Johan Swinnen, Rob Vos, John McDermott, and Laura Zseleczky GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT VIRTUAL LAUNCH EVENT - 2020 Global Food Policy Report: Building Inclusive Food Systems APR 7, 2020 - 12:15 PM TO 01:15 PM EDT

1. Johan Swinnen
Director General, International Food Policy Research Institute

2. Table of Contents
 Chapter 1: The Imperative of Inclusion
 Chapter 2: Smallholders and Rural People
 Chapter 3: Youth: Including Africa’s Young People in Food Systems
 Chapter 4: Women: Transforming Food Systems for Empowerment and Equity
 Chapter 5: Refugees and Conflict-Affected People
 Chapter 6: National Food Systems: Inclusive Transformation for Healthier Diets
 Regional Chapters: Africa | Middle East and North Africa | Central Asia | South Asia |
East and Southeast Asia | Latin America and the Caribbean
 Indicators: ASTI | SPEED | Food policy research capacity indicators | Agricultural total
factor productivity | IMPACT

3. gfpr.ifpri.info

4. National Food Systems
Inclusive transformation for
healthier diets
John McDermott
Director, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture
for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

5. Stages of economic development
and food system transformation
TRADITIONAL
• Policy focus on food security and
supply and cereal production
• High share of agriculture in GDP
(>25%) and employment
• Food is eaten close to where it is
grown
• Sustainability focus on climate
adaptation and efficiency and
effectiveness of land and water use
• Limited industry (packaging,
processing)
• Most calories from cereals (>75%)
• High levels of stunting (>35%)
TRANSITIONING
• Policy focus expands to consider
micronutrient intake, dietary
diversity, and agricultural
transformation
• Decreasing share of agriculture in
GDP (10–25%) and employment
• Increasing rates of urbanization
• Increasing lengths of food supply
chains and increasing food safety
burden
• Sustainability issues more complex,
with greater options for
specialization and market-based
solutions
• Industry (packaging, processing)
begins to grow
• Decreasing share of calories from
cereals (65–75%)
• Variable levels of stunting (25–50%)
MODERNIZING
• Policy focus on food system
transitions, food quality and safety
(although food safety burden falls)
• Low share of agriculture in GDP
(<10%) and employment
• High rates of urbanization
• Complex sustainability synergies
and trade-offs, benefit from
systemic approach to food systems
decision-making
• Industry plays large role
• More trade, with greater share of
food imported and exported
• Food supply chains are more
integrated and complex
• Lower share of calories from
cereals (<65%)
• More food is eaten away from home
(snacks, restaurants, etc.)
• Moderate levels of stunting, still
declining (<30%)

6.  Reverse thinking – put diets first
 Food system innovations (across all
components of food system)
 Enabling policy environment
 Ensuring inclusivity of innovations and reforms
Appropriate for current and anticipating future
stages of food system transformation
Inclusive policies and actions
Four types of reforms
Photo: HarvestPlus
Photo: Oluranti Lawal

7. Viet Nam
Food safety concerns in a transitioning food system
Photos: J.Hodur/A4NH
Viet Nam
World Bank: The Safe Food Imperative (2018)
Transitioning economies: gaps between food safety
needs and actual capabilities and incentives.

8. Ethiopia
Programs for districts left behind
Productive Safety Net
Program (PSNP)
 300 marginal districts;
8 million beneficiaries
To complement the
 Agricultural Growth
Program (AGP)
 157 high potential districts,
1.3 million crop and livestock
smallholders

9. Malawi
Two community-based inclusive food programs
Early Childhood Development
Center Agriculture and
Nutrition Intervention (pictured)
Lean season food transfer
(households and markets)

10. Transforming Food
Systems for Empowerment
and Equity
Laura Zseleczky
Program Manager, Director General’s Office
International Food Policy Research Institute

11.  Gender intersects with other spheres of
vulnerability and identity to impact how women
engage in food systems.
 Women are already actively involved in food
systems in many roles.
 Food systems transformations offer new
opportunities but may also create new
challenges.
 Building inclusive food systems means not just
ensuring women’s participation but also their
ability to make strategic life choices.
Women and food systems
P. Lowe/CIMMYT

12.  Women can exercise control over resources
and assets (e.g., credit, land, training, transport,
technology)
 Women have a voice in key processes (e.g.,
food systems research, political systems)
 Institutions support women (e.g., land rights,
financial institutions, educational systems)
What would an inclusive
and empowering food system
look like?
Sven Torfinn/Panos Pictures

13.  Collect more data for both women and men
 Encourage private sector initiatives, especially
for small and medium-sized enterprises
 Create an enabling environment for gender
equity
 Don’t lose ground
Moving forward
C. de Bode/CGIAR

14. Leveraging the
“hidden middle” for
inclusive food systems
Rob Vos
Director, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division
International Food Policy Research Institute

15. Changing food
systems, growing
opportunities
 Growing, but changing food
markets
 Smallholders are key,
but not the major providers
of food
 Main supply dynamics from
‘hidden middle’
 This is not necessarily an
inclusive process
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Smallholder share in value of
food production
0 10 20 30 40 50
Egypt
Ethiopia
Malawi
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Vietnam
Share of agrifood sector in GDP
Farm Processors Aggregators and traders Food services

16. HOW?
 (1) provide adequate basic infrastructure (roads, electricity, ICT connectivity)
 (2) create the right market incentives and food standard regulation
 (3) facilitate skills development, especially for entrepreneurship
and adoption of quality standard and use of ICT
Leveraging the
“hidden middle”
 Post-farm agrifood businesses
generate relatively high incomes
 Leveraging growth of agrifood
SMEs is key, but policymakers
should not “reinvent the wheel”
0 2 4 6
Own farm
On-farm wage
Post-farm AFS wage
AFS enterprise income
Non-AFS wage
Non-AFS enterprise income
AFSNon-AFS
2011 PPP$ per FTE worker/day
Wage differences between farm,
off-farm AFS and other activities in SSA

17. HOW?
 (1) strengthen land tenure security, reduce land fragmentation,
improve access to finance, inputs, and ICT
 (2) promote inclusive agribusiness models and help smallholders adapt to
changing food demand and higher quality standards of modern supply chains
 (3) facilitate better risk management for smallholders
(social protection, insurance, income diversification)
Including and transforming
smallholder agriculture
 Opportunities for smallholders with the development of the “hidden middle”,
but…
 …this is not automatic: smallholder farming needs to transform with it

18.  The COVID-19 pandemic
emphasizes importance of well
developed, resilient food supply
chains
 It is a crisis and an opportunity:
building inclusive food systems
is important as never before.
 Let’s begin by strengthening the
hidden middle.
Where to begin?

19. The Imperative
of Inclusion
Johan Swinnen
Director General, International Food Policy Research Institute

20. Disruptions of food systems
in the COVID-19 world
 COVID causes major food systems disruptions
 Very different from the global food price spikes in 2007-2011 period
 Heterogeneity in impacts – the poor suffer more
 Private value chains are disrupted
 Impacts are more intrusive in labor-intensive (vs capital-intensive) systems – characteristic of poor
countries
 Public programs are disrupted
 Especially important for the poor

21. We need inclusive food systems now
more than ever
 Address inclusion at the global policy level,
but take action at the national level
 Take into account heterogeneity of the systems
 Short run: Social protection programs must safeguard
the food security and nutrition of the most vulnerable

22. We need inclusive food systems now
more than ever
For sustainable development and for resilience
 Infrastructure and services in rural areas are critical
 Marginalized people must be empowered
 Protect their rights; enhance their access to resources
 Invest in their human capital
 ….

23. IFPRI blog series on COVID-19 and food security
https://www.ifpri.org/spotlight/ifpri-resources-and-analyses-
coronavirus-disease-covid-19-pandemic
 Disruptions of food supply chains in developing countries
 Impacts of COVID-19 on global poverty
 Threats to Africa’s vital informal urban food trade
 Preventing global food crises
 Lockdowns are protecting China’s rural families from COVID-19, but the
economic burden is heavy
 Trade restrictions are worst possible response to safeguard food security
 ….

24. gfpr.ifpri.info