Vol.9 appendices to environmental impact assessment and resettlement aspects

National Engineering Services Pakistan(Pvt) Limited (NESPAK)
Associated Consulting Engineers-ACE (Pvt) Limited
Montgomery Watson Harza Energy & Infrastructure Inc. USA
Colenco Power Engineering Limited, Switzerland
February 2009
PAKISTAN WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
DASU HYDROPOWER PROJECT
In Association with:
Binnie & Partners (Overseas) Limited
FEASIBILITY REPORT
VOLUME 9
APPENDICES TO
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND
RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS

FEASIBILITY REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
AND RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS
VOLUME 9
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIROMNETAL STUDY
APPENDIX B: PROJECT IMPACTS, RESETTLEMENT AND
MITIGATION MEASURES
APPENDIX C: AQUATIC ECOLOGY
APPENDIX D: TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
APPENDIX E: ACCESS REPLACEMENT AND UPGRADATION
APPENDIX F: PETROGLYPHS IN THE PROJECT AREA
APPENDIX G: WATER, AIR AND NOISE QUALITY DATA

APPENDIX A
SOCIO – ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Dasu Hydropower Project – Feasibility Report Volume 9
i
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND RESETTLEMENT ASPECTS
APPENDIX A - SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT STUDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY S-1
1. GENERAL A-1
2. STUDY AREA A-2
2.1 General A-2
2.2 Reservoir Area Villages A-2
2.2.1 Segal A-2
2.2.2 Logro A-2
2.2.3 Barseen A-3
2.2.4 Kai Doga A-3
2.2.5 Maliyar Doga A-3
2.2.6 Gul-e-Bagh / Madan A-3
2.2.7 Kaigah A-4
2.2.8 Pani Bah A-4
2.2.9 Gayal A-4
2.2.10 Gummo A-4
2.2.11 Sazin A-4
2.2.12 Shatial A-5
2.2.13 Seglo A-5
2.3 Lower Raprian Area A-5
2.3.1 Seo A-5
2.3.2 Dasu A-5
2.3.3 Kumila A-6
2.3.4 Jalkot A-6
3. SOCIAL SURVEYS AND FINDINGS A-7
3.1 Data Sources and Methodology A-7
3.2 Population Size and Household/Commercial Activities A-7
3.3 Sampling Techniques and Analysis A-8
3.3.1 Tools for Data Collection A-9
3.3.2 Household Sample Survey A-9
3.3.3 Commercial Activities Sample Survey A-9
3.3.4 Village Profile A-9
3.3.5 Women Sample Survey A-9
3.3.6 Scoping Sessions A-9
3.3.7 Interviews with the Head of the Departments/Institutions A-10
3.4 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Data Collection Tools A-10
3.5 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation A-10

ii
4. RESERVOIR AREA - FINDINGS A-11
4.1 Household Sample Survey A-11
4.2 Characteristics of the Heads of the House Hold A-11
4.3 Household Details A-12
4.4 Housing Characteristics A-13
4.5 Agriculture A-15
4.6 Livestock A-15
4.7 Borrowing A-16
4.8 Dependence on Other Side of the River Indus A-16
4.9 Resettlement Concerns A-16
4.9.1 Preferential Resettlement Localities A-16
4.9.2 Mode of Compensation A-16
4.9.3 Knowledge about Construction of Dam A-16
4.10 Commercial Activities A-16
4.10.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops/Driver Hotels A-17
4.10.2 Salient Findings - Shops/Driver Hotels A-17
4.10.3 Residential Hotel A-18
4.11 Village Profile A-18
4.11.1 Characteristics of Respondents A-19
4.11.2 Characteristics of Villages A-19
5. LOWER RIPARIAN AREA A-21
5.1 Household Sample Survey A-21
5.1.1 Characteristics of the Heads of the Household A-21
5.1.2 Household Details A-21
5.1.3 Housing Characteristics A-23
5.2 Agriculture A-24
5.3 Livestock A-25
5.4 Borrowing A-25
5.5 Commercial Activities - Shops A-26
5.5.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops A-26
5.5.2 Shops - Findings A-26
5.6 Commercial Activities - Residential Hotels A-27
5.6.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Hotels A-27
5.6.2 Hotel - Findings A-27
5.7 Village Profile A-29
5.7.1 Characteristics of Respondents A-29
5.7.2 Characteristics of Villages A-29
5.8 Public Health A-31

iii
6. GENERAL FINDINGS A-32
6.1 Role of Women A-32
6.2 Indigenous People and Women Headed Households A-32
6.3 Tourism A-32
6.4 Archaeological, Historical and Religious Sites A-32
6.5 Relocation Concern A-33
7. ANTICIPATED SOCIO – ECONIMIC IMPACTS A-34
7.1 During Construction Stage A-34
7.2 During Operational Stage A-34
8. GROUP DISCUSSIONS AND SCOPING SESSIONS A-36
8.1 Methodology A-36
8.2 Scoping Session With the Community A-36
8.3 Pressing Needs A-41
9. MITIGATION MEASURES A-42
9.1 Construction Stage A-42
9.2 Operational Stage A-42
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A-44
PHOTOLOG

S-1
SOCIO – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT REPORT
Summary
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) have prepared a twenty
five (25) years development plan captioned as “Water Resource and Hydropower
Development – Vision 2025 Program”. The projects included in this vision are grouped
into three phases i.e. Short Term Projects, Medium Term Projects and Long Term
Projects with implementation period of 2001 to 2006, 2006 to 2011 and 2011 to 2025
respectively. The main objective of the envisaged program is to assist in the revival of
country’s economy, improve hydropower generation capacity and above all meet the
future water needs of Indus Basin Irrigation System. Dasu Hydropower Project (DHP) is
included in the Medium Term Projects of the Vision 2025 Programme. This Project is
proposed to generate electricity and transmit the demand centers in the country.
Dasu Hydropower Project is proposed to be located over Indus river near Dasu town in
Kohistan district. Its reservoir area extends upto Harban Das located just downstream of
the Diamer Basha Dam site. Most of the project area lies within North West Frontier
Province (NWFP) province however; some part of the reservoir area touches the Diamer
district, Northern Areas boundary at right bank of Indus river.
As per Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and EPA, Regulation, 2000 the
Dasu project falls under the category of energy projects. As per Schedule-II of EPA
Regulations, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required for hydroelectric
power generation projects with generation capacity of more than 50 MW to obtain No
Objection Certificate (NOC) from the concerned EPA.
The implementation of the project would include construction of about 230m high Roller
Compacted Concrete (RCC) gravity dam on Indus river at a site about 8 km upstream of
Dasu bridge. Impoundment of the dam will create a reservoir about 74 km long with an
average width of 290m and having a surface area of about 21.5 km2
at conservation
reservoir level of 950m. The maximum flood level will be 957m. The Project is planned
to have an installed generating capacity of 4,280 MW without any loss of downstream
flow in the Indus river. An elevation of 957m has been adopted as the limit of reservoir
submergence for potential impacts.
As per Terms of Reference (TOR) and based on the applicable laws and regulations, the
scope of work of the present study is to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) of the Dasu Hydropower Project as a part of feasibility study.
As a part of the Feasibility Study, socio-economic aspects have been studied with a view
to appraise the existing and planned development activities in the project area, which
directly or indirectly exert influences on the proposed project. The project area is
extremely backward and lacks the basic amenities such as assured drinking water
supplies, basic health services, educational facilities and electricity. The transportation
and communication facilities too are very poorly developed and people face great
hardship in traveling warranted by emergent situations.
The socio-economic studies focus mainly on demography, occupation, education,
housing, health, family income and expenditure, basic amenities, land use, livestock,
resettlement concerns, industry, archeology, tourism, land values, role of women etc. for
which various tools were developed and tested and data has been collected and
analysed.

S-2
The major villages in the project reservoir area are: Segal, Logro, Barseen, Kai Doga,
Maliyar Doga, Gul-e-Bagh/Madan, Kaigh, Pani Bah, Gayal, Gummo, Sazin, Shatial and
Seglo, Seo, Kumila, Dasu and Jalkot villages are in the Low Riparian Area. A brief
description of all the villages is given in this report.
Population size and number of households of the localities and commercial activities
falling in the reservoir and low riparian area were estimated by using the following
secondary sources of information i.e. Population Census Organization, Ministry of
Economics and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, District Census Report of Kohistan
District 1998, Maps from Survey of Pakistan and Satellite Imagery, Quick Bird Xs 2.8m &
Pan 0.6m Merged, 10th
October 2005.
A representative sample size of the population under study necessitates the randomness
of the samples to be selected. Data was collected from 262 heads of the sampled
households. A significant majority 96.9 % of the respondents were married males.
Remaining 3.1 % was un-married. Traditionally people prefer marriages at an early age.
Educational distribution of the respondents 11.1% have primary level education, 1.9 %
have middle level education, 15.3% have secondary level education, 5.0% have
intermediate level education. 3.1 %,1.9 %, 1.9 % and 0.4 % were educated up to
graduation, post graduation, deeni uloom (religious knowledge) and professional
graduate respectively. A good proportion (59.5 %) of the respondents had never been to
school.
By virtue of their local tribal origin 86.6 % tribes are considered as the owners of the land
and natural resources and 13.4% constituted of non-owner tribe.
About 29.4 % of the residents were farmers, 24.4 % in trade/business,22.5 % serving
different government / private offices,3.8 % in cattle farming, 8% labors and rest of them
were in miscellaneous occupations .
Kohistani is the most common spoken language (42.4 %) Shina by 28.6 % and 26.0 %
speak both languages i.e. Shina and Kohistani. Pushto is spoken by 3.1 %.
According to 1998 census the total population of Kohistan district was 472,570, whereas
in the 1981 census the population was 465,237. The average annual growth rate was
0.09 percent during this period. The male population was 261,942 and female population
was 210,628. Based on 1998 census sex ratio i.e. number of males for every 100
females were 124. Based on the sample survey and information gathered through
interviewing the notables of the area, the population by sex and different age groups has
been estimated and sex ratio worked out as 105 number of males for every 100 female.
Size of the family ranged from 5 or less to 21 and more members, and large families are
supposedly joint families. 45.4 % have family members between 6 to 10. Generally
nuclear family system (73.3 %) and exogamy (57.3 %) was prevalent in the project area.
The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings include the father,
son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member determines the family’s
interests and makes decisions with regard to the family. Regarding the child births within
the households, 39.3 %, 5.0 % and 1.1 % reported one, two and more than two child
births, whereas, no child births were reported by 54.6%. No deaths were reported within
the households majority 96.5 % by of the respondents, whereas, 3.5 % reported one
death.
Aspired technical/vocational training in skills for the female members was
tailoring/embroidery. Male members desired be trained as tailors, vehicle driver,
mechanic, electrician, computer operator.

S-3
Agriculture provides income and work for 21.8 % of the households of the reservoir area.
Other major sources are agriculture and trade 18.7 %, agriculture and service 15.6 %,
agriculture and labor 9.5 %, agriculture/service and trade 8.8 %, trade 6.9 %, service 5.7
% and others.
Almost all the houses were self – owned and 52.3%, 35.5% and 12.2% of the houses are
katcha, semi-pacca and pacca respectively.
The land and houses ranged from Rs.100, 000 to Rs.500, 000 and per housing unit.
Whereas 36.6% had no such facilities i.e. Main sources of water for drinking were public
water supply through springs (40.1 %), channel (26 %), nullah (22.1 %).
Land ownership records are not available for the area. Only the principal of natural
successions prevails for 97% cases. The competent authority testifies the ownership on
the basis of personal evidence and length of period of possession.
Tenancy status indicated that majority (62.2 %) of the residents of the reservoir area
were owner operator. Whereas, 16.8% were owner-cum-tenants, only 5% were tenants
and 16% have no agricultural land. Animals traction is main source for agricultural farm
operations.
About 43% of the residents of the reservoir area had some sort of dependence on the
resources and residents on the other side of the Indus river.
36.3% of the residents of the reservoir area desired to move to any place down to the
country (Abbottabad, Islamabad, Lahore etc.). Those who wished to be resettled within
the Kohistan district were 21.4%, whereas 13% of them preferred to be resettled at
Dasu. 25.6% did not show any preference.
Significant majority (93.5 %) of the residents of the area desired that the payments for
compensations against land/houses and other property should be in cash. Alternative
land for land (0.8 %) and alternative land and building was demanded say (5.3 %) only.
The women have no formal role in the authority structure of the villages in the Study
Area. There are no maternity homes or trained lady health visitors (LHVs) in the villages.
This is the reason for infant and mother mortality. They travel outside the home/village
only when they are in a serious condition and need to get urgent medical treatment from
the hospitals in Dasu, Mansehra and Abbotabad or to attend weddings of relatives.
Pardah (veil) is observed by all the women. The role of women will assume greater
importance due to the increased activity in all the socio-economic and socio-cultural
fields in the Study Area after the completion of the Project.
During the social field survey, it was revealed that “Indigenous People” as per World
Bank (WB) Operation Directive (OD) 4.20 were not existing in the Project area.
DHP is located in NWFP on way to Northern Area along Karakoram Highway which has
been the fabulous silk route for thousands of years along which trade between China,
Middle East and Europe took place. Chinese pilgrims Fahyan and Haven Tsany also
used this route to visit Buddhist University at Taxila, other seats of religions learning and
relics of Buddha. With the creation of a big / reservoir at Dasu the place will become a
cherished site for tourists on their journey.
The Project area having 278 housing units, 30 shops/driver hotels, 15 mosques, 3
schools and 84 acres of agriculture land and 27 km section of KKH will be submerged.

S-4
The people residing in those houses and involved in commercial activities will be
compensated and relocated.
Blasting may create an accidental risk for the local residents particularly their children.
The Project Area is sensitive from the law and order point of view and security of
Contractor and Consultant staff will have to be ensured.
During the construction period, local workers will get opportunity to work on semi-skilled
and labor work jobs and share and enrich their experiences. Local people will find
themselves in a new era of prosperity. The Project will have major positive impact on
local economy, employment and income.
Agricultural development by introduction of adequate irrigation supply would give
impetus to agro-based, small scale and cottage industries, dairy and poultry
development, health and educational facilities, rise in the economic activities, rise in
living standards of the general public and several other aspects of socio-economic
development. Health facilities will get a big boost in the post project era to cater for the
increased population needs.
Consultation with the stakeholders/public were made to ascertain their perceptions in the
Study Area. During the scoping session, people were informed about the Project
objectives; in particular, apprehensions of the locals regarding the proposed project were
shared and discussed.
During public consultations/scoping sessions, the basic requirements of the Study Area
people were identified, which included employment / labor opportunities, hospital/basic
health units (BHUs), schools for girls, college for boys, metalled road, water for drinking
and irrigation and electricity supplies on cheaper rate.
In general terms, the people affected will be compensated for the loss of their properties,
land and trees, and assisted financially to restore their affected structures/assets and
livelihoods, at least to pre-project levels. Households headed by women and other
vulnerable households if available will be eligible for further cash assistance for
relocation and house or structure reconstruction. Plans for these resettlement will be
based on a full census and detailed valuation surveys which will provide a complete list
of all those affected together with the type and size of losses, along with the amount of
compensation and/or financial assistance assessed for each person affected. This
process should be done at the time of relocation which should be done at pre-
construction stage of the project. The stretch of KKH which will be submerged in Dasu
reservoir should be relocated to higher level prior to the filing of the reservoir. It is very
important to prefer local community for employment on the Project. In order to raise the
educational level of the people, it is essential to build schools in the Study Area. For
improving awareness, it is necessary to take the services of a Social Development
Officer during the construction and operation stages of the Project and Health facilities
are provided clean drinking water.
It is necessary to give employment opportunities and involve the local labor force during
the operational stage of the Project.
The need of a suitable/alternative to the existing suspension bridges is essential during
operational stage for the local communities residing on right bank of the river Indus for
easy access to KKH.
Rarely women are exposed to outside environment of the village, except in medical or
Other emergencies or attending wedding function. Adequate educational and health

S-5
facilities are not available to women. Vocational and technical training institutions like
stitching, embroidery, home making, prenatal and pediatric care etc. be set up especially
for women. Schools and higher educational institutions too need to be set up. Lately
there has been a realization for such needs and skills. Women trained in various skills
will not only cater the demand for skilled workers but with increased income their
standard of living will improve and their housekeeping techniques will improve. They will
become self-confident and self-reliant useful members of society in addition to
contributing to national reconstructions. Community Development Organizations of
women and children is another mitigation measure for betterment of women’s lot.
The implementation of the proposed project will generate a few adverse impacts,
especially during the construction stage, but these impacts are only temporary. However,
resettlement, compensation and submergence of the suspension bridges are the
adverse impacts that need effective mitigation measures.
A Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be prepared immediately upon completion and
approval of feasibility studies. It should include Focus Census Survey of Project Affected
Person, Valuation of Assets, Compensation Policy and Framework, Implementation
Schedule and Grievances & Redressal Mechanism would be required.
Based on the data available and with the implementation of proposed mitigation
measures, it can be safely concluded that Dasu Hydropower Project will bring
economical improvement for the locals and other parts of the country and its construction
is urgently required.

A-1
SOCIO – ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT STUDY
1. GENERAL
As a part of the feasibility study, Socio-economic aspects have been studied with a view
to appraise the existing and planned development activities in the project area, which
directly or indirectly exert influences on the proposed Dasu Hydropower project. The
proposed project area is extremely backward and lacks the basic amenities such as
assured drinking water supplies, basic health services, educational facilities and
electricity. The transportation and communication facilities too are very poorly developed
and people face great hardship in traveling warranted by emergent situations.
Identification of the environmental impacts on the economy resulting from any
development project depends on the significance of a particular impact, while this is
determined by the fact that:
- How many people will be affected?
- How much resources would be degraded, eliminated or conserved depending on
the action taken? and
- How much land is affected?
The proposed hydropower project when completed would have direct impact on
the country as a whole, as well as settlements falling in the Study Area. Socio-economic,
cultural pattern and attitudes of people residing in the Study Area would definitely be
influenced by the proposed project. Purpose of the socio-economic study is to examine
the existing situation and to assess the impacts of the proposed project on the people
living in the Project and Study Area. The study also intends to provide an overview of
existing and planned development activities in the area.
The socio-economic studies focus mainly on demography, occupation, education,
housing, health, family income and expenditure, basic amenities, land use, livestock,
resettlement concerns, industry, archeology, tourism, land values, role of women etc.

A-2
2. STUDY AREA
2.1 General
For an Environmental Assessment Study, the Study Area has been defined as the area
within which the impacts of the project must be considered. In the light of this, Study
Area comprises project area, the reservoir and the area, lower riparian area.
The Study Area largely lies in the Kohistan district but some part of it also lies in Diamer
District of Northern Area. Figure A-1 shows the location map of the Study Area.
The major villages in the Study Area divided into Reservoir Area and Lower Riparian
Area are listed below:
Reservoir Area Villages
1 Segal 8 Pani Bah
2 Logro 9 Gayal
3 Barseen 10 Gummo
4 Kai Doga 11 Sazin
5 Maliyar Doga 12 Shatial
6 Gul-e-Bagh/Madan 13 Seglo
7 Kaigah
Lower Riparian Area Villages
1 Seo 3 Dasu
2 Kumila 4 Jal Kot
A brief description of the above villages is given below.
2.2 Reservoir Area Villages
2.2.1 Segal
Segal is located on the left side of Indus River in the Project Area. About 13 houses lie
within the Project Area. Shamat Khail, Chalees Khail and Shalkan Khail are the main
tribes of this village. Their mother language is Kohistani. Most of the people of this village
are farmers and laborers. The village has an aggregate population of 350. The village
has only one primary school for both boys and girls. Village lacks in all the basic
amenities and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water in the village is a
nullah. Residents are prone to diseases like Diarrhoea, Typhoid, TB, and Goiter. The
people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major
problems of the area are construction of road, electricity, safe drinking water, basic
health unit and a middle school.
2.2.2 Logro
Logro village is located on the left bank of the Indus River along KKH in the project area.
Kohistani is the main language in the village. The village comprises a population of about
250 people. About 15 houses lie within the Project Area which will be submerged.
Farming is the main occupation of residents. Ushar Khail, Eiska Khail and Shalkan Khail
are the main tribes of this village. As in other cases, the village lacks in institutional and
basic amenities. There is no school for boys and girls in this village. The major source of

A-3
water in the village is a spring. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer
season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are safe drinking water, construction
of road and school both for boys and girls.
2.2.3 Barseen
Barseen is located on the left bank of Indus River along KKH in the Project Area. About 9
houses lie within the Project Area. Boot Khail and Bohi Khail are the main tribes.
Language spoken in the village is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people of this village
are farmers and business men. The village has an aggregate population of 300. The
village has only one Primary School for both boys and girls, but there is no proper
building. There is one PTDC Motel, FWO Station and three shops/driver hotels which will
be submerged. Village lacks in all the basic amenities and infrastructural facilities. The
major source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the village are
Typhoid, TB, and Dysentery. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season
due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking
water, basic health unit and proper building for school.
2.2.4 Kai Doga
This village is located in the Project Area on the right bank of the Indus River. The
population is about 100 persons. About 17 houses will be submerged. Sirkhan khail and
Sheeda Khail are the main tribes of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the
languages spoken by them. Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available.
There is only one hospital. The major source of water in the village is tap water from a
spring. Major diseases in the village are Diahorrea and Malaria. The people migrate to
higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are
proper electricity supplies, a suspension bridge, road and school both for boys and girls.
2.2.5 Maliyar Doga
This village is located on the right bank of the Indus River in the Project Area. The
population is about 150-200 persons. About 24 houses will be submerged. Shukar khail
is the main tribe of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.
Educational, institutional and civic facilities are non existent. The major source of water
in the village is a channel. Major diseases are Typhoid, TB and Malaria. The people
migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the
area are construction of a suspension bridge, road, basic health unit, safe drinking water,
proper electricity supplies and school both for boys and girls.
2.2.6 Gul-e-Bagh / Madan
Gul-e-Bagh / Madan village is located on the left bank of the Indus River along KKH in
the Project Area. A few houses lie near the river bed. Kohistani and Shina are the main
languages in the village. The village comprises a population of about 300. About 21
houses lie within the Project Area which will be submerged. Farming, business and
service are the main occupation of residents. Chalees Khail and Nasir Khail are the main
tribes of this village. Like other places, this village also lacks in institutional and other
basic amenities. There is no school for boys and girls. The major source of water in the
village is a nullah and river. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season.
Major problems of the area are safe drinking water, construction of road, basic health
unit, electricity and school both for boys and girls.

A-4
2.2.7 Kaigah
This village lies in the Project Area on the left bank of the Indus River. The population is
about 400-500 persons. About 46 houses lie within the Project Area, which will be
submerged. Khirza Khail, Jalken Khail and Chalees Khail are the main tribes of this
village. Kohistani is the main language spoken. Institutional and civic facilities are not
available in the village. There are only two Schools one each for boys and girls in the
village. The major source of water is a nullah. Major diseases in the village are Typhoid,
TB, Malaria and Hepatitis. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season.
Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, basic health unit and safe
drinking water.
2.2.8 Pani Bagh
This village is located on the left bank of the Indus River in the Project Area. This village
has a population of about 250. About 25 houses will be submerged. Shamat Khail, Bohi
Khail and Gujar are the main tribes of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the
languages spoken by them. Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available
in the village. The major source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the
village are Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB and some cases of Hepatitis. The people migrate to
higher elevations in summer season to escape heat. Major needs of the area are
electricity, road, safe drinking water, basic health unit and school both for boys and girls.
2.2.9 Gayal
Gayal is located on the right bank of Indus river in the Project Area. About 30 houses lie
within the Project Area which will submerge. Torey Khail is the main tribe. Language
spoken in the village is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people are farmers and
business men. The village has an aggregate population of 200. Village lacks in all the
basic amenities and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water is a spring and
Nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common Cold, Diahorrea and Typhoid. The
access of the village to KKH is by a dolly. The people migrate to higher elevations in
summer season. Major needs of the area are a bridge over Indus river, electricity, safe
drinking water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.
2.2.10 Gummo
Gummo is located on the right bank of Indus river in the Project Area. About 15 houses
lie within the Project Area. Torey Khail is the main tribe. Language spoken in the village
is Kohistani and Shina. Most of the people of this village are farmers and business men.
The village has an aggregate population of 200. Village lacks in all the basic amenities
and infrastructural facilities. The major source of water in the village is a spring and
nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common Cold, Diahorrea and Typhoid. The
access of the village to KKH is by a dolly. The people migrate to higher elevations in
summer season due to hot weather. Major needs of the area are bridge over Indus river,
electricity, safe drinking water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.
2.2.11 Sazin
This village is located in the Project Area on the left bank of the Indus River. It has a
population of about 109. About 17 houses and 7 shops/hotels will be submerged. Sheen
is the main tribe of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.
Institutional and civic facilities are not available in the village. There is only one primary
school for boys. The major source of water is a Nullah. Major diseases in the village are
Common Cold, Typhoid and Goiter. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer

A-5
season to escape heat. Major needs of the area are lack of electricity, road, safe drinking
water, basic health unit and school for boys and girls.
2.2.12 Shatial
Shatial is located on the right bank with some part on the left bank of the Indus river.
Both parts are located in the Project Area. This village has a population of about 1200.
About 11 houses and 4 shops/hotels which lie within the Project Area will submerge.
Kamin Khail is the main tribe of this village. Shina, Kohistani and Pashto are the
languages spoken by them. Some institutional and some civic facilities are available in
the village except drainage, street light and recreational. There is one hospital and one
basic health unit in the village. There is one primary school each for boys and girls and
one high school in this village. The major source of water in the village is tap water from
spring. Major diseases in the village are Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria and Goiter.
There is some cases of Kala Azar disease due to sand fly bite which is a common vector
in this belt. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, male/female doctors,
school for girls, road and safe drinking water.
2.2.13 Seglo
Seglo is located on the right bank of the Indus river, one kilometer downstream of dam
site. Village is located in the Project Area. It has a population of about 200. About 16
houses will be acquired due to construction of dam structures. Narang Khail is the main
tribes of this village. Shina and Kohistani are the languages spoken by them.
Educational, institutional and civic facilities are not available in the village. The main
source of water in the village is a channel. Major diseases in the village are Typhoid, TB
and Goiter. The people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot
weather. Major needs of the area are better electricity supplies, road, safe drinking
water, basic health unit and schools both for boys and girls.
2.3 Lower Raprian Area Villages
2.3.1 Seo
This village is located on the right bank of the Indus river in the low or riparian area of
Dasu Hydropower Project. This village has a population of about 4000. A 400 years old
graveyard and a beautiful wooden mosque with old wooden pillars and beams which are
decorated by carving Quranic verses and flowers are situated in this village. These
features are of archeological and historic importance. Sheda Khail, Shukar Khail and
Shamat Khail are the main tribes. Shina and Kohistani are the main languages spoken
by them. The distance of this village is about 7 kilometers from KKH. The road is
unmettaled. There are three schools i.e. a primary, a middle and high for boys and one
primary school for girls. Vocational centre, deeni madrassa (religious school) are also
available in Seo. Institutional facilities except bank are available. Civic facilities like
drainage, street light and recreational are not available. The major source of water in the
village is tap water from spring and nullah. Major diseases in the village are Common
Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria, Hepatitis and Goiter. The people migrate to
beautiful valley of Razka at higher elevation in summer season due to hot weather. Major
needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, road, telephone, lining of irrigation
channel, male/female doctors, and safe drinking water.
2.3.2 Dasu
Dasu is located on KKH on the left bank of Indus river in the lower riparian area of the
Project. This town has a population of about 2000. This town is district headquarter of

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Kohistan. All Government offices of different departments including Administration and
District Courts are situated in this town. Shamat Khail, Boot Khail, Boi Khail and Chalees
Khail are the main tribes of this settlement. Shina and Kohistani are the main languages
spoken by them. Educational facilities are available in the town. Institutional and civic
facilities except lined drainage system and street lights are available in the town. The
major source of water in the village is tap water from spring. Major diseases in the area
are Common Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid, TB, Malaria, Hepatitis and Goiter. Majority of the
people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs
of the area are proper electricity supplies, college and general hospital with modern
facilities.
2.3.3 Kumila
Kumila is located on the KKH on the right bank of Indus river in the lower riparian area of
the Project. KKH shifts from right bank to left bank of Indus river at this place. This town
has a population of about 6000. This is major market of district. Shukar Khail, Chalees
Khail, Boot Khail, Pattan and Jalkoti are the main tribes of this settlement. Shina,
Kohistani, Pashto and Hindko are the languages spoken by them. Educational facilities
are available in the area. Institutional and civic facilities except lined drainage system
and street lights are available in the town. The major source of water in the village is tap
water from spring. Major diseases in the area are Common Cold, Diahorrea, Typhoid,
TB, Malaria and Hepatitis. People migrate to higher elevations in summer season to
escape heat. Major needs of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking water,
college and general hospital.
2.3.4 Jalkot
Jalkot is located 3 kilometer downstream of Dasu Bridge on KKH on the left bank of the
Indus river in the lower riparian area of the Project. This village has a population of about
3500. A district jail is situated in this area. Shina is the languages spoken and Jalkoti is
the main tribe of this settlement. There are only two schools i.e. a primary and middle for
boys and a primary for girls. Institutional facilities like basic health unit, post office and
mosque are available and civic facilities like electricity, telephone and graveyard also
exist here. The major source of water in the village is tap water from spring, nullah and
through spring. Major diseases in the area are Common Cold, TB and Malaria. The
people migrate to higher elevations in summer season due to hot weather. Major needs
of the area are proper electricity supplies, safe drinking water, road and hospital with
medicines and other facilities.

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3. SOCIAL SURVEYS
Based on initial surveys the Consultants devised methodology for conducting detailed
socio-economic survey of the Project area. The field experiences of the initial survey
sensitized the Consultants to take care of the possible and potential irritant factors that
might be detrimental to the objectives and operations of the detailed field survey.
Investigations regarding socio-economic conditions and cultural aspects were made by
holding interviews with notables and stakeholders residing in the villages/settlements of
the relevant area.
3.1 Data Sources and Methodology
The basic objective of socio-economic survey is to identify the socio-economic
characteristics of the people of the area and to assess the possible impacts of the project
on the population. Following steps were undertaken prior to carrying out field survey:
i) Geographic boundaries of the Study Area (Reservoir and Low Riparian area)
were defined by identifying the existing villages/settlements.
ii) Size of population and number of households and commercial activities falling
within the Study Area.
iii) Sampling procedure was decided to draw a representative sample size of the
target population.
The tools developed for data collection included questionnaires for household sample
survey, village profile, commercial activities sample survey, check list for scoping
sessions and women sample survey. Using these tools the field survey was initiated and
in the light of initial surveys, necessary changes were made in the tools.
3.2 Population Size and Household/Commercial Activities
Population size and number of households of the localities and commercial activities
falling in the reservoir and lower riparian area were estimated by using the following
secondary sources of information.
- Population Census Organization, Ministry of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Pakistan, District Census Report of Kohistan District 1998.
- Maps from Survey of Pakistan.
- Satellite Imagery, Quick Bird Xs 2.8m & Pan 0.6m Merged, 10th
October 2005.
The projected population size, total number of households, commercial activities falling
in the Reservoir Area and Lower Riparian area as on 2007 were estimated by
extrapolating the figures of housing units established through satellite imagery dated
October 2005 and Census 1998. Population growth rate in Dasu tehsil was 0.15 percent
per annum. Detail of population is given below.

A-8
Population and Housing Units in Study Area
Data Based on 1998 Census Projected Data as on 2007
Name of
Settlements/Villages
Population
Housing
unit
Average
Family Size
Population
Housing
Units
Reservoir Area* N.A N.A 8.5 3370 278
Low Riparian Area**
Seo 2996 447 6.7 3036 453
Jalkot 2992 490 6.1 3033 497
Kumila 5423 730 7.4 5497 740
Dasu 1569 257 6.1 1590 260
Total 12650 1924 6.6 13156 1950
* Data based on Satellite Imagery dated October 2005.
** Using average annual growth rate used 0.15 % (1981-1998) Dasu tehsil.
3.3 Sampling Techniques and Analysis
A representative sample size of the population under study necessitates the randomness
of the samples to be selected. One of the primary requirements was to have a finite size
of population. Since every head of household (HH) in the Study Area was considered as
a unit of analysis, therefore, total number of households was needed to draw a randomly
selected adequate sample size. Being the scattered and hilly area, the
villages/settlements had no complete record of all the households. Therefore, sampling
method was adopted on the basis of cluster. This method was also applied for
commercial activities and other field surveys. The calculated sample size is given below.
Socio-Economic Sample Size
Categories
Number of
Housing
Units
Average
Families
Number of
Households/
Shops
Sample
Size
Percentage
House holds
Reservoir Area 278 1.5 417 01 48 %
Lower Riparian
Area
1950 1.5 2925 40 12 %
Commercial Activities
Reservoir Area - - 30 21 70 %
Lower Riparian
Area
- - 250 152 61 %
House Hold (HH)
A house hold means a group of persons living together who have collective arrangement
for eating. A person living alone was also considered to constitute a house hold. The
distinguishing characteristic of house hold is its common cooking arrangement. Based on
field survey average family size was taken as 1.5 families in one housing unit.
Housing Unit
A housing unit means a separate and independent place of abode, inhabited by one
house hold and, if vacant, meant for habitation by one house hold. It does not
necessarily mean a separate building. Any place not intended for habitation but occupied
by a house hold at the time of socio-economic survey was also treated as a housing unit.

A-9
3.3.1 Tools for Data Collection
In order to get comprehensive and detailed information, the following tools/
questionnaires of data collection were used.
- Household Sample Survey
- Commercial Activities Sample Survey
- Village Profile
- Women Sample Survey
- Scoping Sessions
- Interviews with the Heads of the Departments
3.3.2 Household Sample Survey
By adopting proportionate random sampling procedure, out of 414 households in the
reservoir area which were likely to be submerged, a sample of 201 households was
selected at 95 percent of confidence level and +/-5 percent sample error. Heads of the
households of the above sample size (262) number were interviewed by using a
structured questionnaire (Annexure A-1.1). In low riparian area a sample of 340
households was selected out of 1950 households. Preference was given to the heads of
the families to ensure the quality and accuracy of information to be collected. In case of
non availability of the head of the household, any of the male adult family members
available on the spot and capable to provide the required information was interviewed for
collecting the required information.
3.3.3 Commercial Activities Sample Survey
In view of the fact that some part of KKH will be submerged in the reservoir area, the
economic activities along the affected stretch of KKH are expected to be affected. For
this purpose, a detailed census of all the shops, hotels etc were carried out. By adopting
purposive quota sampling procedure 21 out of 30 business centers were selected for
sample survey. In Lower Riparian area, 152 business activities out of 250 were selected.
Separate interview schedules were structured for different business activities (Annexure
A-1.2 & A-1.3).
3.3.4 Village Profile
A comprehensive village profile was prepared to document the socio-economic and
demographic data of each village that was likely to be submerged due to the proposed
construction of dam. Total 13 questionnaires were filled in by interviewing by
notable/elder of these villages of reservoir area and 5 questionnaires were filled in for
low riparian area. A separate structured questionnaire was devised for collecting
information (Annexure A-1.4).
3.3.5 Women Sample Survey
Keeping in view the conservative approach of the local population of the Study Area and
their sensitivity about the women issues, the consultants had meetings with District
Planning Officer (DPO) and District Nazim before conducting field survey. Both the
officials did not allow conducting women survey due to religious and sensitive approach
of the local population. However Consultants also prepared a structured questionnaire
(Annexure A-1.5).
3.3.6 Scoping Sessions
In order to get spontaneous and frank responses, five scoping sessions in reservoir area

A-10
and three scoping sessions in different selected villages/settlements were conducted.
Scoping sessions helped to extract qualitative information about the perceptions, myths,
apprehensions and reactions of the local population. Checklist for scoping sessions is
given in (Annexure A-1.6).
3.3.7 Interviews with the Head of the Departments
Heads of different departments/institutions in the Study Area were interviewed to:
- Appraise them to the salient features of the Dasu Hydropower Project.
- Gather their conventional and popular understanding about the Project and
- Identify and assess the assets of the departments which will be affected by the
Project.
3.4 Pre-Testing and Finalizing the Data Collection Tools
Consultants tested tools for data collection by conducting field surveys at initial stage.
According to the observations and experiences of pre-testing, changes were made to
improve the workability of the questionnaires. Some parts of the questions were
restructured for simplifying the questions to make them more explicit. All the
questionnaires were translated into Urdu with specific and clear wording to maintain
standard interpretation of the English version of the questionnaires.
3.5 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation
A team of three local junior sociologists under the supervision of senior socio-economist
collected the data. After compilation of field survey, all the questionnaires were
scrutinized and edited properly. Data were processed and analyzed on (Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS). This computerized format of data analysis is an
appropriate statistical technique for the studies falling in the domain of social sciences
particularly for socio-economic surveys. By using this computerized format of data
analysis, the Consultants were able to analyze a large and diversified data in possible
minimum time. It has an additional advantage of classifying data with tabulation options
enabling to see the mutual effects of multiple effects of multiple variables explaining the
socio-economic characteristics of the population under study.
The socioeconomic survey for the Project is intended to:
- Get basic understanding and information about the socio-economic and
demographic conditions as well as ethnic composition of the local population;
- Document the perceptions of the local population about the Project;
- Know their apprehensions about the possible adverse impacts of the Project;
- Identify any involuntary resettlement, loss of property, livelihood and other issues.
- Understand their views about the magnitude of any perceived losses in the
reservoir area; and
- Record their perceptions for the compensation of the various types of losses
likely to occur in the reservoir area.
In-depth interviews and scoping sessions were also conducted with local population and
notables of the Study Area in order to carryout public consultation about the proposed
Project. Primary and secondary data was collected from the field and from the relevant
departments/offices. In order to get some published data, all relevant departments were
visited in Tehsil Dasu of Kohistan District. Collected field data is summarized in Table A-
3.1, Annexure A-3.

A-11
4. RESERVOIR AREA – FINDINGS
4.1 Household Sample Survey
The Information was collected from 262 heads of the sampled households. Inventory of
the respondent’s names (household sample survey) is given Table A-2.1, Annexure A-2.
Distribution and average family size with regard to villages/settlements has been shown
in Table A-3.2 at Annexure A-3. The results of the studies and findings on the relevant
aspects are discussed in the following sub-sections.
4.2 Characteristics of the Heads of the House Hold
Age
Age is an important factor in forming one’s attitudes. It fixes a man’s status or authority
on others and command of respect. 27.9 percent of the heads of house holds were
between age group 21 to less than 30 years, whereas, 33.2 percent of them were
between age group 31 to less than 40 years and 36.2 percent of them were above forty
one years. In case of non-availability of the head of the household, any of the male
family members was interviewed. The number of such households was only 7 out of 262
(Table A-3.3, Annexure A-3).
Marital Status
A significant majority (96.9 %) of the respondent were married males. Remaining few
(3.1 %) were un-married. Traditionally people prefer marriages at early age (Table A-3.4,
Annexure A-3).
Education
Educational distribution of the respondents is shown in Table A-3.5, Annexure A-3 which
indicates that among 262 respondents, 11.1% have primary level education, 1.9 % have
middle level education, 15.3% have secondary level education, 5.0% have intermediate
level education. 3.1 %, 1.9 %, 1.9 % and 0.4 % were educated up to graduation, post
graduation, religion studies (deeni uloom) and professional graduate level respectively. A
good proportion (59.5 %) of the respondents had never been to school.
Tribes
By virtue of their local tribal origin 86.6 % tribes considered themselves as the owners of
the land and natural resources like minerals, jungles and cattle rearing of the mountains
in the Project Area. Being non-locals by tribal origin, Soniwal, Gujars and Pattans are
non-owner tribes. These tribes are without any right to purchase land of the mountains
and to have share in the natural resources. Non-owner tribes constituted 13.4 % (Table
A-3.6, Annexure A-3).
Occupational Status
29.4 % of the residents were in the category of farmers, 24.4 % were in trade/business,
22.5 % were serving different government /private offices and 3.8 % were engaged in
cattle farming. General labors were 8.0% and the rest of them were in other
miscellaneous occupations (Table A-3.7, Annexure A-3).
Language Spoken
Kohistani was the most common language spoken by 42.4% the respondents of the
area. Shina was spoken by 28.6 %. Both the languages i.e. Shina and Kohistani were
spoken by 26%. Pushtoo was spoken by 3.1 %. (Table A-3.8 Annexure A-3).

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4.3 Household Details
Population and its distribution
According to 1998 census the total population of Kohistan District was 472,570, whereas
in 1981 census the population was 465,237. The average annual growth rate was 0.09
percent during this period. The male population was 261,942 and female population was
2, 10,628. Based on 1998 census sex ratio i.e. number of males for every 100 females
were 124. Based on the sample survey conducted by the Consultants in 2007 and
information gathered through interviewing the notables of the area, the population by sex
and different age groups has been estimated and sex ratio worked out as number of
males for every 100 female was 105 (Table A-3.9 Annexure A-3).
Family Size
Size of the family ranged from 5 or less and 21 and more members. Large families are
supposedly joint families. 45.4 % have family members between 6 and 10. Details are
given in (Table A-3.10 Annexure A-3).
Family Structure
Generally nuclear family system (73.3 %) and exogamy (57.3 %) was prevalent in the
Study Area. The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings include
the father, son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member determines the
family’s interests and makes decisions with regard to the family (Table A-3.11 Annexure
A-3).
Child Births
Regarding the child births within the households, 39.3 %,5.0 % and 1.1 % reported one,
two and more than two child births, respectively, whereas, 54.6% had reported no
childbirth (Table A-3.12 Annexure A-3)
Deaths
No deaths were reported within the households by majority (96.5 %) of the respondents,
whereas, 3.5 % reported almost one death (Table A-3.13 Annexure A-3).
Causes of Deaths
Different causes of deaths were reported by the respondents. Different diseases
occurred in the area were Typhoid Malaria, Diahorea, Tuberculoses etc. Other causes of
death included murder and accident. (Table A-3.14 Annexure A-3)
School Going Children
Out of the male children of school going age in the households 55.7% were going to
school, whereas, only 30.5% of the females were reportedly attending any school in the
Reservoir Area. There seems to be differential attitude of the residents of the area
towards female education (Table A-3.15 and A-3.16, Annexure A-3)
Vocational / Technical Skills
Majority (96.9 %) of the males of the sampled households did not have any specific
vocational skill, while others were trained as vehicle driver, carpenters, electrician and
tailors. The only mentioned skill for the females of the sampled households was
tailoring/embroidery (41.2 %)(Table A-3.17 Annexure A-3)
Aspired Vocational / Technical Skills for Family Members
Technical/vocational training enhances the employability of the workforce. The only
aspired vocational skill for the female members was Tailoring/Embroidery (32.8 %). Most
(88.9 %) of the respondents did not prefer any vocational skill for their male members,
whereas rest of percentage desired that the male members should be trained as tailors,

A-13
vehicle driver, mechanic, electrician, computer operator and gold collection (Table A-
3.18 Annexure A-3)
Sources of Income
The income sources were agriculture 21.8 %, trade 6.9% and service 5.7% of the
households of the reservoir area. Other major sources were composite including
agriculture and trade 18.7 %, agriculture and service 15.6 %, agriculture and labor 9.5 %,
agriculture/service and trade 8.8 %, and others (Table A-3.19 Annexure A-3)
Monthly Family Income
Monthly income of 4.6% of the households was less than Rs. 3000, whereas,16.0% were
earning between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000,17.6% were between Rs.5001 and 7000, 14.5%
between Rs. 7001 and Rs 9000,17.6% between Rs.9001 and Rs.11000, 8.0% were
between Rs.11001 and 13000 and 21.0% were Rs.13001 and above (Table A-3.20
Annexure A-3)
Monthly Family Expenditure
About 5.3% of the households were spending less than Rs. 3000, whereas, the monthly
expenditure of 17.6% were between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 24.8% were between
Rs.5001 and 7000, 16.4% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000, 17.9% between Rs.9001
and Rs.11000 and 17.1% spend Rs.11001 and above (Table A-3.21 Annexure A-3)
Modes of Payments
71.4 % of the households were purchasing their monthly household items in cash,
whereas 28.6% were purchasing on credit/deferred payment (Table A-3.22 Annexure A-
3).
4.4 Housing Characteristics
Ownership of House
During the field visit of the Reservoir Area it was observed that among 262 respondents
interviewed 99.2% houses were living in self owned (Table A-3.23 Annexure A-3).
Nature of Houses
52.3% of the houses were reported to be mud (katcha) houses, 35.5% were semi-pacca
and 12.2% were pacca respectively (Table A-3.24 Annexure A-3).
Number of Rooms
The housing units having one room was 22.9%, whereas, 27.1% had two rooms, 22.1%
had three rooms, 14.5% had four rooms and 13.4%t had five and more than five rooms
(Table A-3.25 Annexure A-3).
Number of Bathrooms / Latrines
The housing units having one bathroom/latrine were 44.7%, whereas, 21.0%, 9.9% had
two and 6.1% had three and more than three bathrooms/latrines respectively. 18.3%
were without this facility (Table A-3.26 Annexure A-3).
Housing Area
The total area of the housing unit varied from one marla to 20 marlas. 8% housing units
were constructed on less than 5 marlas, 3.1%, on 5-10 marlas and 1.1% on 10-20
marlas (Table A-3.27 Annnexure A-3).
Age of Housing Units
Newly constructed (less than 5 years) housing units were 20.6%. The old houses (10.9
%) were constructed more than twenty years ago, whereas, construction age of majority

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(69.1 %) of the housing units was between 5 and 20 years(Table A-3.28 Annexure A-3).
Estimated Value of Housing Units
Almost all the residents were living in self-owned houses. The cost including the cost of
land and construction of the housing units in the Project Area. It varied between less
than Rs.100,000 and Rs.500,000 and above per housing unit. The reported cost seems
to be exaggerated and desired one (Table A-3.29 Annexure A-3).
Separate Rooms for Animals
Generally, a house was divided into two parts; residential area and animal rooms. A
large majority (80 %) of the households had separate animal room and were mostly
(81.3 %) katcha (constructed in mud) (Tables 3.1.30 and Table A-3.31, Annexure-A-3).
Facilities Available in the Housing Units
Electricity and water supply (through springs) was available to 60.7% of the households.
Electricity, water supply and telephone facilities were available in only 2.7% of the
households, whereas, 36.6% household had no such facilities (Table A-3.32, Annexure
A-3).
Fuel Use for Illumination, Lighting, Heating and Cooking
Electricity was available to 62% of the households in the Project Area which was mainly
used for illumination purpose. Wood was the most commonly used material for cooking
of food and heating (100 %) during winter season. Kerosene oil was used for illumination
purpose in 34% of the households. The percentage for each source is obtained on the
total number of respondents i.e. 262. The details are given in (Table A-3.33, Annexure A-
3).
Estimated Cost of Fuel
About 16.8% of the families had to spend up to Rupees 10000 per year for fuel. Whereas
65.7% of the families consumed fuel costing more than Rs 10000. The remaining 17.6%
were collecting firewood free of cost from the nearby jungles (Table A-3.34, Annexure A-
3).
Material Possessions in the Households
Material possession is an important indicator of one’s standard of living. A household
may have only one item costing high price (car, motor cycles, power generator etc) and
also other items costing low price like fan, iron. (Table A-3.35, Annexure A-3) contains
information about different material possessions.
Sources of Water
Main sources of water for drinking were public water supply through springs (40.1 %),
channel (26 %), nullah (22.1 %). Whereas, the sources of water for washing and bathing
being used by 38.6 % was public water supply through springs, 28.6% through channel
and 20.6 % through nullah. More than one source of water is available for agriculture and
livestock (Tables A-3.36 through A-3.38, Annexure A-3).
Evidence of Sale/Purchase of Property
No proper land ownership records are available for the area. Only the principal of natural
successions prevails. The competent authority testifies the ownership on the basis of
personal evidence and length of period of possession. During field visit 96.9% residents
of the area have personal evidence of sale/purchase of land (as recorded), whereas in
only 2.3% cases judicial stamp paper was also used for ownership deed at the time of
sale/purchase of land or property (Tables A-3.39 and A-3.40 , Annexure A-3).

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4.5 Agriculture
Tenancy Status
Majority (62.2 %) of the residents of the reservoir area were owner operator. Whereas,
16.8% were owner-cum-tenants, only 5% were tenants and 16% had no agricultural land
Size of Holdings
Only 34.4% of the farming communities owned more than 10 kanal whereas, majority
49.6% owned land less than 10 kanal (Table A-3.42, Annexure A-3).
Agricultural Implements
Subsistence farming with primitive implements was being carried out in the Reservoir
Area. Oxen were mostly used for farming operations. This is why plough for oxen was
the most commonly (71%) owned and used agricultural implement.16% farmers had no
farming implements (Table A-3.43, Annexure A-3).
Major Crops
Wheat, maize and vegetables were the main (67.6 %) crops grown in the Reservoir
Area. There were two harvests in the area, classified into Kharif (summer) and Rabi
(winter). The most important Kharif crop is maize, whereas, wheat was the major Rabi
crop. Other crops were sown according to season. The percentage for each crop is given
in (Table A-3.44, Annexure A-3).
Cost of Agriculture Land
About 2% of the farmers reported that their agriculture land was worth Rs.100,000 per
kanal. Whereas, majority of the farmers (54.2 %) reported cost ranging between Rs.
150,000 to Rs.200,000 per kanal (Table A-3.45, Annexure A-3).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Seed
Seed of different crops was purchased by 54.2% of the farmers. About 19.5% of them
had to spend up to Rs 1000 per year. Whereas those who spent Rs.1001 to Rs.2000
were 24.8%, while only 9.9% purchased seed costing more than Rs.2000. Own farm
produce seed was used by 29.8%(Table A-3.46, Annexure A-3).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Fertilizer
Significant majority (80.5 %) of the farmers applied chemical fertilizer to their crops.
Those who spent Rs.1000 and less on fertilizer purchase were 16.1%. Whereas, 19.8%
were spending Rs.1001 to Rs.2000 and 44.7% more than Rs.2000 per annum. Farm
yard manure obtained from livestock is also used (Table A-3.47, Annexure A-3).
4.6 Livestock
Animals Holdings
Livestock is an important component of agricultural development because it provides
traction power for agricultural operations. It is also a major source of income. As per
information gathered in the sample survey of the Reservoir Area, livestock population
and its percentage are given in (Table A-3.48, Annexure A-3).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Fodder for Livestock
Source of fodder for about 34.7% of the residents of the area was their own farm
produce, whereas 30.2% and 15.6% of them had to spend up to Rs 6000 and 15.6%
between Rs 6001 and Rs 10,000 per annum. The remaining19.5% spend more than Rs
10000 per year (Table A-3.49, Annexure A-3).

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4.7 Borrowing
Amount Borrowed
Majority (84.7 %) of the residents of the Reservoir Area did not borrow any money during
the preceding year. Money borrowed ranged between less than Rs 25000 to Rs.400000.
Table shows different percentages of the amount borrowed (Table A-3.50, Annexure A-
3).
Sources of Borrowing Money
Among those who borrowed, preferred sources like relatives, (12.6 %) and friends (2.3
%). Only one household got loan from a bank(Table A-3.51, Annexure A-3).
Usages of Borrowed Money
The money borrowed by the residents of the Reservoir Area was mainly (7.3 %) used for
meeting the household needs, while 2.7% got loan for medical treatment (Table A-3.52,
Annexure A-3).
4.8 Dependence on Other Side of the River Indus
About 42.7% of the residents of the Reservoir Area had some sort of dependence on the
resources and residents of the other side of Indus river (Table A-3.53, Annexure A-3).
Table A-3.54, Annexure A-3 shows that 21.8% people had access to KKH, 3.4% had
their family relation there, 16% had to visit the business/trade centers and only 1.5%
was visiting the other side of Indus river for religious, educational and health facilities.
4.9 Resettlement Concerns
4.9.1 Preferential Resettlement Localities
36.3% of the residents of the Reservoir Area desired to move to any place down to the
country (Abbottabad, Islamabad, Lahore etc). Those who wished to be resettled within
the Kohistan District were 21.4%, whereas 13% of them preferred to be resettled at
Dasu. 25.6% did not show any preference (Table A-3.55, Annexure A-3).
4.9.2 Mode of Compensation
Significant majority (93.5 %) of the residents of the area desired that the payments for
compensations against land/houses and other property should be in cash. Alternative
land for land was demanded by (0.8 %) and alternative land and building were
demanded by 5.3 % (Table A-3.56 Annexure A-3).
4.9.3 Knowledge about Construction of Dam
A large majority 84% of the residents of the Reservoir Area had knowledge about the
construction of Dasu Hydropower Project (Table A-3.57, Annexure A-3).
4.10 Commercial Activities
In view of the fact that Dasu Hydropower Project will have an ultimate impact on the
entire economic activity within the Study Area, it was necessary to capture the nature
and volume of the commercial activities to be affected. For that purpose, a detailed
census of all the shops and hotels and other business activities to be affected was
carried out. The profession/business wise inventory has been depicted in (Table A-2.2,

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Annexure A-2). In this regard, out of 30 business holders of the commercial activities,
likely to be affected by the proposed project, 20 were interviewed.
4.10.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops/Driver Hotels
Age
About 85% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only two respondents (10
%) were above 50 years. One of the shopkeepers was below 20 years (Table A-3.58,
Annexure A-3).
Education
The illiterate respondents were 50%. Educated up to secondary level were 25%,
whereas 5% higher secondary, 10% graduates and post graduates and Deeni Uloom
(Religious Knowledge) were 5% each (Table A-3.59, Annexure A-3).
Tribes
Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail, Sheen and Sheeda Khail were 35% , 30% and
15% respectively. Belonging to the other tribes were 5% each (Table A-3.60, Annexure
A-3).
4.10.2 Salient Findings - Shops/Driver Hotels
Ownership of the Shops/Driver Hotels
Ownership status of affected commercial activities of the Reservoir Area as shown in
(Table A-3.61, Annexure A-3) indicates that 45% of the affectees had self owned
structures and rest of the 55 percent were running their business in rented shops.
Occupancy Status
Occupancy status of affected commercial activities of the area as shown in Table 3.2.5
indicates that 80% of affectees had one shop each, 15% had two shops and one
respondent had more than three shops (Table A-3.62, Annexure A-3).
Nature of Business
Different kinds of commercial activities were observed in the area but only affected
commercial points were visited to conduct the survey. The classification of affected
business points is given in (Table A-3.63, Annexure A-3) which reflects that 40% of the
affected shops are general stores/grocery shops while 55% of the affected points are
driver hotels.
Sizes of Shops
55% of the shops were constructed on an area upto 250 sft, whereas, 30% of the shops
were constructed on 251 to 500 sft area. Size between 501 sft to 1000 sft accounted for
15 (Table A-3.64, Annexure A-3).
Nature of Construction
Most of the shops (45 %) were constructed of wood and are katcha, whereas, semi-
pacca, and pucca shops were 10 %, 40 % and 5 % respectively (Table A-3.65, Annexure
A-3).
Estimated value of the Shops/Driver Hotels
The estimated cost of 5% of the shops as reported was up to Rs 100,000. Whereas, the
cost of 35% of the shops was Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000 and same percentage of the
shops was Rs 500,001 and above (Table A-3.66, Annexure A-3).

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Business Experience
The businessmen who had established their business in the year preceding data
collection were 5%. Whereas, 10%, 45% and 40% of the businessmen had established
their business since 2–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years earlier respectively
Estimated Value of Present Stock
The estimated value of the merchandise stock at the time of data collection varied from
less than Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000. 45% of the affected shops/business points
possessed present stock of less than Rs 100,000 value, 35% shops had stock value
from Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000. The values ranging between Rs 200,001 to Rs 300,000
and Rs 300,001 to Rs 400,000 were 10 % and 5 % respectively. While stock of value
ranging from Rs 400,001 to Rs 500,000 belonged to only 5 percent businessmen/shop
holders. Details are given in the (Table A-3.68, Annexure A-3).
Loss of Livelihood
Expected loss/disturbance of livelihood of the commercial manpower has been
measured through survey by counting actual number of workers for all affected
businesses in the Reservoir Area which is shown in (Table A-3.69, Annexure A-3). The
number of persons working on shops varied from 1 to 6 and more. The total number of
workers is 63 as only 20 business points are affected resulting in loss of their livelihood.
Modes of Payments
About 70 % of the businessmen sold their merchandise in cash while 30 % were
practicing both cash and credit modes (Table A-3.70, Annexure A-3).
Average Daily Sales of Goods/Services
The volume of average daily sales ranged between less than Rs 500 and Rs 5000 and
above. The majority (45 %) of daily sales were Rs 5000 and above. Details are given in
Average Daily Profit Earned
Daily profit of 65 percent of the businessmen was up to Rs 1000 per day. Whereas, 10%,
15 % and 10 % of the business men were earning profit / per day between Rs 1001 and
Rs1500, Rs1501 and Rs 2000 and Rs 2001 and above respectively. The detail is given
4.10.3 Residential Hotel
In Reservoir Area only one residential hotel is running business, which will be
submerged during the construction of dam. This hotel building (PTDC Barseen) has
been rented out to a private party for the period of one year by Pakistan Tourism
Development Corporation.
4.11 Village Profile
An interviewing schedule was structured to prepare a comprehensive profile of major
villages that were likely to be submerged due to the proposed construction of dam. There
were also small villages/settlements where the houses were scattered. Total 13
questionnaires were filled in by interviewing notable/elder of each out of 25
villages/settlements of the Reservoir Area. List of respondent’s names (Village Profile) is
given in Table (Table A-2.3, Annexure A-3).

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4.11.1 Characteristics of Respondents
Age
30.8% of the respondents were in the age group of 36 to 40 years. Only 15.4% of the
respondents were more than 50 years of age (Table A-3.73, Annexure A-3).
Education
Significant majority (61.5%) of respondents were illiterate. Educational level of remaining
individuals was in different proportions as shown in (Table A-3.74, Annexure A-3).
4.11.2 Characteristics of Villages
Tribes
Affiliation of the respondents residing in the villages in the area was with the owner tribes
i.e. Bohi Khail, Chalees Khail, Shamat Khail, Sheen, Shalkan Khail, Eiska Khail and
Shukur Khail. As regards non-owner tribes, small number of Soniwal and Gujars were
residing in these villages.
Languages Spoken
Kohistani was the main language spoken in all the villages. Shina, Pashtoo and Urdu
were the other languages spoken in different proportions (Table A-3.75, Annexure A-3).
Accessibility
There were different kinds of accessibilities to villages from KKH. The people of eight
villages (61.5 %) use track, 7.7 %, 23.1 % and 7.7 % use un-metalled road, dolly and
suspension bridge respectively (Table A-3.76, Annexure A-3).
Population of Villages
The population of villages varied from less than 100 to 2000 individuals. The villages
having less than 100 persons were 15.4 %. Whereas remaining 30.8 % of the villages
were populated with 101-200 and 201-300 persons each. Population of village with 301-
400 were 15.4%. Only one village (7.7 %) had population between 1001-2000 persons
(Table A-3.77 Annexure A-3).
Housing Units in the Villages
Number of housing units in the villages varied from 10 to 100. Villages with housing units
up to 50 were 92.3%. Whereas, only one village (7.7 %) was with housing units between
51-100 (Table A-3.78 Annexure A-3).
Educational Facilities
In the social sector, educational facilities are the most important requirement. Given the
level of development in the area, most of the areas are without such facilities.
Government primary schools for boys had been established in 4 villages (30.8 %) of the
area. There was only one Government high School and Deeni Madrassa (Religious
School) for boys in the area. Whereas, there were only three primary schools for girls in
the area. Prejudice exists against female education and most of the respondents were
not in favour of educating the girls (Table A-3.79 and A-3.80, Annexure A-3).
Institutional Facilities
Hospital and basic health unit had been set up only in one village each. Mosques had
been constructed on self help basis and were being maintained by the communities at 12
villages. Banks and post office were non-existing in the villages and were available only
in Dasu (Table A-3.81, Annexure A-3).

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Civic Facilities
Grocery shops selling items of daily household consumption had been set up in the
(23.1 %) of the villages by the villagers. Medical store existed only in one village, Lined
drainage, street light and telephone facilities were not available in any village. Electricity
was available in 76.9% of the villages. Graveyards were being maintained in 69.2% of
the villages (Table A-3.82, Annexure A-3).
Sources of Water
Channels/nullah water was the major source (61.6 %) in the villages. Water supply
system through springs had been set up in 23.1% villages, whereas, spring water was
being used by 15.4% of the residents of the villages in Reservoir area (Table A-3.83,
Annexure A-3).
Common Diseases
Majority of the diseases that commonly occurred in the Reservoir Area were infectious
and water born occurring mainly because of the non availability of safe drinking water,
high habitation density and low quality housing. The diseases like Diahorea, Typhoid,
Goiter, TB and Hepatitis were reported by the respondents.
Child Birth Attendant
Most of the child births took place at homes attended by elderly ladies, who had little or
no formal training. The facility of a trained birth attendant was not available in any of the
villages (Table A-3.84, Annexure A-3).
Ownership Rights
Owner tribes had the full rights to sell/purchase the land/property in the area as reported
by 92.3% of the respondents (Table A-3.85, Annexure A-3).
Influential Persons
Tribal heads were considered influential in the area by 92.3% of the respondents
Dispute Resolution
The disputes relating to property, control of natural resources and other domestic
disputes were mostly (84.6 %) settled by Jirgah. Head of tribes were also involved 15.4
% while resolving these disputes (Table A-3.87, Annexure A-3).
Migrations by Locals
The majority of people of the villages migrated to higher elevations due to hot weather.
They migrate along with animals in the months of May-June and come back in the end of
October (Table A-3.88 and A-3.89, Annexure A-3).
Grains and Livestock Markets
Proper grain and livestock markets were not available in the villages of the area. In
majority (61.5 %) of the cases, the villagers had to go to nearby villages for sale and
purchase of grains/livestock. Different market places are given in (Table A-3.90,
Annexure A-3).
Pressing Needs of Locals
Health, education, safe drinking water, proper electricity, roads, supply of irrigation
water, suspension bridges and sewerage system were the major needs of the area.
Historical Monuments
46 numbers of Rock Carving (Petroglyphs) were existing only in Shatyial. Historical ruins
were non-existent in all the villages of Reservoir Area.

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5. LOWER RIPARIAN AREA-FINDINGS
5.1 Household Sample Survey
The information was collected from 341 heads of the sampled households. Inventory of
the respondent’s names (household sample survey) is given (Table A-2.4, Annexure-A-
2). The results of the studies and findings on the relevant aspects are discussed in the
following sub-sections. Distribution and average family size with regard to
villages/settlements is given in (Table A-4.1, Annexure A-4).
5.1.1 Characteristics of the Heads of the Household
Age
22.9% of the heads of household were in age group of 21 to 30 years. Whereas, 34.6%
of them were in age group of 31 to 40 years and 40.5% were above 40 years age. Only
small percentage (2.1 %) was less than 20 years of age (Table A-4.2, Annexure A-4).
Marital Status
A significant majority (97.9 %) of the respondent were married males. Remaining few
(1.8 %) were un-married and one was widow. Traditionally people are married at an early
age (Table A-4.3, Annexure A-4).
Education
Educational distribution of the respondents is shown in (Table A-4.4, Annexure A-
4).which indicates that among 341 respondents, 9.4% have primary level education,
4.7% have middle level education, 24.3% have secondary level education, 7.6% have
intermediate level education. 3.5 %, 0.6 %, 2.6 % and 1.5 % were educated up to
graduation, post graduation, Deeni Uloom (religious knowledge) and professional
graduate respectively. A good proportion (45.7 %) of the respondents had never been to
school.
Tribes
By virtue of their local tribal origin 94.6 % tribes are considered as the owners of the land
and natural resources like minerals, jungles and cattle rearing of the mountains in the
Project Area. Being non-locals by tribal origin, Pattan, Lohar, Awan and Syed are non
owner tribes. These tribes are without any right to purchase land of the mountains and to
have share in the natural resources. Non-owner tribes constituted 5.4 % (Table A-4.5,
Annexure A-4).
Occupational Status
About (15.0%) of the responses were in the category of farmers,32.8 % were in
trade/business, 34.3 % were serving in different government /private offices and 1.2 %
were engaged in cattle farming. General labors were 7.0% and rest of them were in other
miscellaneous occupations (Table A-4.6, Annexure A-4).
Language Spoken
Kohistani and Shina both were spoken by 74.5 % of the respondents of the area, Only
Kohistani was spoken by 10.6 % and Shina by 15.0 % (Table A-4.7, Annexure A-4).
5.1.2 Household Details
Population and its distribution
Based on the sample survey and information gathered through interviewing the notables
of the area, the population by sex and different age groups has been estimated and sex

A-22
ratio worked out as number of males for every 100 female was 102 (Table A-4.8,
Annexure A-4).
Family Size
Size of the family ranged from between 5 or less and 31 and more members. Large
families are supposedly joint families. 57.8 % have family members between 6 to 10.
Details are given in (Table A-4.9, Annexure A-4).
Family Structure
Generally Nuclear family system (61.0 %) and exogamy (60.4 %) was prevalent in the
lower riparian area. The oldest male member is the head of the family. Other groupings
include the father, son and their families. In decision making, the oldest member
determines the family’s interests and makes decisions with regard to the family (Table A-
4.10, Annexure A-4).
Child Births
Regarding the child births within the households, 41.1 %, 5.9 % and 3.2 % reported one,
two and more than two child births, respectively, whereas, no child births were reported
by 49.9 % (Table A-4.11, Annexure A-4).
Deaths
No deaths were reported within the households by majority 93.3 % of the respondents,
whereas only one death (5.0 %) was reported (Table A-4.12, Annexure A-4).
Causes of Deaths
Different causes of deaths were reported by the respondents. Different diseases which
occurred in the area were Typhoid, during delivery and others (Table A-4.13, Annexure
A-4).
School Going Children
Out of the male children of school going age in the households 75.7% were going to
school, whereas, 56% of the females were reportedly attending school in the lower
riparian area (Tables A-4.14 and A-4, 15, Annexure A-4).
Vocational / Technical Skills
Majority (92.7%) of the males of the sampled households did not have any specific
vocational skill, while others were trained as vehicle driver, carpenter, mason, computer
operator, electrician and tailors (Table A-4.16, Annexure A-4).
Aspired Vocational Skills for Family Members
The only aspired vocational skill for the female members was tailoring/embroidery (31.1
%). Most (92.4 %) of the respondents did not prefer any vocational skill for their male
members, whereas the rest desired that the male members should be trained as tailors,
vehicle driver, mechanic, medical and electrician(Table A-4.17, Annexure A-4).
Sources of Income
Agriculture provides income and work for (36.9 %) of the households of the lower
riparian area. Other major sources were trade (15.5 %), service (22.0 %), labor (7.0 %)
and others (Table A-4.18, Annexure A-4).
Monthly Family Income
Monthly income of 3.2% of the households was less than Rs. 3000, whereas,
9.7% were earning between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 19.4% were between Rs.5001 and
7000, 19.1% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000,18.5%t between Rs.9001 and
Rs.11000,(5.3 %) were between Rs.11001 and 13000 and 25% were earning Rs.13001

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and above (Table A-4.19, Annexure A-4).
Monthly Family Expenditure
2.9% of the households were spending less than Rs. 3000, whereas, the monthly
expenditure of 12.9% were between Rs.3001 and Rs.5000, 23.5% were between
Rs.5001 and 7000, 20.2% between Rs. 7001 and Rs. 9000, 16.1% between Rs.9001
and Rs.11000 and 24.4% spend Rs.11001 and above (Table A-4.20, Annexure A-4).
Modes of Payments
67.4 % of the households were purchasing their monthly household items in cash,
whereas 32.6% were purchasing on credit/deferred payment (Table A-4.21, Annexure A-
4).
5.1.3 Housing Characteristics
Ownership of House
During the field visit of the lower riparian area it was observed that among 341
respondents interviewed 98.2% houses were self owned (Table A-4.22, Annexure A-4).
Nature of Houses
33.7% of the houses were reported to be katcha (mud), whereas, 18.8% of the houses
were semi-pacca and 47.5% were pacca (Table A-4.23., Annexure A-4).
Number of Rooms
The housing units having one room were 15.0%, whereas, 33.4% were having two
rooms, 20.5% having three rooms, 15.0% having four rooms and 16.1% having five and
more than five rooms(Table A-4.24, Annexure A-4).
Number of Bathrooms / Latrines
The housing units having one bathroom/latrine were 35.8%, whereas, 37.8% have two
10.3% have three and 11.7% have more than three bathrooms/latrines. 4.4% are without
this facility (Table A-25., Annexure A-4).
Housing Area
The total area of the housing unit varied from one marla to 20 marlas. 1.5% housing
units were constructed on less than 5 marlas, whereas, 0.9% housing units were on 5-10
marlas and 0.9% were on 10-20 marlas (Table A-4.26, Annexure A-4).
Age of Housing Units
Newly constructed (less than 5 years) housing units were 19.1%. The old houses (10.6
%) were constructed more than twenty years ago, whereas, construction age of majority
(70.4 %) of the housing units was from 5 to less than 20 years (Table A-4.27, Annexure
A-4).
Estimated Value of Housing Units
Almost all the residents were living in self-owned houses. The total cost including the
cost of land and construction of the housing units in the lower riprian area as reported
are given in the table. It varied from less than Rs.100, 000 to Rs.500, 000 and above per
housing unit (Table A-4.28, Annexure A-4).
Separate rooms for Animals
Generally, a house was divided into two parts; residential area and animal room. A large
majority (75 %) of the households had separate animal room and were mostly (74.2 %)
katcha (mud) rooms (Table A-4.29 and A-4-30, Annexure A-4).

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Facilities Available in the Housing Units
Electricity and water supply (through springs) was available in 84.7% of the households.
Electricity, water supply and telephone facilities were available in only 12.3% of the
households in the area, whereas, 2.9% had no such facilities (Table A-4.31, Annexure A-
4).
Fuel Use for Illumination, Lighting, Heating and Cooking
Electricity was available in 96.5% of the households in the lower riparian area which was
mainly used for illumination purpose. Wood was the most commonly used material for
cooking of food and heating during winter season. The details are given in (Table A-4.32,
Annexure A-4).
Estimated Cost of Fuel
3.8% of the families had to spend up to Rupees 10000 per year for fuel. Where as 96.2%
of the families consumed fuel costing more than Rupees 10000 (Table A-4.33, Annexure
A-4).
Material Possessions of the Households
Material possession is an important indicator of one’s standard of living. A household
may have only one item costing high price (car, motor cycles, power generator etc) and
also other items like fan, iron costing low price. (Table A-4.34, Annexure A-4) contains
information about different material possessions.
Sources of Water
Main sources of water for drinking were public water supply through spring (84.8 %),
spring (10.9 %),channel (2.1 %) and nullah (1.5 %), Whereas, the sources of water for
washing and bathing being used by (84.8 %) was public water supply through springs,
(2.6%) channel and (1.5 %) through nullah. Major source of water for agriculture and
livestock was channel (53.4 %) (Tables A-4.35 through A-4.37, Annexure A-4).
Evidence of Sale/Purchase of Property
No proper land ownership records are available for the area. During field visit 75.1%
residents of the area have personal evidence of sale/purchase of land was recorded,
whereas only 16.4% cases judicial stamp paper was also used for recording a deed at
the time of sale/purchase of land or property (Tables A-4.38 and A-4.39, Annexure A-4).
5.2 Agriculture
Tenancy Status
Majority (42.8 %) of the residents of the lower riparian area were owner operator.
Whereas, 10.9% were owner-cum-tenants, only 12.9% were tenants and 33.1% had no
agricultural land (Table A-4.40, Annexure A-4).
Size of Holdings
Only 30.5% of the farming communities owned more than 10 kanal whereas, majority
36.8% owned land less than 10 kanal of land (Table A-4.41, Annexure A-4).
Agricultural Implements
Subsistence farming with primitive implements was being practiced in the lower riparian
area. Oxen were mostly used for farming operations. This is why plough for oxen was
the most commonly (39.3%) owned and used as agricultural implement.17% farmers had
no implements (Table A-4.42, Annexure A-4).
Major Crops
Wheat, Maize and Vegetable were the main (58.9 %) crops grown in the lower riparian

A-25
area. There are also two harvests in the area, classified into Kharif (summer) and Rabi
(winter). The most important kharif crop is maize, whereas, wheat is the major Rabi crop.
Other crops are sown according to season (Table A-4.43, Annexure A-4).
Cost of Agriculture Land
Only one percent of the farmers reported their agriculture land was worth Rs.100,000 per
kanal. Whereas,11.4 % of the farmers reported cost ranging between Rs. 100,000 and
Rs.200, 000 and 54.6% between Rs 200,001 and Rs. 350,000 (Table A-4.44, Annexure
A-4).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Seed
Seed of different crops was purchased by 56.0% of the farmers. 9.7% of them had to
spend up to Rs 1000 per year. Whereas those who spent Rs.1001 to Rs.2000 were
12.6%, while only 14.7% purchased seed costing more than Rs.2000. Own farm produce
seed was used by 29.9% (Table A-4.45, Annexure A-4).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Fertilizer
Significant majority (56 %) of the farmers applied chemical fertilizer to their crops. Those
who spent Rs.1000 and less on fertilizer purchase were 11.4% .Whereas, 15.2% were
spending Rs.1001 and Rs.2000 and 29.3% more than Rs.2000 (Table A-4.46, Annexure
A-4).
5.3 Livestock
Animals Holdings
As per information gathered in the sample survey of the lower riparian area, livestock
population and its percentage are given in (Table A-4.47, Annexure A-4).
Estimated Yearly Cost of Fodder for Livestock
Source of fodder for about 26.4% of the residents of the area was their own farm
produce, whereas 14.4% and 14.7% of them had to spend up to Rs 6000 and 14.7% had
to spend between Rs 6001 and Rs 10000 respectively. While the remaining 44.6 %
spend more than Rs 10000 (Table A-4.48, Annexure A-4).
5.4 Borrowing
Amount Borrowed
Majority (90.6 %) of the residents of the lower riparian area did not borrow any money
during the preceding year. Money borrowrd ranged between less than Rs 25000 to
Rs.400000 and above. Table shows the different percentages of the amount borrowed
Source of Borrowing Money
Among those who borrowed, preferred sources like relatives (5.9 %) and friends (2.1 %).
Only four household got loan from a bank (Table A-4.50, Annexure A-4).
Usages of Borrowed Money
The money borrowed by the residents of the area was mainly (4.7 %) used for meeting
the household needs, while 1.8% got loan for medical treatment (Table A-4.51, Annexure
A-4).
Knowledge about Construction of Dasu Project
A large majority 92% of the residents of the lower Riparian area had know about the
construction of Dasu Hydropower Project (Table A-4.52, Annexure A-4).

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5.5 Commercial Activities - Shops
A sample survey of commercial activities was carried out in the lower riparian area. The
inventory is given in (Table A-2.5, Annexure A-2) and general findings are given below.
5.5.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Shops
Age
91% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only thirteen respondents 9 %
were above 50 years (Table A-4.53, Annexure A-4).
Education
The illiterate respondents were 35.3%. Educated up to secondary level were 35.3 %,
whereas, 17.6% were graduates (Table A-5.4., Annexure A-4).
Tribes
Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail, Sheen and Sheeda Khail were 24.4% Other
tribes in the business are given in (Table A-4.55, Annexure A-4).
5.5.2 Shops - Findings
Ownership of the Shops
Ownership status of commercial activities of the lower riparian area as shown in (Table
A-4.56, Annexure A-4) indicates that 21% were having self owned structures and rest of
the 79% were running their business in rented shops.
Occupancy Status
Occupancy status of commercial activities of the area as shown in (Table A-4.57,
Annexure A-4) indicates that 65.5% were having one shop each, 16.9 percent have two
shops and 17.6 % respondents had three and more than three shops.
Nature of Business
Different kinds of commercial activities were observed in the area. The classification of
business points given in (Table A-4.58, Annexure A-4) reflects that 34.5% of the shops
are general stores/grocery shops. While 65.5% of business points are of different nature.
Sizes of Shops
72% of the shops were constructed on an area 250 sft and less, whereas, 20% of the
shops were constructed on 251 to 500 sft area. Size between 501 sft and 1000 sft
accounted for 5 % of the shops (Table A-4.59, Annexure A-4).
Nature of Construction
Most of the shops 77.7 % were pucca, whereas, semi-pucca, katcha and constructed
with wood were 5.4 %, 3.4 % and 13.5 % respectively (Table A-4.60, Annexure A-4).
Estimated Value of the Shops
The estimated cost of 9.5% of the business activities as reported was up to Rs 100,000.
Whereas , the cost of 6.1% of the shops was Rs 100,001 and Rs 200,000 and 25.1% of
the shops was between Rs 200,001, Rs 500,000, 59.5% were Rs 500,001 and
above(Table A-4.61, Annexure A-4).
Business Experience
collection were 3.4%. Whereas, 29.1%, 25.0% and 41.2% of the businessmen had
established their business since 1–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years

A-27
respectively (Table A-4.62, Annexure A-4).
Estimated Value of Present Stock
The estimated value of the merchandise stock at the time of data collection varied from
less than Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000 and above. 31.8% of the shops/business points
possessed present stock of less than Rs 100,000 value, 27% shops had stock value
from Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000. The values ranging between Rs 200,001 and Rs
300,000 and Rs 300,001 and Rs 400,000 were 4.7 % and 12.8 % respectively. While
stock value ranging from Rs 400,001 to Rs Rs 500,000 were 6.8% and 16.2%
businessmen/shop holders were above Rs 500,000. Details are given in the (Table A-
Number of Persons Working on Business Activities
Commercial manpower has been estimated through survey by counting actual number of
workers in the lower riparian area which is shown in (Table A-4.64, Annexure A-4). The
number of persons working on shops varied from 1 to 6 and above.
Modes of Payments
70% of the businessmen sold their merchandise in cash while 39.9 % were practicing
both cash and credit modes (Table A-4.65, Annexure A-4).
Average Daily Sales of Goods/Services
The volume of average daily sales ranged between less than Rs 500 to Rs 5000 and
above. The majority 26.4 % of daily sales were Rs 5000 and above. Details are given in
Average Daily Profit Earned
Average daily profit of 61.5% of the businessmen was up to Rs 1000. Whereas, 7.4%,
5.4 % and 8.1 % of the business men were earning profit / per day between Rs 1001 to
Rs1500, Rs1501 and Rs 2000 and Rs 2001 and above respectively. The detail is given
5.6 Commercial Activities - Residential Hotels
For the purpose, a detailed census of residential hotels and a sample survey was carried
out. The inventory is given in (Table A-2.6, Annexure A-2).
5.6.1 Characteristics of the Owners of Hotels
Age
88.2% of the shopkeepers were less than 50 years old. Only two respondents 12 % were
above 50 years (Table A-4.68, Annexure A-4).
Education
The illiterate respondents accounted for 35.3%. Educated up to secondary level 47.1%,
whereas 17.6% were graduates (Table A-4.69, Annexure A-4).
Tribes
Businessmen belonging to Shamat Khail were 41.2%. Details for other tribes are given in
5.6.2 Hotels - Findings
Number of Rooms
Number of rooms available in the hotels is given in (Table A-4.71, Annexure A-4) which

A-28
indicates that majority of hotels 41.2% were having 11-15 rooms.
Sizes of Hotels
35% of the hotels were constructed on an area of one kanal or less, whereas, 23.5 % of
the hotels were constructed on 1 to 2 kanals. Other details are given in (Table A-4.72,
Annexure A-4).
Numbers of Floors
Most of the hotels 70.6 % were having double floor, whereas, single floor hotels were
29.4% (Table A-4.73, Annexure A-4).
Estimated value of Plots of the Hotels
The estimated cost of 17.6% of the plots of hotel as reported, ranged between Rs
500,001 and Rs 1,000,000 whereas, the cost of 5.9% of the land was Rs 1,500,001 to
Rs 2,000,000 while 76.5% of the hotels land valued Rs 2,500,001 and above(Table A-
Estimated value of Building of the Hotels
The estimated cost of 11.8% of the buildings of hotels as reported ranged between Rs
500, 000 and less whereas, the cost of 17.6% of the building was Rs 500,001 to Rs
1,000,000 building cost of and 47.1% of the hotels was Rs 5,000,001 and above (Table
A-4.75, Annexure A-4).
Estimated value of Fixtures in the Hotels
The estimated cost of the fixtures in17.6% hotels was Rs 200,000 and less. Whereas ,
the cost of 23.5% was Rs 200,001 to Rs 400,000 and cost of the fixtures of 41.2%
hotels was Rs 400,001 to 600,000 while the cost of 17.6% was Rs 600,001 and above
Estimated value of Other Items in the Hotels
The estimated cost of other items in 11.8% of the hotels was Rs 100,000 and less.
Whereas, the cost of 5.9% was Rs 100,001 to Rs 200,000 while 82.4% had no such
items (Table A-4.77, Annexure A-4).
Components Available in the Hotels
The number of components i.e. kitchen, dining hall, restaurant, reception etc available in
hotel business was assessed. As per information gathered from sample survey, only
5.9% had components like reception, dinning hall, kitchen and provision of shops in the
hotels, whereas three hotels 17.6 % had only kitchen (Table A-4.78, Annexure A-4).
Facilities Available in the Rooms of the Hotels
A survey about different facilities available i.e. attached bath, fans, air cooler, hot water,
telephone etc available in the rooms of the hotels was conducted. The majority of hotels
47.1 % had attached baths, telephone, hot water and electric facilities available with the
rooms (Table A-4.79, Annexure A-4).
Number of Clients
Numbers of clients who avail the room facilities in winter and summer seasons were
recorded during the field visit and recorded in (Table A-4.80 and A-4.81, Annexure A-4).
Room Rent per Day in the Hotels
Different slabs of room rent were charged for single bed room and double bed room by
hotel management. Room rents per day in rupees are given in(Table A-4.82 and A-4.83,
Annexure A-4).

A-29
Business Experience
collection were 5.9%. Whereas, 47.1%, 11.8% and 35.3% of the businessmen had
established their business since 1–5 years,6-10 years and more than 10 years
respectively (Table A-4.84, Annexure A-4).
Number of Persons Working on Business Activities
Manpower working on business activities was estimated through survey by counting
actual number of workers in the lower riparian area which is shown in (Table A-4.85,
Annexure A-4). The number of persons working with hotels varied from 1 to 16 and
above.
Average Monthly Profit Earned
Average monthly profit of 35.4% of the businessmen was up to Rs 50,000 per month.
Whereas, 23.5%, 41.2% of the owners of the hotels were earning profit / per month
Rs 50,001 to Rs75, 000 and Rs 75,001 and above respectively. The detail is given in
5.7 Village Profile
Questionnaires given in Table 5 were filled in by interviewing one respondent each of the
5 out of 7 villages/settlements of the lower riparian area. A list of respondent’s names
(Village Profile) is given in Table A-2.7, Annexure A-2.
5.7.1 Characteristics of Respondents
Age
About 20% each of the respondents were of the age group of 31 to 35 and 36 to 40
years. Majority 60 percent of the respondents were 41 to 45 years of age (Table A-4.87,
Annexure A-4).
Education
All respondents were educated and not less than secondary level. The education level
was in different proportions as shown in (Table A-4.88, Annexure A-4).
5.7.2 Characteristics of Villages
Tribes
Affiliation of the respondents residing in the villages in the area was with the owner tribes
i.e. Eiskal, Shamat Khail, Boot Khail and Jalkoti. As regards non-owner tribes, small
number of Pattans were residing in these villages.
Languages Spoken
Kohistani and Shina were the main languages spoken almost in all the villages. Pashtoo
and Urdu were the other languages spoken in different proportions (Table A-4.89,
Annexure A-4).
Accessibility
There were different kinds of accessibilities to village from KKH. The people of two
villages 20% used track. Whereas 20 % and 40% were used un-metalled and metalled
roads (Table A-4.90, Annexure A-4).
Population of Villages
The population of villages varied from less than 200 to 5000 and above individuals. The
villages having population between 201 to 300 persons were 20 %.Whereas 20 % of the

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