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W Johnson
- 1. Framework Traffic Management for Shared Zones in Large Private Estates AITPM 2014 National Conference Presented by : Wayne Johnson Senior Project Manager GTA Consultants Wayne.johnson@gta.com.au
- 2. Introduction • Large private estates include: • retirement villages • industrial estates • sporting venues and • tourism precincts • Contains Internal Road Networks • Shared road environment • Shared Zone users: • Pedestrians and Cyclists • Mobility Scooters • Cars • Delivery and maintenance vehicles
- 3. Introduction • Inconsistency in shared road treatments • Causing confusion and misinterpretation of road rules • Framework traffic management plan - provides best practice guidance .
- 4. Characteristics of Large Private Estates • Road Network & Access • Estates with single access point • Controlled access • Contributes to changed driver behaviour
- 5. • Intersection Configuration • Minimal to no controls used • Unclear priorities • Inconsistent treatments • Intersections which appeared to operate best contained • No indication of priority • Repeater speed signs • Clear sight lines • No on-road markings • Clear way finding signage Characteristics of Large Private Estates
- 6. • Local Area Traffic Management (LATM) measures • speed humps • pedestrian crossings etc • LATM measures vary significantly • Non-standard signage • A consistent approach is required Characteristics of Large Private Estates
- 7. • Pedestrian Facilities • Variety of treatments • Do not comply with Australian Standards • Some crossings direct pedestrians into traffic flow Characteristics of Large Private Estates
- 8. Road Users
- 10. • The RMS Guide to Traffic Generating Developments • Example: • Housing for aged and disabled person • 1-2 trips per dwelling per day • 0.1-0.2 trips per dwelling per evening peak hour • Car parking requirements • 2 spaces per 3 units (residents) and • 1 space per 5 units (visitors) • Example - retirement village of 600 dwellings • 1200 trips per day; 120 trips per evening peak hour • 400 resident plus 120 visitor parking spaces Traffic and Car Parking Generation
- 11. Shared Zone Practice & Principles The principle objective of a Shared Zone is to provide an area where the speed of vehicles is at a walking pace, so that they constitute the minimum threat to pedestrians sharing the space. Conditions of use for Shared Zones are outlined by Austroads and State/ Territory guidelines
- 12. • Shared Zones have been in Australia for a considerable period of time and are well documented in both historic and modern guidelines Shared Zone Legislation National Best Practice
- 13. • Austroads Guide to Traffic Management, Part 8: Local Area Traffic Management • Shared Zone is declared by the use of regulatory signage. Shared Zone Legislation New Zealand Signage
- 14. • Commonality amongst the Shared Zone guidelines • Priority to pedestrians • Safety for pedestrians • Speed limits of 10km/hr • Entry treatments • Restricted car parking and loading requirements • Approval from road authority required. Shared Zone Legislation
- 15. Purpose: to provide a framework of guidance for the planning, design and management of the traffic and transport environment within private residential, industrial and tourism/recreational precincts. Frame Traffic Management Plan
- 16. • Pedestrian priority • Self enforced speed • No separation of pedestrian paths • Strictly marked parking bays • For locations where traffic >50 vph: • Vehicle priority • Traffic calming devices • Separated pedestrian routes Road Design
- 17. • It is recommended that all entries to a Shared Zone feature an ‘entry treatment’ providing drivers with visual cues for the changed traffic conditions. Entry Treatments
- 18. Traffic Calming Preferred Option (Ideal) *Regularly spaced LATM or curved road alignment *Landscaping *Pavement colour/ texture *No linemarking or kerbs *Regularly spaced LATM or curved road alignment *Landscaping *Pavement colour/ texture *No linemarking or kerbs Alternative Option (Some Separation) *Separated pedestrian paths and kerbs *Street narrowing *Landscaping *Pavement colour/ texture *Regularly spaced LATM or curved road alignment *Landscaping *Pavement colour/ texture *No linemarking or kerbs General Guidance *Traffic islands and street narrowings are preferred, avoid raised thresholds *Maximum spacing between LATM should be 50metres on a straight road. *Limited formal traffic control required *Seating, landscaping and flush pavements to properties will emphasize the shared street space *Bollards may be used. Collector Streets Access Places HeirarchyofTrafficCalming
- 20. Signage and Linemarking • Simplified and uniform scheme • Follow public street practices • Uniform Colour (White)
- 21. • Standard provision for disability access is detailed in AS/ISO 1428.1-2009 Design for Access and Mobility, General Requirements DDA and Mobility Access
- 22. • On-street parking • Reduces sight distances • Reduces safety for pedestrians • Traffic Calming • Marked Bays in Shared Zones Car Parking
- 23. • Access for emergency vehicles • emergency vehicle widths • turning circles • reporting procedures • contact information • Clear way-finding signs • Building numbering • Consult state fire services for requirements Emergency Response
- 24. • Self enforcing Shared Zones • Consistent features • Distinctive features • Clear signage • Pedestrian friendly • Minimum intersection controls • Follow National/State Standards Conclusions
Editor's Notes
- Many large private estate (e.g. retirement villages, industrial estates, sporting venues and tourism precincts) contain internal road networks Some may contain separate footpaths, however most function as a shared road environment characterised by low traffic speeds and volumes Road space is shared by: Pedestrians and Cyclists Mobility Scooters Cars Delivery and maintenance vehicles
- There is significant inconsistency in shared road treatments between individual estates Inconsistent treatments can cause confusion and misinterpretation of road rules and priority, causing an unsafe environment for road users This paper outlines a review of traffic operation and management of various large private estate road networks Framework traffic management plan - provides best practice guidance for the safe and functional management of pedestrians, vehicles, mobility scooters and cyclists within the estates. This guidance aims to be consistent across all States and Territories where local regulations permit.
- Road Network & Access Most large estates contain a road network similar to a public road hierarchy Low volume collector streets are the spine of the internal road network Collector streets service smaller Access streets Most estates have several access points Estates with single access point Controlled access Appears to contribute to changed driver behaviour based on perception of an altered internal road environment
- Intersection Configuration Minimal to no controls used Unclear priorities Inconsistent treatments Intersections which appeared to operate best contained No indication of priority, encouraging low speeds & user interaction Repeater speed signs Clear sight lines No on road markings Clear way finding
- Traffic management Local Area Traffic Management measures (LATM) are common – e.g. Speed humps, pedestrian crossings etc Traffic management measures varied significantly across large private estates in design, placement and quality. Shared zone signage is displayed at most sites Some created non-standard signage to instruct visitors A consistent approach to traffic management is required to ensure road user understanding of internal road rules and to support a consistent and safe traffic and pedestrian environment throughout
- Travel speeds are not well managed Those familiar with site feel that it’s safe to increase their speed. Often influenced by: Presence of asphalt street surface Kerbs Wide roadways Loading areas for delivery and service vehicles are of some concern where there is interaction with a pedestrian route or crossing. Large vehicles have larger blind spots Locations with separated garbage collection areas and loading zones appear to create fewer safety concerns
- The most common safety issues include: Pedestrians walking on the roadway are unprotected Trips and falls due to LATM (Local Area Traffic Management) devices, wheel stops or steep grades Speeding service-provider and delivery vehicles, as well as repeat-offenders Intersection operation Grades on roads and footpaths for personal mobility devices (in retirement villages) Vehicles running off the road into houses or pedestrian areas – unprotected road verges Falls from heights Large vehicles reversing and hitting pedestrians Buses unable to manoeuvre adequately around narrow roads. Common issues at intersections are: Unclear priority Inadequate safe intersection sight distance towards pedestrians/vehicles Pedestrian safety Unclear wayfinding.
- The RMS Guide to Traffic Generating Developments estimates traffic generation rates for various types of locations Example: RMS guide provides a rate of for Housing for aged and disabled person at: 1-2 trips per dwelling per day, and 0.1-0.2 trips per dwelling per evening peak hour. RMS guide provides a rate of a car parking requirement for resident funded aged care development 2 spaces per 3 units (residents) and 1 space per 5 units (visitors) Thus a retirement village of 600 dwellings will: Generate 1200 trips per day and 120 trips per evening peak hour Require 400 resident parking and 120 visitor parking spaces
- The basic premise of a Shared Zone is that pedestrians have priority over motor vehicles and bicycles in the specified area. See Shared Zones Conditions of Use in Table 1 of Paper. Table outlines the following: Aim Benefits Eligible Locations Unsuitable Locations
- Shared Zones have been in Australia for a considerable period of time and are well documented in both historic and modern guidelines
- Austroads Guide to Traffic Management, Part 8: Local Area Traffic Management provides guidance on the design and implementation of Shared Zones Shared Zones are legally recognised in the Australian Road Rules which stipulates that a Shared Zone is formally declared by the use of regulatory signage. A ‘Shared Zone’ sign
- There is commonality amongst the Shared Zone guidelines across all States and the ACT in Australia, as well as in New Zealand. Should provide priority to pedestrians Should improve safety for pedestrians whilst maintaining vehicle access Speed limits are to be in the vicinity of 10km/hr Roadway should support low vehicle speeds Entry treatments such as road narrowing and changed pavement colour/texture are recommended Car parking and loading requirements should be restricted Local Councils in Australia are not authorised to approve Shared Zones with approval from the relevant State or Territory road authority required.
- Purpose: to provide a framework of guidance for the planning, design and management of the traffic and transport environment within private residential, industrial and tourism/recreational precincts. Shared Zones: The traffic engineering guidelines for the various Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions typically recommend that shared traffic zones ‘must’: Clearly indicate pedestrian priority Be a self-enforcing speed environment Have low traffic volumes.
- It is recommended that all roads be treated as a shared zone that reflects the following features: Pedestrians have priority Self enforced speed No separation of pedestrian paths and barriers Car parking will be provided in strictly marked parking bays However, for locations where collector streets have traffic greater than 50 vehicles per hour: Vehicle should have priority on the road Traffic calming devices should be implemented Pedestrian routes should be separated
- Use of traffic calming devices such as Local Area Traffic Management (LATM) is recommended Proposed hierarchy of traffic calming: (diagram)
- A key characteristic of shared zones includes modification of intersection controls. Generally, intersections are T-junction or 4-way and would: Feature minimal formal right-of-way control for vehicles Provide right-of-way to pedestrians Encourage low speeds Not be roundabout controlled Clear sight lines for all approaches, according to Austroads Guide to Road Design, part 4, Intersections and Crossings (considered mandatory). Recommended intersection treatments include a combination of some or all of the following: Be unsignalised Consist of a maximum of 4 traffic approaches Not be located within 20 metres of another intersection Altered pavement colour and texture Warning signage for intersection approaches Raised threshold through the intersection
- Line marking should be restricted to a single, simplified and uniform scheme generally following the predominant public street practices for each jurisdiction. In particular, line marking on roadways should also be of uniform colour (white), luminance, line width and text type.
- On-street parking in high pedestrian activity areas can reduce sight distances and safety for pedestrians. On-street parking also often provides traffic calming Where Shared Zones are located, on-street parking is legally restricted to marked bays, which may be intermittently spaced along the streets
- Access for emergency vehicles will be dependent on the unique needs of each estate Details required would include: emergency vehicle widths turning circles reporting procedures contact information. Clear way finding signs and building numbering are critical It is recommended that designers and village management consult state fire services for road design and access requirements for fire management
- Key findings suggest the road networks at large private estates be treated as self enforcing shared zones with consistent features. Recommended features include: Road design that supports shared zone environments Distinctive pavement colour and texture to provide a visual cue Raised gateway treatments Clear, recognisable signage Regularly spaced, pedestrian friendly devices Minimal road markings and intersection controls It is recommended to follow national or state standards as drivers will less likely to misinterpret the road rules and priorities