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VoIP Wars : Return of the SIP
Fatih Özavcı
Security Consultant @ Sense of Security (Australia)
www.senseofsecurity.com.au @fozavci
2
# whois
● Security Consultant @ Sense of Security (Australia)
● 10+ Years Experience in Penetration Testing
● 800+ Penetration Tests, 40+ Focused on NGN/VoIP
– SIP/NGN/VoIP Systems Penetration Testing
– Mobile Application Penetration Testing
– IPTV Penetration Testing
– Regular Stuff (Network Inf., Web, SOAP, Exploitation...)
● Author of Viproy VoIP Penetration Testing Kit
● Author of Hacking Trust Relationships Between SIP Gateways
● Blackhat Arsenal USA 2013 – Viproy VoIP Pen-Test Kit
● So, that's me
Viproy in Action
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vDTujNVKGM
4
# traceroute
●
VoIP Networks are Insecure, but Why?
● Basic Attacks
– Discovery, Footprinting, Brute Force
– Initiating a Call, Spoofing, CDR and Billing Bypass
●
SIP Proxy Bounce Attack
● Fake Services and MITM
– Fuzzing Servers and Clients, Collecting Credentials
● (Distributed) Denial of Service
– Attacking SIP Soft Switches and SIP Clients, SIP Amplification Attack
● Hacking Trust Relationships of SIP Gateways
● Attacking SIP Clients via SIP Trust Relationships
● Fuzzing in Advance
● Out of Scope
– RTP Services and Network Tests, Management
– Additional Services
– XML/JSON Based Soap Services
5
# info
● SIP – Session Initiation Protocol
– Only Signalling, not for Call Transporting
– Extended with Session Discovery Protocol
● NGN – Next Generation Network
– Forget TDM and PSTN
– SIP, H.248 / Megaco, RTP, MSAN/MGW
– Smart Customer Modems & Phones
– Easy Management
– Security is NOT a Concern?!
● Next Generation! Because We Said So!
6
# SIP Services : Internal IP Telephony
INTERNET
SIP Server
Support Servers
SIP Clients
Factory/Campus
SIP over VPN
Commercial
Gateways
Analog/Digital PBX
7
# SIP Services : Commercial Services
INTERNETSoft Switch
(SIP Server)
VAS, CDR, DB Servers
MSAN/MGW
PSTN/ISDN Distributed
MPLS
3rd Party
Gateways
SDP Servers
Customers
RTP, Proxy
Servers
Mobile
8
# Administrators Think... Root Doesn't!
● Their VoIP Network Isolated
– Open Physical Access, Weak VPN or MPLS
● Abusing VoIP Requires Knowledge
– With Viproy, That's No Longer The Case!
● Most Attacks are Network Based or Toll Fraud
– DOS, DDOS, Attacking Mobile Clients, Spying
– Phishing, Surveliance, Abusing VAS Services
● VoIP Devices are Well-Configured
– Weak Passwords, Old Software, Vulnerable Protocols
9
# Viproy What?
● Viproy is a Vulcan-ish Word that means "Call"
● Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit
– Testing Modules for Metasploit, MSF License
– Old Techniques, New Approach
– SIP Library for New Module Development
– Custom Header Support, Authentication Support
– New Stuff for Testing: Trust Analyzer, Bounce Scan, Proxy etc
● Modules
– Options, Register, Invite, Message
– Brute Forcers, Enumerator
– SIP Trust Analyzer, Service Scanner
– SIP Proxy, Fake Service, DDOS Tester
10
# Basic Attacks
● We are looking for...
– Finding and Identifying SIP Services and Purposes
– Discovering Available Methods and Features
– Discovering SIP Software and Vulnerabilities
– Identifying Valid Target Numbers, Users, Realm
– Unauthenticated Registration (Trunk, VAS, Gateway)
– Brute Forcing Valid Accounts and Passwords
– Invite Without Registration
– Direct Invite from Special Trunk (IP Based)
– Invite Spoofing (After or Before Registration, Via Trunk)
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Could Automate Discovery
11
# Basic Attacks
Discovery
OPTIONS / REGISTER / INVITE / SUBSCRIBE
100 Trying
200 OK
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
Collecting Information from Response Headers
➔ User-Agent
➔ Server
➔ Realm
➔ Call-ID
➔ Record-Route
➔
➔ Warning
➔ P-Asserted-Identity
➔ P-Called-Party-ID
➔ P-Preferred-Identity
➔ P-Charging-Vector
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
Clients
Gateways
12
# Basic Attacks
Register
REGISTER / SUBSCRIBE (From, To, Credentials)
200 OK
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
RESPONSE Depends on Informations in REQUEST
➔ Type of Request (REGISTER, SUBSCRIBE)
➔ FROM, TO, Credentials with Realm
➔ Via
Actions/Tests Depends on RESPONSE
➔ Brute Force (FROM, TO, Credentials)
➔ Detecting/Enumerating Special TOs, FROMs or Trunks
➔ Detecting/Enumerating Accounts With Weak or Null Passwords
➔ ….
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
Clients
Gateways
13
# Basic Attacks
● this isn't the call you're looking for
● We are attacking for...
– Free Calling, Call Spoofing
– Free VAS Services, Free International Calling
– Breaking Call Barriers
– Spoofing with...
● Via Field, From Field
● P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID, P-Preferred-Identity
● ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID
– Bypass with...
● P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating)
● Re-Invite, Update (Without/With P-Charging-Vector)
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Supports Custom Headers
14
# Basic Attacks
Invite, CDR and Billing Tests
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
Clients
Gateways
INVITE/ACK/RE-INVITE/UPDATE (From, To, Credentials, VIA ...)
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
Actions/Tests Depends on RESPONSE
➔ Brute Force (FROM&TO) for VAS and Gateways
➔ Testing Call Limits, Unauthenticated Calls, CDR Management
➔ INVITE Spoofing for Restriction Bypass, Spying, Invoice
➔ ….
100 Trying
183 Session Progress
180 Ringing
200 OK
RESPONSE Depends on Informations in INVITE REQUEST
➔ FROM, TO, Credentials with Realm, FROM <>, TO <>
➔ Via, Record-Route
➔ Direct INVITE from Specific IP:PORT (IP Based Trunks)
15
# SIP Proxy Bounce Attack
● SIP Proxies Redirect Requests to Other SIP Servers
– We Can Access Them via SIP Proxy then We Can Scan
– We Can Scan Inaccessible Servers
– URI Field is Useful for This Scan
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a UDP Port Scan Module
16
# SIP Proxy Bounce Attack
The Wall
192.168.1.145 – Izmir
Production SIP Service
192.168.1.146
Ankara
White Walker
192.168.1.201
Adana
How Can We Use It?
● SIP Trust Relationship Attacks
● Attacking Inaccessible Servers
● Attacking SIP Software
– Software Version, Type
17
# Fake Services and MITM
● We Need a Fake Service
– Adding a Feature to Regular SIP Client
– Collecting Credentials
– Redirecting Calls
– Manipulating CDR or Billing Features
– Fuzzing Servers and Clients for Vulnerabilities
● Fake Service Should be Semi-Automated
– Communication Sequence Should be Defined
– Sending Bogus Request/Result to Client/Server
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a SIP Proxy and Fake Service
● Fuzzing Support of Fake Service is in Development Stage
18
# Fake Services and MITM
Usage of Proxy & Fake Server Features
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
● Use ARP Spoof & VLAN Hopping & Manual Config
● Collect Credentials, Hashes, Information
● Change Client's Request to Add a Feature (Spoofing etc)
● Change the SDP Features to Redirect Calls
● Add a Proxy Header to Bypass Billing & CDR
● Manipulate Request at Runtime to find BOF Vulnerabilities
Clients
19
# DOS – It's Not Service, It's Money
● Locking All Customer Phones and Services for Blackmail
● Denial of Service Vulnerabilities of SIP Services
– Many Responses for Bogus Requests → DDOS
– Concurrent Registered User/Call Limits
– Voice Message Box, CDR, VAS based DOS Attacks
– Bye And Cancel Tests for Call Drop
– Locking All Accounts if Account Locking is Active for Multiple Fails
● Multiple Invite (After or Before Registration, Via Trunk)
– Calling All Numbers at Same Time
– Overloading SIP Server's Call Limits
– Calling Expensive Gateways,Targets or VAS From Customers
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a few DOS Features
20
# DDOS – All Your SIP Gateways Belong to Us !
● SIP Amplification Attack
+ SIP Servers Send Errors Many Times (10+)
+ We Can Send IP Spoofed Packets
+ SIP Servers Send Responses to Victim
=> 1 packet for 10+ Packets, ICMP Errors (Bonus)
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a PoC DDOS Module
● Can we use SIP Server's Trust ? -wait for it-
21
# DDOS – All Your SIP Gateways Belong to Us!
The Wall
192.168.1.201 – Izmir
Production SIP Service
192.168.1.202 – Ankara
Production SIP Service
Citadel
IP Spoofed Call Request
White Walker
The Wall
192.168.1.203 – Adana
Production SIP Service
22
# Hacking SIP Trust Relationships
● NGN SIP Services Trust Each Other
– Authentication and TCP are Slow, They Need Speed
– IP and Port Based Trust are Most Effective Way
● What We Need
– Target Number to Call (Cell Phone if Service is Public)
– Tech Magazine, Web Site Information, News
● Baby Steps
– Finding Trusted SIP Networks (Mostly B Class)
– Sending IP Spoofed Requests from Each IP:Port
– Each Call Should Contain IP:Port in "From" Section
– If We Have a Call, We Have The Trusted SIP Gateway IP and Port
– Brace Yourselves The Call is Coming
23
The Wall
# Hacking SIP Trust Relationships
Slow Motion
192.168.1.201 – Izmir
Production SIP Service
Ankara Istanbul
International Trusted Operator
IP Spoofed Call Request
Contains IP:Port Data in From
White Walker
24
# Hacking SIP Trust Relationships
Brace Yourselves, The Call is Coming
192.168.1.201 – Izmir
Production SIP Service
White Walker
Ankara Istanbul
International Trusted Operator
IP Spoofed Call Request
Somebody Known in From
Come Again?
● Billing ?
● CDR ?
● Log ?
From
Citadel
The Wall
25
# Hacking SIP Trust Relationships – Business Impact
● Denial of Service
– Short Message Service and Billing
– Calling All Numbers at Same Time
– Overloading SIP Server's Call Limits
– Overloading VAS Service or International Limits
– Overloading CDR Records with Spoofed Calls
● Attacking a Server Software
– Crashing/Exploiting Inaccesible Features
– Call Redirection (working on it, not yet :/)
● Attacking a Client?
– Next Slide!
26
# Attacking a Client via SIP Trust Relationships
● SIP Server Redirects a few Fields to Client
– FROM, FROM NAME, Contact
– Other Fields Depend on Server (SDP, MIME etc)
● Clients Have Buffer Overflow in FROM?
– Send 2000 Chars to Test it !
– Crash it or Execute your Command if Available
● Clients Trust SIP Servers and Trust is UDP Based
– This module can be used for Trust Between Client and Server
● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit SIP Trust Module
– Simple Fuzz Support (FROM=FUZZ 2000)
– You Can Modify it for Further Attacks
27
# Attacking a Client via SIP Trust Relationships
Brace Yourselves 550 Chars are Coming
192.168.1.201 – Izmir
Production SIP Service
White Walker
Ankara Istanbul
International Trusted Operator
IP Spoofed Call Request
550 Chars in From
CRASSSSH!
● Command?
● Why Not!
Bogus Invite
Request
The Wall
The Wall
AdorePhone Iphone App
28
# Fuzz Me Maybe
● Fuzzing as a SIP Client | SIP Server | Proxy | MITM
● SIP Server Software
● SIP Clients
– Hardware Devices, IP Phones, Video Conference Systems
– Desktop Application or Web Based Software
– Mobile Software
● Special SIP Devices/Software
– SIP Firewalls, ACL Devices, Proxies
– Connected SIP Trunks, 3rd Party Gateways
– MSAN/MGW
– Logging Software (Indirect)
– Special Products: Cisco, Alcatel, Avaya, Huawei, ZTE...
29
# Old School Fuzzing
● Request Fuzzing
– SDP Features
– MIME Type Fuzzing
● Response Fuzzing
– Authentication, Bogus Messages, Redirection
● Static vs Stateful
● How about Smart Fuzzing
– Missing State Features (ACK,PHRACK,RE-INVITE,UPDATE)
– Fuzzing After Authentication (Double Account, Self-Call)
– Response Fuzzing (Before or After Authentication)
– Missing SIP Features (IP Spoofing for SIP Trunks, Proxy Headers)
– Numeric Fuzzing for Services is NOT Memory Corruption
– Dial Plan Fuzzing, VAS Fuzzing
30
# How Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Helps Fuzzing Tests
● Skeleton for Feature Fuzzing, NOT Only SIP Protocol
● Multiple SIP Service Initiation
– Call Fuzzing in Many States, Response Fuzzing
● Integration With Other Metasploit Features
– Fuzzers, Encoding Support, Auxiliaries, Immortality etc.
● Custom Header Support
– Future Compliance, Vendor Specific Extensions, VAS
● Raw Data Send Support (Useful with External Static Tools)
● Authentication Support
– Authentication Fuzzing, Custom Fuzzing with Authentication
● Less Code, Custom Fuzzing, State Checks
● Some Features (Fuzz Library, SDP) are Coming Soon
31
# Fuzzing SIP Services
Request Based
OPTIONS/REGISTER/SUBSCRIBE/INVITE/ACK/RE-INVITE/UPDATE....
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
Gateways
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
Fuzzing Targets, REQUEST Fields
➔ Request Type, Protocol, Description
➔ Via, Branch, Call-ID, From, To, Cseq, Contact, Record-Route
➔ Proxy Headers, P-*-* (P-Asserted-Identity, P-Charging-Vector...)
➔ Authentication in Various Requests (User, Pass, Realm, Nonce)
➔ Content-Type, Content-Lenth
➔ SDP Information Fields
➔ ISUP Fields
100 Trying
183 Session Progress
180 Ringing
200 OK
Clients
32
# Fuzzing SIP Services
Response Based
OPTIONS
Soft Switch
(SIP Server)
Gateways
INVITE/ACK
401 Unauthorized
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
100 Trying
183 Session Progress
180 Ringing
200 OK
INVITE Myself / INVITE I'm Proxy
MALICOUS RESPONSE
MALICOUS RESPONSE
Potential RESPONSE Types for Fuzzing
Clients
SIP Bounce Attack, Hacking SIP Trust, Attacking Mobile Apps
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSg3tAkh5gA
34
References
● Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit
Author : http://viproy.com/fozavci
Homepage : http://viproy.com/voipkit
Github : http://www.github.com/fozavci/viproy-voipkit
● Attacking SIP Servers Using Viproy VoIP Kit (50 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbXh_L0-Y5A
● Hacking Trust Relationships Between SIP Gateways (PDF)
http://viproy.com/files/siptrust.pdf
● VoIP Pen-Test Environment – VulnVoIP
http://www.rebootuser.com/?cat=371
35
Special Thanks to...
Special Ones
● Konca Ozavci
● Kadir Altan
● Anil Pazvant
Suggestions & Guidelines & Support
● Paul Henry
● Mark Collier
● Jason Olstrom
● Jesus Perez Rubio
Q ?
Thanks

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VoIP Wars : Return of the SIP

  • 1. VoIP Wars : Return of the SIP Fatih Özavcı Security Consultant @ Sense of Security (Australia) www.senseofsecurity.com.au @fozavci
  • 2. 2 # whois ● Security Consultant @ Sense of Security (Australia) ● 10+ Years Experience in Penetration Testing ● 800+ Penetration Tests, 40+ Focused on NGN/VoIP – SIP/NGN/VoIP Systems Penetration Testing – Mobile Application Penetration Testing – IPTV Penetration Testing – Regular Stuff (Network Inf., Web, SOAP, Exploitation...) ● Author of Viproy VoIP Penetration Testing Kit ● Author of Hacking Trust Relationships Between SIP Gateways ● Blackhat Arsenal USA 2013 – Viproy VoIP Pen-Test Kit ● So, that's me
  • 4. 4 # traceroute ● VoIP Networks are Insecure, but Why? ● Basic Attacks – Discovery, Footprinting, Brute Force – Initiating a Call, Spoofing, CDR and Billing Bypass ● SIP Proxy Bounce Attack ● Fake Services and MITM – Fuzzing Servers and Clients, Collecting Credentials ● (Distributed) Denial of Service – Attacking SIP Soft Switches and SIP Clients, SIP Amplification Attack ● Hacking Trust Relationships of SIP Gateways ● Attacking SIP Clients via SIP Trust Relationships ● Fuzzing in Advance ● Out of Scope – RTP Services and Network Tests, Management – Additional Services – XML/JSON Based Soap Services
  • 5. 5 # info ● SIP – Session Initiation Protocol – Only Signalling, not for Call Transporting – Extended with Session Discovery Protocol ● NGN – Next Generation Network – Forget TDM and PSTN – SIP, H.248 / Megaco, RTP, MSAN/MGW – Smart Customer Modems & Phones – Easy Management – Security is NOT a Concern?! ● Next Generation! Because We Said So!
  • 6. 6 # SIP Services : Internal IP Telephony INTERNET SIP Server Support Servers SIP Clients Factory/Campus SIP over VPN Commercial Gateways Analog/Digital PBX
  • 7. 7 # SIP Services : Commercial Services INTERNETSoft Switch (SIP Server) VAS, CDR, DB Servers MSAN/MGW PSTN/ISDN Distributed MPLS 3rd Party Gateways SDP Servers Customers RTP, Proxy Servers Mobile
  • 8. 8 # Administrators Think... Root Doesn't! ● Their VoIP Network Isolated – Open Physical Access, Weak VPN or MPLS ● Abusing VoIP Requires Knowledge – With Viproy, That's No Longer The Case! ● Most Attacks are Network Based or Toll Fraud – DOS, DDOS, Attacking Mobile Clients, Spying – Phishing, Surveliance, Abusing VAS Services ● VoIP Devices are Well-Configured – Weak Passwords, Old Software, Vulnerable Protocols
  • 9. 9 # Viproy What? ● Viproy is a Vulcan-ish Word that means "Call" ● Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit – Testing Modules for Metasploit, MSF License – Old Techniques, New Approach – SIP Library for New Module Development – Custom Header Support, Authentication Support – New Stuff for Testing: Trust Analyzer, Bounce Scan, Proxy etc ● Modules – Options, Register, Invite, Message – Brute Forcers, Enumerator – SIP Trust Analyzer, Service Scanner – SIP Proxy, Fake Service, DDOS Tester
  • 10. 10 # Basic Attacks ● We are looking for... – Finding and Identifying SIP Services and Purposes – Discovering Available Methods and Features – Discovering SIP Software and Vulnerabilities – Identifying Valid Target Numbers, Users, Realm – Unauthenticated Registration (Trunk, VAS, Gateway) – Brute Forcing Valid Accounts and Passwords – Invite Without Registration – Direct Invite from Special Trunk (IP Based) – Invite Spoofing (After or Before Registration, Via Trunk) ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Could Automate Discovery
  • 11. 11 # Basic Attacks Discovery OPTIONS / REGISTER / INVITE / SUBSCRIBE 100 Trying 200 OK 401 Unauthorized 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 500 Internal Server Error Collecting Information from Response Headers ➔ User-Agent ➔ Server ➔ Realm ➔ Call-ID ➔ Record-Route ➔ ➔ Warning ➔ P-Asserted-Identity ➔ P-Called-Party-ID ➔ P-Preferred-Identity ➔ P-Charging-Vector Soft Switch (SIP Server) Clients Gateways
  • 12. 12 # Basic Attacks Register REGISTER / SUBSCRIBE (From, To, Credentials) 200 OK 401 Unauthorized 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 500 Internal Server Error RESPONSE Depends on Informations in REQUEST ➔ Type of Request (REGISTER, SUBSCRIBE) ➔ FROM, TO, Credentials with Realm ➔ Via Actions/Tests Depends on RESPONSE ➔ Brute Force (FROM, TO, Credentials) ➔ Detecting/Enumerating Special TOs, FROMs or Trunks ➔ Detecting/Enumerating Accounts With Weak or Null Passwords ➔ …. Soft Switch (SIP Server) Clients Gateways
  • 13. 13 # Basic Attacks ● this isn't the call you're looking for ● We are attacking for... – Free Calling, Call Spoofing – Free VAS Services, Free International Calling – Breaking Call Barriers – Spoofing with... ● Via Field, From Field ● P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID, P-Preferred-Identity ● ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID – Bypass with... ● P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating) ● Re-Invite, Update (Without/With P-Charging-Vector) ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Supports Custom Headers
  • 14. 14 # Basic Attacks Invite, CDR and Billing Tests Soft Switch (SIP Server) Clients Gateways INVITE/ACK/RE-INVITE/UPDATE (From, To, Credentials, VIA ...) 401 Unauthorized 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 500 Internal Server Error Actions/Tests Depends on RESPONSE ➔ Brute Force (FROM&TO) for VAS and Gateways ➔ Testing Call Limits, Unauthenticated Calls, CDR Management ➔ INVITE Spoofing for Restriction Bypass, Spying, Invoice ➔ …. 100 Trying 183 Session Progress 180 Ringing 200 OK RESPONSE Depends on Informations in INVITE REQUEST ➔ FROM, TO, Credentials with Realm, FROM <>, TO <> ➔ Via, Record-Route ➔ Direct INVITE from Specific IP:PORT (IP Based Trunks)
  • 15. 15 # SIP Proxy Bounce Attack ● SIP Proxies Redirect Requests to Other SIP Servers – We Can Access Them via SIP Proxy then We Can Scan – We Can Scan Inaccessible Servers – URI Field is Useful for This Scan ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a UDP Port Scan Module
  • 16. 16 # SIP Proxy Bounce Attack The Wall 192.168.1.145 – Izmir Production SIP Service 192.168.1.146 Ankara White Walker 192.168.1.201 Adana How Can We Use It? ● SIP Trust Relationship Attacks ● Attacking Inaccessible Servers ● Attacking SIP Software – Software Version, Type
  • 17. 17 # Fake Services and MITM ● We Need a Fake Service – Adding a Feature to Regular SIP Client – Collecting Credentials – Redirecting Calls – Manipulating CDR or Billing Features – Fuzzing Servers and Clients for Vulnerabilities ● Fake Service Should be Semi-Automated – Communication Sequence Should be Defined – Sending Bogus Request/Result to Client/Server ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a SIP Proxy and Fake Service ● Fuzzing Support of Fake Service is in Development Stage
  • 18. 18 # Fake Services and MITM Usage of Proxy & Fake Server Features Soft Switch (SIP Server) ● Use ARP Spoof & VLAN Hopping & Manual Config ● Collect Credentials, Hashes, Information ● Change Client's Request to Add a Feature (Spoofing etc) ● Change the SDP Features to Redirect Calls ● Add a Proxy Header to Bypass Billing & CDR ● Manipulate Request at Runtime to find BOF Vulnerabilities Clients
  • 19. 19 # DOS – It's Not Service, It's Money ● Locking All Customer Phones and Services for Blackmail ● Denial of Service Vulnerabilities of SIP Services – Many Responses for Bogus Requests → DDOS – Concurrent Registered User/Call Limits – Voice Message Box, CDR, VAS based DOS Attacks – Bye And Cancel Tests for Call Drop – Locking All Accounts if Account Locking is Active for Multiple Fails ● Multiple Invite (After or Before Registration, Via Trunk) – Calling All Numbers at Same Time – Overloading SIP Server's Call Limits – Calling Expensive Gateways,Targets or VAS From Customers ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a few DOS Features
  • 20. 20 # DDOS – All Your SIP Gateways Belong to Us ! ● SIP Amplification Attack + SIP Servers Send Errors Many Times (10+) + We Can Send IP Spoofed Packets + SIP Servers Send Responses to Victim => 1 packet for 10+ Packets, ICMP Errors (Bonus) ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Has a PoC DDOS Module ● Can we use SIP Server's Trust ? -wait for it-
  • 21. 21 # DDOS – All Your SIP Gateways Belong to Us! The Wall 192.168.1.201 – Izmir Production SIP Service 192.168.1.202 – Ankara Production SIP Service Citadel IP Spoofed Call Request White Walker The Wall 192.168.1.203 – Adana Production SIP Service
  • 22. 22 # Hacking SIP Trust Relationships ● NGN SIP Services Trust Each Other – Authentication and TCP are Slow, They Need Speed – IP and Port Based Trust are Most Effective Way ● What We Need – Target Number to Call (Cell Phone if Service is Public) – Tech Magazine, Web Site Information, News ● Baby Steps – Finding Trusted SIP Networks (Mostly B Class) – Sending IP Spoofed Requests from Each IP:Port – Each Call Should Contain IP:Port in "From" Section – If We Have a Call, We Have The Trusted SIP Gateway IP and Port – Brace Yourselves The Call is Coming
  • 23. 23 The Wall # Hacking SIP Trust Relationships Slow Motion 192.168.1.201 – Izmir Production SIP Service Ankara Istanbul International Trusted Operator IP Spoofed Call Request Contains IP:Port Data in From White Walker
  • 24. 24 # Hacking SIP Trust Relationships Brace Yourselves, The Call is Coming 192.168.1.201 – Izmir Production SIP Service White Walker Ankara Istanbul International Trusted Operator IP Spoofed Call Request Somebody Known in From Come Again? ● Billing ? ● CDR ? ● Log ? From Citadel The Wall
  • 25. 25 # Hacking SIP Trust Relationships – Business Impact ● Denial of Service – Short Message Service and Billing – Calling All Numbers at Same Time – Overloading SIP Server's Call Limits – Overloading VAS Service or International Limits – Overloading CDR Records with Spoofed Calls ● Attacking a Server Software – Crashing/Exploiting Inaccesible Features – Call Redirection (working on it, not yet :/) ● Attacking a Client? – Next Slide!
  • 26. 26 # Attacking a Client via SIP Trust Relationships ● SIP Server Redirects a few Fields to Client – FROM, FROM NAME, Contact – Other Fields Depend on Server (SDP, MIME etc) ● Clients Have Buffer Overflow in FROM? – Send 2000 Chars to Test it ! – Crash it or Execute your Command if Available ● Clients Trust SIP Servers and Trust is UDP Based – This module can be used for Trust Between Client and Server ● Viproy Pen-Testing Kit SIP Trust Module – Simple Fuzz Support (FROM=FUZZ 2000) – You Can Modify it for Further Attacks
  • 27. 27 # Attacking a Client via SIP Trust Relationships Brace Yourselves 550 Chars are Coming 192.168.1.201 – Izmir Production SIP Service White Walker Ankara Istanbul International Trusted Operator IP Spoofed Call Request 550 Chars in From CRASSSSH! ● Command? ● Why Not! Bogus Invite Request The Wall The Wall AdorePhone Iphone App
  • 28. 28 # Fuzz Me Maybe ● Fuzzing as a SIP Client | SIP Server | Proxy | MITM ● SIP Server Software ● SIP Clients – Hardware Devices, IP Phones, Video Conference Systems – Desktop Application or Web Based Software – Mobile Software ● Special SIP Devices/Software – SIP Firewalls, ACL Devices, Proxies – Connected SIP Trunks, 3rd Party Gateways – MSAN/MGW – Logging Software (Indirect) – Special Products: Cisco, Alcatel, Avaya, Huawei, ZTE...
  • 29. 29 # Old School Fuzzing ● Request Fuzzing – SDP Features – MIME Type Fuzzing ● Response Fuzzing – Authentication, Bogus Messages, Redirection ● Static vs Stateful ● How about Smart Fuzzing – Missing State Features (ACK,PHRACK,RE-INVITE,UPDATE) – Fuzzing After Authentication (Double Account, Self-Call) – Response Fuzzing (Before or After Authentication) – Missing SIP Features (IP Spoofing for SIP Trunks, Proxy Headers) – Numeric Fuzzing for Services is NOT Memory Corruption – Dial Plan Fuzzing, VAS Fuzzing
  • 30. 30 # How Viproy Pen-Testing Kit Helps Fuzzing Tests ● Skeleton for Feature Fuzzing, NOT Only SIP Protocol ● Multiple SIP Service Initiation – Call Fuzzing in Many States, Response Fuzzing ● Integration With Other Metasploit Features – Fuzzers, Encoding Support, Auxiliaries, Immortality etc. ● Custom Header Support – Future Compliance, Vendor Specific Extensions, VAS ● Raw Data Send Support (Useful with External Static Tools) ● Authentication Support – Authentication Fuzzing, Custom Fuzzing with Authentication ● Less Code, Custom Fuzzing, State Checks ● Some Features (Fuzz Library, SDP) are Coming Soon
  • 31. 31 # Fuzzing SIP Services Request Based OPTIONS/REGISTER/SUBSCRIBE/INVITE/ACK/RE-INVITE/UPDATE.... Soft Switch (SIP Server) Gateways 401 Unauthorized 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 500 Internal Server Error Fuzzing Targets, REQUEST Fields ➔ Request Type, Protocol, Description ➔ Via, Branch, Call-ID, From, To, Cseq, Contact, Record-Route ➔ Proxy Headers, P-*-* (P-Asserted-Identity, P-Charging-Vector...) ➔ Authentication in Various Requests (User, Pass, Realm, Nonce) ➔ Content-Type, Content-Lenth ➔ SDP Information Fields ➔ ISUP Fields 100 Trying 183 Session Progress 180 Ringing 200 OK Clients
  • 32. 32 # Fuzzing SIP Services Response Based OPTIONS Soft Switch (SIP Server) Gateways INVITE/ACK 401 Unauthorized 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 500 Internal Server Error 100 Trying 183 Session Progress 180 Ringing 200 OK INVITE Myself / INVITE I'm Proxy MALICOUS RESPONSE MALICOUS RESPONSE Potential RESPONSE Types for Fuzzing Clients
  • 33. SIP Bounce Attack, Hacking SIP Trust, Attacking Mobile Apps http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSg3tAkh5gA
  • 34. 34 References ● Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit Author : http://viproy.com/fozavci Homepage : http://viproy.com/voipkit Github : http://www.github.com/fozavci/viproy-voipkit ● Attacking SIP Servers Using Viproy VoIP Kit (50 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbXh_L0-Y5A ● Hacking Trust Relationships Between SIP Gateways (PDF) http://viproy.com/files/siptrust.pdf ● VoIP Pen-Test Environment – VulnVoIP http://www.rebootuser.com/?cat=371
  • 35. 35 Special Thanks to... Special Ones ● Konca Ozavci ● Kadir Altan ● Anil Pazvant Suggestions & Guidelines & Support ● Paul Henry ● Mark Collier ● Jason Olstrom ● Jesus Perez Rubio
  • 36. Q ?