2. Define Police
Police is the agency of a community or government that is
responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining public order, and
preventing and detecting crimes.
The word “POLICE” originated from the Greek word POLITEIA,
which means “a government of a city”, the Romans borrowed the
word modifying it into POLITIA, adopting its meaning. It was
subsequently borrowed by the French and changed it into
POLICE, which means a person who enforces the law.
3. As pillar of criminal justice system, what
are the different police activities?
A. Prevention of Crime - it is intended to prevent root causes of crime
B. Repression or suppression of crime – it is intended to reduce the
opportunity of committing a crime like the act of conducting patrol.
C. Apprehension of offenders – it is also known as arresting offenders
D. Conduct search and seizure
E. Investigation of crime; and
F. Protection of lives and property
4. EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING
SYSTEM
A. The Anglo-Saxon Period (871-899)
1. Tun Policing System - Tun is the forerunner of the word “town”. Under this system
all male residents are required to guard the town to preserve the peace maintain order,
and protect life and property from harm and disturbance.
2. Hue and Cry - This was a system of apprehending criminal which the victim goes to
the middle of the street and shouts, calling all males to assemble. The victim will
report his complaint to the assembly and the whereabouts of the perpetrator. They
would then proceed to locate and apprehend the culprit and subjected to trial.
5. 3. The Royal Judge - Appointed to conduct criminal investigation and impose punishment
which usually fits to the crime committed.
4. Trial by Ordeal - A system of determining guilt and innocence in the ancient times
which was based on painful test of skills. It is usually accompanied by harsh punishment.
5. Thanes Policing System - A type of internal police force where landowners throughout
the kingdom were responsible to police their own territory. Landowners were empowered
to: - arrest offenders and deliver them to the King. - settle civil litigations.
6. Frankpledge Policing System - ‘TYTHINGMEN’ - Every male over twelve (12) years
old joined nine (9) of his neighbors to form TYTHINGMEN. - They performed police
works and anyone who failed to join and perform this duty was severely fined. Policing
responsibility lies on the hands of the citizens; This policing system was carried out under a
system of mutual pledge.
6. 6. Court of the Tourn
the Court of the Tourn settles a range of cases,
more often dealing petty offenses and civil matters .
From the 12 tythingmen were selected to hear cases
of serious in nature.
7. B. The Westminster Period (1285-1500)
1. Statute of Winchester (1285) - Watch and Ward system. - It
was enacted for law and order.
2. The Statue of 1295. This law prescribes the closing of the gates
of London at Sundown. It was the beginning of Curfew
Systems.
3. Justice of the Peace. A position in the government that gives a
person the power to arrest, pursue and impose imprisonment.
4. The Star Chamber Court. A special court which try offenses
against the state.
8. C. Modern Period in England
1. Night Watchmen or Bellmen- King Charles II in 1663. They were
employed to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
2. Bow Street Runners (Henry Fielding 1748) - Chief Magistrate of Bow
Street in London. Thief Catchers, later on, he formed the Bow Street Horse
Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers
from highway bandits.
3. London Metropolitan Police Sir Robert Peel (1829) - Father of Modern
Policing - the world’s first modern organized police force. - later called
Scotland Yard
9. Peel’s Concepts of Policing
According to Peel, the police should be:
1. Organized along military lines;
2. Screened and trained;
3. Hired on a probationary basis;
4. Deployed by time and area;
5. Accessible to the people; and
6. Record-keeping is essential
10. Principles of Law Enforcement Advocated
by Sir Robert Peel
1. Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the police.
2. Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
3. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
4. Cooperation of the of the public decreases as the use of force increases.
5. Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
6. Physical force is used only as a last resort.
7. The police are the public and the public are the police.
8. The police represent the law.
9. The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.
11. D. French Police System
1. King Louis XIV (17th Century). He maintained a small central police
organization consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous
paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of
private individuals.
2. Officers de Paix (1791) . It was the origin of the term peace officers.
3. Sergent de Ville (Servant of the City) These were called the first uniformed
police officers.
4. Other contributions: ● Conceiving Street signs ● Assigning house numbers ●
Installing Street lighting ● Creating emergency and rescue services ● Use of
police ambulances ● Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to arrest.
12. G. American Police System
1. Boston, Massachusetts (1638) – night watch was initiated
2. New York (1658) – organization of rattle watch
3. Philidelpia (1700) – start of night watch
4. New Have, Connecticut (1722) – introduction of a police regulation that “no
watchman has the liberty to sleep”
5. New York City (1856) – adoption of full police uniform
6. Texas (1853) – organization of Texas rangers
7. Massachusetts (1865) – organization of State Constables
8. Pennsylvania (1905) – Introduction of Pennsylvania State Police
13. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INTHE
PHILIPPINE SETTING
•The Barangay Period
Prior to Spanish colonization, the Philippines was divided into
political units called the Barangay. Each barangay was headed or
ruled by a Datu whose responsibility, aside from exercising all the
powers – executive, legislative and judicial was to maintain peace
and order within his jurisdiction.
14. 1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (1712)
The Carabiners de Seguridad Publico was organized for the purpose of
carrying out the regulations of the State. In 1781, it was given the special
commission as custodian of the tobacco monopoly
It was later known as Cuerpo De Carabineros De Seguridad Publica by virtue
of Royal Decree of December 20, 1842. its duties became police – like and
more general which included the prosecution of law breakers, maintenance
of peace and order and execution od laws.
It was subsequently given limited power to discharge duties as port harbor
and river police.
• Spanish Regime
15. • Guardilleros (1836)
The Guardilleros was a body of rural police organization established by Royal Decree
of January 28, 1836. the Decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male inhabitants
of each province were to be enlisted in the police organization for three years tour of
duty.
• Guardia Civil (1852)
The Guardia Civil was created by a royal decree issued by the Crown on February 12,
1852, to partially relieve the Spanish PeninsulaTroops of their work in policing towns.
They were under the Governor or Alcalde and they had bright and slowly uniform
distinctively prominent insignia and rigidly maintained bearing.
16. American Military Occupation
1. Insular Police Force (1890) – it was established on November 30, 1890 during the
Philippines – American War (1898-1901) upon recommendation of the Philippine
Commission t the Secretary ofWar
2. Insular Constabulary (1901) – it was created on July 18, 1901 by virtue of Act 175.
the law was entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an
Insular Constabulary and for the Inspection of Municipal Police”.
3. Manila Police Department (1901) – it was organized on July 31, 1901 by virtue of Act
183.The first chief of Police was Capt. George Curry, a US army officer appointed by
theTaft Commission Chief of Police of Manila Police Department.
When the Manila Police Department was taken over by Filipinos, the first Filipino
to head it was Col. AntonioTorres.
17. 4. Philippine Constabulary - The Philippine Constabulary was
formally inaugurated with Lt. Col. Henry Allen as its chief. The First
Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary is Brig. General Rafael
Crame who was appointed as PC Chief on December 1917.
5. Revised Administrative Code (1917) – It stated that the Philippine
Constabulary is a national police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing law.
6. Philippine Constitution (1935) – it provided that the government
shall organize and maintain a national police force to preserve public
order and enforce the law.
7. Kempeitai (1942) – On January 2, 1942 in the advent of World War II,
the first element of Japanese Imperial Army called Kempeitai entered
Manila. A member of the corps was called Kempei.
18. 8. Republic Act 157 (1947) – The National Bureau of Investigation was established on June
19, 1947 by virtue of Republic Act 157.
9. Republic Act 4864 (1966) - otherwise known as the “Police Act of 1966” was enacted on
August 8, 1966. it created a Police Commission under the Office of the President of the
Philippines.
10. Republic Act 6040 (1969) – it amended certain sections of Republic Act numbered 2260
known s the “Civil Service Act of 1969).
11. Republic Act 6506 (1972) – otherwise known as “An Act Creating the Board of
Examiners for Criminologist in the Philippines and for Other Purposes” was approved and
took effect on July 1, 1972.
12. Philippine Constitution (1973)
13. Presidential Decree 421 (1974) – integrated the city/municipal police force and the jail
and fire department within the greeter Manila area.
14. Presidential Decree 482, 531, 585 and 641 (1974) - integrated the police, fire and jail
departments in certain provinces and cities within the Philippines.
19. 15. Presidential Decree 765 (1975) – it was enacted on August 8, 1975.
It established and constituted the Integrated National Police which shall be composed
of the Philippine Constabulary as the nucleus and the Integrated Police Forces (fire and
jail department) as components .
It empowered the Chief of Constabulary to prescribe, subject to the approval of the
Secretary of National Defense.
It annunciated that the Philippine Constabulary was a major service of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines in addition to its law enforcement functions as the principal
component of the Integrated National Police.
It annunciated that INP shall be subject to the command and general supervision of the
President of the Philippines, and shall function directly under the Department of
National Defense.
It designated the Secretary of National Defense as the Chairman of National Police
Commission.
20. 16. Presidential Decree 1184 (1977) – otherwise known as “The Integrated National Police
Personnel Professionalization Act of 1977”.
The highest rank in the police force was given the rank of Police Brigadier General and the
lowest rank was patrolman
There shall be at least one (1) policeman in every 1000 inhabitants
The educational qualification of person t enter the police force is at least high school
graduate to be appointed to the lowest rank but the personnel to be appointed for
assignment to city stations must have finished at least second year college.
Women may be appointed into the police service for assignment bin youth aid or juvenile
control units, in the custodial service as jail matrons, in training and administrative duties,
and 9in certain police operations where the activities of policewoman are necessary or are
more effective like the handling, investigation, search and arrest of female or youth
offenders.
Retirement from the service of police, including jail custodial, and fire personnel of the
Integrated National Police shall be automatic and compulsory upon reaching the age of
sixty (60) year, for those in the ranks of Police/Fire Lieutenant and ranks of
Patrolman/Fireman and higher, and, upon reaching the age of fifty(50).
21. 17. Philippine Constitution (1987) – provides in part that the State shall establish and
maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character, to be
administered and controlled by National Police Commission.
The members o the Constitution Commission who called for the creation of the police force
under the 1987 Constitution were HonorablesTeodulo C. Natividad, Blas F. Ople, Regalado E.
Maambong and Rustico Delos Reyes.
“national in scope”
o The uniformed members of the PNP shall be considered employees of the National
Government and shall draw their salaries therefrom.
o The different processes starting from the recruitment until termination of PNP members are
governed by rules laid down by the national government.
o The members of the PNP may be assigned to different parts of the Philippines when needed,
especially in the exercise of the Calling.
22. “civilian in character”
oThe PNP members are not governed by military rules
oThe PNP is charged of internal security and its is the AFP that is charged
of external security
oThe PNP has no role in suppressing insurgency except in information
gathering and in performance of its ordinary police functions, support
the Armed Forces of the Philippines on matters involving suppression of
insurgency.
23. 18. Republic Act 6975 (1990)
• it was approved on December 13, 1990 by the late President Corazon C. Aquino.
• It was recognized later as the “DILG Act of 1990”.
• This law Constabulary (PC). established the Philippine National Police (PNP), a merger of
Integrated national Police (INP) and Philippine
• It also created the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) to administer and control the
PNP.
19. Republic Act 8551 (1998) - it is the “PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998”. It
amended the provisions of RA 6975 concerning the PNP, which had the main purpose of
reforming and professionalizing the PNP.
20. Republic Act 9263 (2004) – known as the “Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology (BJMP) Professionalization Act of 2004.
21. Republic Act 9708 (2009) – An Act Extending Five (5) years the Reglementary Period for
Complying with Minimum Educational Qualification for Appointment to the PNP and Adjusting
the Promotion System thereof, amending Certain Provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 and other
purposes.
