The document provides an overview of the history and development of volleyball, including its origins in the United States in 1895 and spread to other countries via the YMCA. It also outlines the key rules, equipment, terminology, roles of officials, and components of the volleyball court. Volleyball evolved from a game with unlimited players and touches to the modern 6-player game with 3 hits per side.

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VOLLEYBALL
P.E 204 Physical Activities
Towards Health – Fitness 2
Prepared by: Alberto B. Rosete

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Chapter I
A. History of the Game
B. Development of the Game
C. Facilities and equipment
D. Terminology
E. Officiating Officials

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History of the Game
 The sport originated in the United States. In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor
at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to
blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for
his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than
basketball.
 He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette).
 Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor,
just above the average man's head.
 During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players
seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps
"volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.
 On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played. In
1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.
 In 1900 the YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern
Hemisphere.

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 The history of volleyball in the Philippines dates back to 1910. The Physical Director
of the YMCA, ELWOOD S. BROWN, first introduced volleyball to the Philippines that
year.
 Philippine people began to play volleyball as a backyard sport and games of beach
volleyball soon followed, according to information from the Philippine Volleyball
Federation, or PVF.
 Players hung the net between two trees. They made up their own rules regarding
how many players on each side and how many times you could hit the ball before
sending it over the net.
 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory
to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos
developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".

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Invention of the Sport
 Morgan developed volleyball in 1895, four years after a mentor, James Naismith,
invented basketball. As director of physical education at the Holyoke (Massachusetts)
YMCA, Morgan sought a sport less vigorous than basketball. "In search of an
appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other
equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one," Morgan
explained. He raised the net higher than the height of the average person and
experimented with various balls. Morgan asked A.G. Spalding & Bros. to develop a ball
that could be batted back and forth. Morgan then began promoting his game.
Competition Begins
 Morgan showcased his new sport to YMCA directors in 1896. At the suggestion of
Professor Alfred T. Halstead, its name was changed to "volley ball" to match the action of
the sport. It was played on a smaller court (25 feet by 50 feet) with an unlimited number
of players hitting the ball an unlimited number of times. The sport's rules were published
in the July 1896 edition of "Physical Education" and were included the first official
handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League in 1897.

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Evolution of the Sport
 Volleyball spread to Canada and then around the world. A version of the
sport featuring 16 players aside was played at the first Far-Eastern Games
in 1913. In 1918 the number of players on the court was limited to six per
team. Another major rule change came in 1922 when the maximum number
of hits per side was set at three.
Volleyball Gets Big
 The sport became a serious international competition in 1947 with the
formation in Paris of the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball. The first
World Championship was held two years later. With more than 50 million
people now playing the sport in more than 60 countries by 1951, volleyball
became part of the Pan-American Games in 1955 and the Olympics in
1964. By the late 1960s, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics
and National Collegiate Athletic Association had embraced the sport.

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Beach Volleyball
 The outdoor version of volleyball -- a two-on-two
competition played on sand -- was born as a
tournament sport in 1948. It grew in popularity
after its introduction at the 1996 Summer
Olympics in Atlanta. It has been a vibrant
professional sports for decades and has become
one of the fastest-growing sports at the collegiate
level.

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Facilities and Equipment
1.Playing Area- it includes the playing court and the free zone. It shall be rectangular
and symmetrical.
The playing courtis a rectangle measuring 18 X 9 m, surrounded by a free zone which
is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.
The free playing space is the space above the playing area which is free from any
obstructions. The free playing space shall measure a minimum of 7 m in height from the
playing surface.
Lines on the Court
-Boundary lines -Center line -Attack line
Zone and Areas
-Front Zone -Service Zone -Substitution Zone
-Libero Replacement Zone -Warm- Up Area -Penalty Area

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2.Net
The net is placed vertically over the center line whose top is set at the height of 2.43 m
for men, 2.24 m for women and 2.13 m or lower for children aged 12 years or younger.
 It is 1 m wide and 9.50 to 10 m long, made of 10 cm square black mesh.
 Two side bands are fastened vertically to the net placed directly above each sideline.
 An antennae is a flexible rod 1.80 m long and 10 mm in diameter. It is fastened at the
outer edge of each sideband.
3.Posts
 Then ball supporting the net are placed at a distance 00.50 – 1.00 m outside the
sidelines. They are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.
 The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires.

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4.Balls
 The ball shall be spherical, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather case with a
bladder in side made of a rubber or a similar material.
 Its color maybe a uniform light color or a combination of colors.
 Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is 260-280 g.
5. ANTENNA
- a flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar
material.

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Basic Volleyball Terminology
ACE
– A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a point.
ANTENNA
– The vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted near the edges of the net. The antennas are mounted directly above the sidelines
and are not-in-play. Antennas
are not usually used on outdoor nets.
ATTACK
– The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent’s
side.
ATTACKER
– Also “hitter” or “spiker.” A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team’s favor.
BACK SET
– A set delivered behind the setter’s back, which is subsequently hit by an attacker.
BLOCK
– A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitter’s court. It may be a combination of one, two or
three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.

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BUMP
– a common term for forearm passing.
CENTER LINE – The boundary that runs directly under the net and divides the court into two equal
halves.
DIG – Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the floor.
DOUBLE BLOCK – Two players working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net back to the
hitter’s side.
DOUBLE HIT ‐ Successive hits or contacts by the same player. (Illegal)
FOREARM PASS – Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part
of your forearms in an underhand motion.
FOUR‐TWO – A 6‐player offensive system using four hitters and two setters.
FREE BALL – A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike. This is usually called aloud by
the defense instructing players to move into serve receive positions.
HIT – An attack by an offensive player in attempt to make the ball hit the floor on their opponent’s side.
Also called a spike.
HITTER – Also “spiker” or “attacker”

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JUMP SERVE – A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the air and
jumping into and hitting the ball in its downward motion.
JOUST – When 2 opposing players are simultaneously attempting to play a ball above the net.
KILL ‐ An attack that results in an immediate point or side out.
LIBERO – A defensive player who cannot serve, and never plays in the front row. This player has unique rules
associated with the position; they can substitute for any player. Also referred to as the Defensive Specialist.
OFF‐SPEED HIT – Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin.
OUTSIDE HITTER – a left‐front or right‐front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside
the court
OVERHAND PASS – A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just
above the forehead.
OVERHAND SERVE – Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder.
OVERLAP – refers to the positions of the players in the rotation prior to the contact of the ball when serving.
PANCAKE – A one‐handed defensive technique where the hand is extended and the palm is slid along the
floor as the player dives or extension rolls, and timed so that the ball bounces off the back of the hand.

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PASS – see “Forearm Pass”
POINT OF SERVICE – A serve that results in a point (an ace by NCAA standards) as
the serve is not returnable due to a bad pass by the receiver, this number includes aces.
POWER TIP – A ball that is pushed or directed with force by an attacking team.
QUICK – a player approaching the setter for a quick inside hit
RED CARD – a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The result of a red card may be a
player is disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may be given with or
without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up to the official’s discretion.
ROLL ‐ a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or passer lays out an arm, passes the ball, and rolls
over the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll) after passing the ball. This is a quick way to
return to action after the play.
ROOF ‐ A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive player such that the ball deflects straight to the floor
on the attacker’s side.
ROTATION ‐ The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position following
a side out.
SERVE – One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by
one player.
SERVER – The player who puts the ball into play.

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SET – The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it
into the opponent’s court.
SETTER – the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who “sets” the ball with
an “Overhand Pass” for a teammate to hit. The setter normally runs the offense.
SPIKE – Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team
who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s blocker.
UNDERHAND SERVE – a serve in which the ball is given a slight under‐hand toss from
about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed fist in an “underhand pitching”
motion.
YELLOW CARD – a warning from an official indicated by the display of a yellow card.
Any player or coach who receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A single
yellow card does not result in loss of point or serve.

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Officiating Officials in Volleyball Game
 In playing a volleyball game, the duties and functions of officials should be defined
because it is important for each player to know the limits of the authority and his
relationship to others.
 The officials are composed of the first referee, the second referee, the scorer, and
the linesmen.

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First Referee
 The first referee is located at one end of the net. He carries out his functions
seated or standing on a referee’s hand
 The first referee directs the match from the start until the end.
 He has the authority to over all officials and the members of the teams.
 During the match his decisions are final.
 To sanction misconduct.
 To decide upon the faults.
 He has the power to decide any matter involving the game, including those not
provided for in rules.

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Second Referee
 He is the assistant of the first referee, but also his own range of jurisdiction.
 He controls the work of the scorer.
 He checks that the actual positions of the players on the court corresponding to those
on the line up sheets.
 During the match, the second referee decides, whistles, and signals.
 Positional faults.
 The contact of the player with the net.
 Penetration into the opponents court space under the net.
 The attack hit or blocking faults of the back row players.
 The ball that crosses the net outside the crossing space or touches the antenna on his side of
the court
>He supervise the team members on the team bench and reports their misconduct to the first
referee.
>He controls the numbers of time outs and substitutions used by each team and reports the
second timeout.

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Scorer
 He keeps the score sheet according to the rules, cooperating with the second referee.
 Register the data of the match and teams, according to procedures in force and obtains the
signatures of the captains and the coaches.
 Records the starting line up of each team from line up sheet.
 He also records the points scored and ensures that the scoreboard indicates the right score.
 Controls the serving order to each team.
 Records the time-outs and players substitutions.
 Notifies the referees of a request for interruptions that is out of order.
 Announces to the referees the ends of each sets.
 Records the sanctions, warnings, and penalties.
 Record the final result.
 He will signing the score sheet.
 He writes or permits the team captain to write on the score sheet a statement on the incident
protested.

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Linesmen
 The linesmen perform their functions by using flags.
 They signal the ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball lands their line/s.
 They signal the touches of out ball by the team receiving the ball.
 They signal when the ball crosses the net outside the crossing space, touching the
antenna.
 The linesmen in charge of the end lines signal the foot faults of the server.
 At the first referee’s request, a linesman must repeat his signal.

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The Playing Court

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REFERENCES:
 https://www.sportsrec.com/history-development-volleyball-
6552454.html
 https://drumvss.ca/documents/general/Volleyball%20Handout.pd
f
 https://www.scribd.com/presentation/185410259/Officiating-
Volleyball