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1. Volcanic
Eruption

2. Volcanic eruptions happen when
lava and gas are discharged from
a volcanic vent. The most
common consequences of this are
population movements as large
numbers of people are often
forced to flee the moving lava flow.
Volcanic eruptions often cause
temporary food shortages and
volcanic ash landslides called

3. 3
How do volcanoes form?
The majority of volcanoes in the world form
along the boundaries of Earth's tectonic
plates—massive expanses of our planet's
lithosphere that continually shift, bumping into
one another. When tectonic plates collide, one
often plunges deep below the other in what's
known as a subduction zone.

4. 4
Where are all these volcanoes?
Some 75 percent of the world's active
volcanoes are positioned around the ring
of fire, a 25,000-mile long, horseshoe-
shaped zone that stretches from the
southern tip of South America across the
West Coast of North America, through the
Bering Sea to Japan, and on to New
Zealand.

5. 5
What are some of the dangers from a volcano?
Volcanic eruptions pose many dangers aside from
lava flows. It's important to heed local authorities'
advice during active eruptions and evacuate regions
when necessary. One particular danger is pyroclastic
flows, avalanches of hot rocks, ash, and toxic gas
that race down slopes at speeds as high as 450
miles an hour. Such an event was responsible for
wiping out the people of Pompeii and Herculaneum
after Mount Vesuvius erupted in A.D. 79.

6. 6
Principal types of
volcanoes

7. 7
Cinder cone volcanoes (also called scoria
cones) are the most common type of volcano,
according to San Diego State University, and
are the symmetrical cone-shaped volcanoes we
typically think of.
single volcanoes or as secondary volcanoes
known as "parasitic cones" on the sides of
stratovolcanoes or shield volcanoes. Airborne
fragments of lava, called tephra, are ejected
from a single vent.

8. 8
Stratovolcanoes are also
called composite volcanoes because
they are built of layers of alternating
lava flow, ash and blocks of unmelted
stone, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey. They are larger than cinder
cones, rising up to 8,000 feet (2,438
meters).

9. 9
Shield volcanoes are huge, gently
sloping volcanoes built of very thin lava
spreading out in all directions from a
central vent. They have wide bases
several miles in diameter with steeper
middle slopes and a flatter summit. The
gentle convex slopes give them an
outline like a medieval knight’s shield.

10. 10
Other volcanic
landforms

11. 11
Calderas: A caldera is a bowl-shaped
depression formed when a volcano
collapses into the void left when its
magma chamber is emptied. There are
three types, according to San Diego
State University. The first type is a
crater lake caldera.

12. 12
Volcanic plugs: When magma
solidifies in the fissure of a volcano
the hard dense rock may form a
"neck" that remains when softer
surrounding rock has been eroded
away, according to the U.S.
Geological Survey.

13. 13
Tuff cones: also known as maars,
tuff cones are shallow, flat-floored
craters that scientists think formed
as a result of a violent expansion of
magmatic gas or steam, according
to the U.S. Geological Survey.

14. 14
Lava plateaus: Shield
volcanoes may erupt along lines
of fissures rather than a central
vent spilling liquid lava in
successive layers. Over time as
these layers form broad
plateaus such as the Columbia

15. 15
Different
Volcanic
Eruption
s

16. 16
Hawaiian Eruption
In a Hawaiian eruption, fluid basaltic lava is
thrown into the air in jets from a vent or line of
vents (a fissure) at the summit or on the flank of
a volcano. The jets can last for hours or even
days, a phenomenon known as fire fountaining.
The spatter created by bits of hot lava falling out
of the fountain can melt together and form lava
flows, or build hills called spatter cones.

17. 17
Strombolian Eruption
Strombolian eruptions are
distinct bursts of fluid lava
(usually basalt or basaltic
andesite) from the mouth of a
magma-filled summit conduit. The
explosions usually occur every
few minutes at regular or irregular
intervals.

18. 18
Vulcanian Eruption
A Vulcanian eruption is a
short, violent, relatively small
explosion of viscous magma
(usually andesite, dacite, or
rhyolite). This type of eruption
results from the fragmentation
and explosion of a plug of lava
in a volcanic conduit, or from
the rupture of a lava dome
(viscous lava that piles up over
a vent).

19. 19
Plinian Eruption
The largest and most violent
of all the types of volcanic
eruptions are Plinian
eruptions. They are caused
by the fragmentation of
gassy magma, and are
usually associated with very
viscous magmas (dacite
and rhyolite).

20. 20
Lava Domes
Lava domes form when very
viscous, rubbly lava (usually
andesite, dacite or rhyolite)
is squeezed out of a vent
without exploding. The lava
piles up into a dome, which
may grow by inflating from
the inside or by squeezing
out lobes of lava (something
like toothpaste coming out
of a tube).

21. 21
Surtseyan Eruption
Surtseyan eruptions are a kind
of hydromagmatic eruption,
where magma interacts
explosively with
water.Surtseyan eruptions
occur when an undersea
volcano has finally grown large
enough to break the water's
surface; because water that
comes into contact with hot
lava explodes and creates

22. 22
What to do after,
during, and before
a volcanic eruption

23. 23
BEFORE

24. 24
• Know the signs of an impending eruption
such as the increase in the frequency of
volcanic quakes accompanied.
• Know the community's safety plans by
monitoring the latest advisories and warnings,
knowing the location of the evacuation site,
and preparing your family's go bag.

25. 25
• Each person should be aware of the dangers
that volcanic eruptions.
• Prepare all necessary things to bring in case
of evacuation: gas mask or clean cloth,
candles, matches, flashlights, extra batteries.
Don't forget to prepare your disaster kit ahead
of time.
• Know which areas are covered by the danger
zones.

26. 26
DURING

27. 27
• Keep your pets in their shelter or inside the
house to prevent them from inhaling ash.
• If you are outside, immediately seek cover in
case of ash or rock falls. Wear glasses to
protect your eyes and avoid all low-lying
places.
• Stay away from rivers and streams for
possible lahar flow.

28. 28
• Stay calm. Cover your nose and mouth with
mask or clean cloth and wear protective
goggles.
• Know the community's safety plans by
monitoring the latest advisories and warnings,
knowing the location of the evacuation site,
and preparing your family's go bag.

29. 29
AFTER

30. 30
• Wear masks when cleaning.
• After removing the ash, clean the roof and
gutter with water to prevent corrosion.
• Shake loose the ash from plants, furniture,
and windows before cleaning them with water.
Cover your nose while cleaning.
• Wait for further announcements related to the
volcanic eruption.

31. THANK YOU!