dev elop more emphasis on industrial and consumer goods and rail and automobile transportation improved, more and more people moved to th The change as increasing numbers of Spanish-speaking immigrants and blacks from the rural unskilled, poor, powerless, and in great need south Many of these were services (Johnson 1981, 105-189) The Spanish-speaking and black neighborhoods were by extensive crime began to neighborhoods and troublesome areas in which to Given the fact that beginning with and long history of racist behavior the tension between minority grou the pol ncreased and became an important factor in the numerous urban riots of th century. These riots began in East St. Louis in 1917 and were by 1919 at least seven during World War II, and numerous riots in the 1960s. were major to serious disorders in 1967 alone (National Advisory Commission 1968, 35-206) Although there were many reasons for these riots, a significant factor was the behavior of police officers in minority neighborhoods In the newly establish ...
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5Running head MODULE 1 HOMEWORK AS.docxraju957290
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5
Running head: MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Author Note
This paper was prepared for INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT CRJ 120, MODULE 1 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
PART I: SHORT RESPONSE
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions. Ensure that your responses are at least 1-2 paragraphs in length for each question. You may include examples from the text; however, please include APA citations as necessary. Please visit the Academic Resource Center for a concise guide on APA format.
1. Describe the colonial period’s three legacies to contemporary policing. Then list and discuss two powerful trends in England and America that brought about changes in policing in both countries.
2. List and describe major characteristics of the three eras of policing.
3. Describe August Vollmer's contributions to policing.
4. Discuss how Peel's “principles" of policing are relevant to today's police practices.
5. Explain the 1829 "Metropolitan Police Act," and what it provided to the history of policing.
6. Explain the contributions that were made to professional policing by William Parker.
7. Describe how policing was returned to its roots by the President's Crime Commission.
8. Examine how the struggle for civil rights affected the police-community relationship.
9. Describe the functions of the law enforcement agencies contained within the U.S. Department of Justice.
10. What are the agencies contained with the Department of Homeland Security, including their roles and functions?
11. What is INTERPOL and how does it function?
12. Discuss the Uniform Crime Reports—its methods of collecting data, purpose, and shortcomings.
13. What is the role of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC)? Discuss its purpose and application by law enforcement agencies.
14. This chapter described two “other” federal law enforcement agencies—the CIA and IRS. How would you describe their major roles and functions?
15. Describe the primary functions and organization of state law enforcement agencies.
PART II: JOURNAL ACTIVITY
Review the website of any large law enforcement agency (e.g., a large city police department, large county sheriff's office, state police agency or a large federal law enforcement agency) and write a 200-400 word essay (1-2 pages, 12-point font, double spaced) about the history of the agency and how it has grown to its current level of resources and divisions.
1. The three legacies to contemporary policing where local, republicanism, and crime prevention. This became the framework in which policing is model off of in today’s society. In this time, a colonist formed a local policing in which they then formed republicanism which was supposed to be a form of government. Republicanism asserted that power can be divided, and it relied on local interests to promote the general welfare (Peak 10). Since the population had then double, the came up with pla ...
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the --political-- era.docxgtameka
Trace the evolution of the US police system from the \"political\" era to the present.
Solution
The development of policing in the United States closely followed the development of policing in England. In the early colonies policing took two forms. It was both informal and communal, which is referred to as the Watch, or private for profit policing, which is called The Big Stick.
The modern police organizations shared similar characteristics: (1) they were publicly supported and bureaucratic in form; (2) police officers were full-time employees, not community volunteers or case-by-case fee retainers; (3) departments had permanent and fixed rules and procedures, and employment as a police officers was continuous; (4) police departments were accountable to a central governmental authority.
Modern police forces in the United States emerged as a response to disorder. What constitutes social and public order depends largely on who is defining those terms, and in the cities of 19th century America they were defined by the mercantile interests, who through taxes and political influence supported the development of bureaucratic policing institutions. These economic interests had a greater interest in social control than crime control. Private and for profit policing was too disorganized and too crime specific in form to fulfill these needs. The emerging commercial elites needed a mechanism to insure a stable and orderly work force, a stable and orderly environment for the conduct of business, and the maintenance of what they referred to as the \"collective good\". These mercantile interests also wanted to divest themselves of the cost of protecting their own enterprises, transferring those costs from the private sector to the state.
.
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docxedgar6wallace88877
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
1. The History of the American PoliceThe History of the American Police
2. Learning Objectives
Contributions of the English Heritage to policing
The three eras of American Policing
How technology revolutionize American policing
August Vollmer, O.W. Wilson, and Robert Peel
Simmering Racial and Ethnic Relations
The Research Revolution
New Developments in Policing
3. English HeritageEnglish Heritage
The English HeritageThe English Heritage
contributedcontributed
three features: (p. 24)three features: (p. 24)
o First, the tradition of limitedFirst, the tradition of limited
authority.authority.
o Second, the tradition of localSecond, the tradition of local
control of law enforcementcontrol of law enforcement
agencies.agencies.
o Third, which is aThird, which is a
consequence of localconsequence of local
control, is a highlycontrol, is a highly
decentralized anddecentralized and
fragmented system of lawfragmented system of law
enforcement.enforcement.
American policing has changedAmerican policing has changed
tremendously, even the lasttremendously, even the last
severalseveral
years.years.
4. Creation of the Modern Police: LondonCreation of the Modern Police: London
Sir Robert Peel is the “father” ofSir Robert Peel is the “father” of
modern policingmodern policing . He persuaded. He persuaded
Parliament to create the LondonParliament to create the London
Metropolitan Police in 1829.Metropolitan Police in 1829.
The officers were known asThe officers were known as
“Bobbies” in honor of Peel.“Bobbies” in honor of Peel.
The mission of the LMP was crimeThe mission of the LMP was crime
prevention.prevention.
The organizational structure ofThe organizational structure of
LMP was borrowed from theLMP was borrowed from the
military. Which still exist inmilitary. Which still exist in
American policing today. (p. 25)American policing today. (p. 25)
5. Law Enforcement in Colonial AmericaLaw Enforcement in Colonial America
When the first EnglishWhen the first English
colonists in America borrowedcolonists in America borrowed
from the English heritage. Thefrom the English heritage. The
three institutions were:three institutions were:
Sheriff, the most important lawSheriff, the most important law
enforcement official.enforcement official.
Constable, had theConstable, had the
responsibility to enforce theresponsibility to enforce the
law.law.
Watch, resembled the modernWatch, resembled the modern
day police. Watchmenday police. Watchmen
patrolled the city to guardpatrolled the city to guard
against fires, crime andagainst fires, crime and
disorder.disorder.
6. Law Enforcement in ColonialLaw Enforcement in Colonial
America - Slave PatrolsAmerica - Slave Patrols
The slave patrol was a distinctlyThe slave patrol was a distinctly
American form of law enforcement. InAmerican form of law enforcement. In
southern states where slavery existed, itsouthern states where slavery existed, it
was intended to guard against slavewas intended to guard against slave
revolts and capture runaway slaves.revolts and capture runaway slaves.
The slave patrols help maintain theThe slave patrols help maintain the
economic order in southern colonies.economic order in southern colonies.
In some respects, the slave patrols wereIn some respects, the slave patrols were
actually the first modern police forces inactually the first modern police forces in
this country.this country.
The Charleston, SC, slave patrol hadThe Charleston, SC, slave patrol had
about 100 officers in 1837 and was farabout 100 officers in 1837 and was far
larger than any northern city police forcelarger than any northern city police force
at the time. (p. 26)at the time. (p. 26)
7. Quality of Colonial LawQuality of Colonial Law
EnforcementEnforcement
Colonial law enforcement wasColonial law enforcement was
inefficient, corrupt, andinefficient, corrupt, and
affected by politicalaffected by political
interference.interference.
Contrary to popular myth,Contrary to popular myth,
there was NEVER a “goldenthere was NEVER a “golden
age” of efficiency,age” of efficiency,
effectiveness, and integrity ineffectiveness, and integrity in
American policing.American policing.
Colonial law enforcementColonial law enforcement
agencies were also ill-agencies were also ill-
equipped to maintain order.equipped to maintain order.
(p. 27)(p. 27)
Providing both routine andProviding both routine and
emergency service to theemergency service to the
public, as today’s police do,public, as today’s police do,
was not a regular part of thewas not a regular part of the
sheriff’s or constable ‘s job.sheriff’s or constable ‘s job.
8. The First Modern American PoliceThe First Modern American Police
Modern police forces wereModern police forces were
established in the Unitedestablished in the United
States in the 1830s andStates in the 1830s and
1840s.1840s.
As in England, the old systemAs in England, the old system
of law enforcement brokeof law enforcement broke
down under the impact ofdown under the impact of
urbanization, industrialization,urbanization, industrialization,
and immigration.and immigration.
9. First Modern American Police ForceFirst Modern American Police Force
Despite the breakdown in law and order, Americans moved very slowlyDespite the breakdown in law and order, Americans moved very slowly
in creating new police forces because:in creating new police forces because:
a) memories of continual police presence of the British colonial army.a) memories of continual police presence of the British colonial army.
b) many thought political opponents would control the police.b) many thought political opponents would control the police.
c) taxpayers did not want to pay for a public police force. (p. 28)c) taxpayers did not want to pay for a public police force. (p. 28)
10. Three Eras of American Policing
I. The political era: 1830s-1900
II. The professional era: 1900-1960
III. The era of conflicting pressures: 1960-present
11. The Political EraThe Political Era
Police departments in the political
era had no personnel standards as
we understand them today.
Officers were selected entirely on
the basis of their political
connections.
Jobs on the police forces were a
major form of patronage, which
local politicians used to reward
their friends.
Consequently, the composition of
the departments reflected the
ethnic and religious makeup of the
cities.
After the civil war, some African
American were appointed police
officers in northern cities where the
Republicans were in power. (p. 29)
12. Patrol Work in the Political Era
The first primitive
communications
system involved
a network of call
boxes that
allowed patrol
officers to call
precinct stations.
(p. 30)
13. The Police and the PublicThe Police and the Public
William Miller argues that theWilliam Miller argues that the
difference between the Londondifference between the London
police and American police ispolice and American police is
professionalism.professionalism.
The London police wereThe London police were
free from political interference andfree from political interference and
able to maintain high personnelable to maintain high personnel
standards.standards.
By contrast, the lack ofBy contrast, the lack of
adequate supervision in Americaadequate supervision in America
tolerated police misconduct, andtolerated police misconduct, and
the result was public disrespect.the result was public disrespect.
(p. 30)(p. 30)
14. The Professional Era, 1900-1960
American policing underwent a
dramatic change in the
twentieth century.
The two principal forces for
change were:
1) an organized movement for
police professionalism.
2) and the introduction of
modern technology, particularly
the telephone and the patrol
car. (p. 34)
15. August
Vollmer
If Robert Peel is the father of the
modern police, August Vollmer
was the father of American
police professionalism.
Vollmer served as chief of police
in Berkeley, CA, and defined the
reform agenda.
Vollmer wrote the 1931
Wickersham Commission
“Report on Police”, which
summarized the reform agenda
of modern management for
police departments and higher
recruitment standards for
officers. (p. 34)
16. The Reform Agenda
1) Define policing as a profession. Police should be public
servants with a professional obligation.
2) Eliminate political influence from policing.
3) Appoint qualified chief executives. Hire people who
had proven ability to run manage a large organization.
4) Raise personnel standards. Of the rank-and-file
officers by establishing minimum requirements.
5) Introduce principles of modern management. Such as
centralized command and control.
6) Create specialize units. Such traffic, juveniles, and
vice. (p. 38)
17. Early
Policewomen
The Portland (OR) police
department hired the first
policewoman, Lola Baldwin, as
a juvenile specialist in 1905.
First female Police Chief was
Penny Harrington, Portland
(OR) in 1985.
First African American female
officer was Cora Parchment for
NYPD in 1919.
The first policewoman DID
NOT perform regular police
duty, usually did not wear
uniforms, did not carry
weapons, and had only limited
arrest powers. (p. 35)
18. The New Police Subculture
The most dramatic
expression of the new
police subculture was the
emergence of police
unions.
As policing became a
profession and officers
thought in terms of the
job as a career, they
demanded better salaries
and a voice in decisions
affecting their jobs. (p.
36)
19. Technology Revolutionizes Policing
Some of the most important
changes in policing were a result
of modern communications
technology.
a) Patrol car
b) Two-way radio
c) Telephone
d) The nature of police-citizen
contact.
e) Police management
Class – why was this change so
complex and contradictory?
20. Technological Revolution in Policing
New Technology Impact
Telephone Citizen can easily call the police
Two-way radio Quick dispatch of police to calls
(1930’s) Constant supervision of patrol
officers
Patrol Car Quick response to citizen calls
Efficient patrol coverage
Isolation of patrol officers from
community (p. 38)
21. New Directions in Police
Administration, 1930-1960
The Wickersham
Commission (1931)
report shocked the nation
with its expose of “third
degree-inflicting of pain,
physical or mental, to
extract confessions or
statements.”
Police abuse, it
concluded, “is extensively
practiced.” (p. 39)
22. Professionalization Continues
O.W. Wilson was Vollmer’s
most famous protégé, and he
was the most prominent leader
of the professionalization
movement from the late 1930s
to 1960s.
Wilson’s major contribution
involved the efficient
management of personnel,
particularly patrol officers.
Chief Wichita (KS) PD, Dean
of CJ University of CA,
Superintendent of Chicago PD
23. The Police Crisis of the 1960s
The Police and the Supreme Court
Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the
Court overturned the
conviction and ruled the police
officers had to advise suspects
of their right to remain silent
and their right to an attorney
before being interrogated.
Mapp v. Ohio, Court held that
evidence gathered in an illegal
search and seizure could not
be used against the defendant.
24. The Police and Civil Rights
Tensions between the policeTensions between the police
and the African Americanand the African American
community finally exploded incommunity finally exploded in
a nationwide wave of riotsa nationwide wave of riots
between 1964 and 1968.between 1964 and 1968.
Many of the riots were sparkedMany of the riots were sparked
by a police action.by a police action.
The Kerner CommissionThe Kerner Commission
(National Advisory(National Advisory
Commission on CivilCommission on Civil
Disorders), appointed to studyDisorders), appointed to study
the riots, counted over 200the riots, counted over 200
violent disorders in 1967violent disorders in 1967
alone. (p. 42)alone. (p. 42)
25. Kansas City Preventive Patrol ExperimentKansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
The ResearchThe Research
Revolution, the KCPPERevolution, the KCPPE
(1972-1973) tested the(1972-1973) tested the
effect of different levels ofeffect of different levels of
patrol on crime, andpatrol on crime, and
found that increasedfound that increased
patrol did not reducepatrol did not reduce
crime, while reducedcrime, while reduced
patrol did not lead topatrol did not lead to
increase in crime orincrease in crime or
public fear of crime. (p.public fear of crime. (p.
45)45)
26. Rand Corporation Study
During the research
revolution the Rand
Corporation study of
criminal investigations
shattered traditional
myths about detective
work.
Most crimes are solved
by the first officer on the
scene, using information
from victims and
witnesses. (p. 45)
27. The Changing Police Officer
The American police
officer changed
significantly beginning
1970s. The employment
of racial and ethnic
minority officers
increased significantly.
Similar progress was
made in the employment
of Latino officers in many
departments. (p. 46)
28. Women Officers
Traditional barriers to
women in policing
collapsed under the
impact of 1964 Civil
Rights Act, which barred
discrimination on the
basis of sex.
Departments eliminated
requirements (such as
minimum height or
special strength tests)
that had discriminated
against female
applicants. (p. 46)
29. The Control of Police Discretion
Recommendations came to
improve the control of police
discretion in regards to
search and seizure,
interrogations, handling
domestic violence, high-
speed pursuits, and use of
deadly force.
One result was the number
of citizens shot and killed by
police nationwide dropped
substantially between 1970
and 1984. (p. 47)
30. Racial Profiling and Discrimination
The court case of
Wilkins v. Maryland
sparked a national
controversy over the
practice of racial
profiling, or what
some people called
“driving while black.”
(p. 50)
31. Police Reform Through Federal Litigation
Federal Litigation against police
departments authorized by the 1994
Violent Crime Control Act, Section
14141, allowed the Civil Rights Division
of the Justice Department to sue law
enforcement agencies if a “pattern or
practice” of violations of citizens rights
existed. (p. 51)