Viral loaded presentation

1. STUDENT’S INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
TRAINING REPORT
BCH 390
UNDERTAKEN AT
CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY TEACHING
HOSPITAL PCR LAB AMAAKU, AWKA
ANAMBRA STATE
SUBMITTED BY
JAMES CHIDINMA VICTORIA
2020 204 247
TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY FACULTY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES,
CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY, ULI
NOVEMBER, 2023

2. OUTLINE
⚬Introduction
⚬BRIEF HISTORY OF PCR LAB(VL)
⚬Company’s Organization Chart
⚬VIRAL LOAD TEST
⚬FACTORS THAT AFFECT VIRAL LOAD TEST (V.L)
⚬Procedure
⚬Conclusion
⚬Relevance

3. INTRODUCTION
Currently, the overall HIV adult prevalence in India is 0.26% with an
estimated ~2.1 million1 PLHIV. Out of these, ~1.26 million PLHIV are
registered in the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) and
~1.132 million are on antiretroviral therapy (ART). India is committed
to achieving the global 9090-90 target by 2020 viz. 90% of people living
with HIV would know their HIV status, 90% of people who know their
HIV status will receive treatment and 90% of people on treatment would
have suppressed viral load to minimize HIV transmission. Thus, it is
important that viral load testing is scaled up in the country to monitor
the viral load suppression.

4. ⚬BRIEF HISTORY OF PCR
LAB(VL)
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed
in 1983 by Dr. Kay Mullis while working for cetus
cooperation. In 1993, he received the noble prize in
chemistry for this important contribution that
revolutionized molecular biology (3, 4, 7, 8). The
technique can be used to amplify DNA sequences
from any type of organism. It has been adapted
over the years to allow amplification of RNA
samples as well as quantification of the amount of

5. Company’s Organization Chart
S.T.D
LAB MANAGER
SAMPLE
MANAGEMENT
TEAM
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
TEAM
DATA
MANAGEMENT
TEAM
RT-PCR
TEAM
LAB
SUPPLIES
TEAM
LAB
HEALT&SAFETY
TEAM
CLEANERS
CONSULTANT
TEAM

6. VIRAL LOAD TEST
The viral load test measures the amount of HIV in one’s blood. It is the preferred way to know if antiretroviral therapy (ART) is
working. The test measures the amount or number of HIV copies in one milliliter of blood.
The more viral particles in the blood, the faster the immune system is likely destroyed and the faster the progress toward AIDS
2.1 THREE WAYS OF VIRAL TEST
⚬Reverse Transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tesks.
⚬Branched DNA (bDNA) test
⚬Nucleric acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)
2.2 PROCEDURE
Blood should be collected in a sterile tube using EDTA (Purple top) only.
⚬Collect about 5ml of blood sample using EDTA vacutainer tube from adult patients
⚬Specimen should be sent to testing or facility laboratory within 24 hours (ideally 6 hours) of collection to spin the blood and extract
the plasma using the centrifuge
RESULT
The normal viral load test is
<20 to 75 copies of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) per milliliter of blood. A normal viral load may indicate: low risk of HIV
infection.
AIM
A viral load test measures the number of HIV viral particles per milliliter of blood or determination of the number of HIV viral
particles in a patient’s blood

7. FACTORS THAT AFFECT VIRAL LOAD TEST (V.L)
The factors that can affect viral load test are;
⚬Cold
⚬Malaria
⚬Vaccinations
⚬Clotted sample
⚬Inaccurate volume of blood in the sterile tube.
3.1 EQUIPMENT USED DURING THE TRAINING
⚬Centrifuge
⚬Sterile tube (EDTA tube)
⚬BD vacutainer eclipse.

8. Procedure:
⚬*PROCEDURE*
⚬1) A healthcare expert takes a blood sample from the patient's
vein using a BD vacutainer eclipse and needle in a small quantity
into an EDTA tube.
⚬ 2) After five (5) minutes the blood will be taken to the Lab for
spinning using the centrifuge,
⚬ Then the plasma will be separated from the whole blood.
⚬3) Using a pipette, you extract a little quantity of the plasma and
pour a one or two drops into a vesitect for the test to be
conducted, to find out if the person has the infection.

9. How serious is this?
*Monitoring is essential, but a
doctor may consider levels stable.
CD4 LEVEL
300-500
Cells/ mm3
VIRAL LOAD
Less than 200 copies/ ml.
*Acceptable levels. 500-1,500 cells/mm3 Less than 20-75 copies/ ml
RESULTS OF HIV VIRAL LOAD TEST
When the viral load is high, you have more HIV in your body. This means your immune
system is not fighting HIV very well.
HIV viral load tests are used to monitor the progress of the HIV infection in a patient
and how well the treatment is working.

10. Fig 3: CENTRIFUGE

11. Fig 3.2 Sterile Tube (EDTA tube)

12. Fig 3.3 BB vacutainer eclipse

13. CONCLUSION
My six months Industrial training attachment at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu
Ojukwu university teaching hospital PCR lab Amaaku Awka, has been one of
the most interesting, production, instructive and educative experience in my
life. Through this training, I have gained new insight and more
comprehensive understanding about the real industrial working condition and
practice and also improved myself and functional skills.
All these valuable experience and knowledge that I gained were not only
through the direct involvements in task but also through other aspects of the
training such as work observation, supervision and interaction at the field. It
also exposed me to some certain things about medical environment.
As a result of the program, I am now more confident to build my future
career with the knowledge and experience I acquired at COOUTH PCR LAB
AMAAKU.

14. RELEVANCE
⚬Viral load as a topic to BIOCHEMISTRY.
⚬The viral load test is a key tool in monitoring and managing the
progression of viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis C.
⚬In the field of biochemistry, understanding the viral load is
crucial for studying the replication and progression of the view in
the body.
⚬Biochemist use the viral load test to study the molecular
mechanisms of viral replication and infection. By measuring the
amount of virus in different stages of the infection, scientists can
analyze how the virus interacts with host cells, identify potential
targets for antiviral therapy, and assess the effectiveness of new
drugs

15. THANKS
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