Victorian Gender Roles In The Victorian Era In England

Victorian Gender Roles In The Victorian Era In England
The most common way to characterize a society at a given time is to divide it into social classes and
evaluate the differences between each group. However, the period known as the Victorian era in
England, from 1837 to 1901, witnessed such polarized gender roles that it can also be analyzed
according to the different functions assigned to men and women, more commonly known as the
ideology of separate spheres. The separate spheres framework holds that "men possessed the
capacity for reason, action, aggression, independence, and self–interest [thus belonging to the public
sphere]. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities
of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was
claimed insistently, form women's sexual and reproductive organization". Following such principles
allowed men, allegedly controlled by their mind or intellectual strength, to dominate society, to be
the governing sex, given that they were viewed as rational, brave, and independent. Women, on the
other hand, were dominated by their sexuality, and were expected to fall silently into the social mold
crafted by men, since they were regarded as irrational, sensitive, and dutiful. As Susan Kent
observes: "Women were so exclusively identified by their sexual functions that nineteenth–century
society came to regard them as 'the Sex'"1. This essay will examine the Victorian social institutions
of marriage, motherhood,
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Middle Class In Victorian England
In the year 1837 the British Empire, with Victorian England as the center, was the most powerful in
the world. The industrial revolution had brought great change to the country. At age eighteen
Victoria became Queen and reigned until 1901. She brought an extended period of peace and
prosperity to the country. One result of her being on the throne was that England became divided
into three distinct classes. The Upper Class, the Middle Class, and the Working Class were separate
divisions in the population. The Upper Class saw the greatest benefit from the changes occurring
during this time. The class was made up of aristocrats, nobles, dukes, and other wealthy families. (1)
While they comprised only two percent of the population, they held all the power. This Upper Class
owned most of the land, and they avoided paying taxes. The people of this class were obsessed with
propriety. Correctly addressing others in their class held exalted importance. Dress codes followed
strict guidelines to the extent it was unthinkable to be caught in a morning dress during the
afternoon. The men did not work at a job. Their wealth came from inherited lands or investments
made by previous generations. (4) Their lives held ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some owned businesses and ran vast business empires. (1) There were many opportunities available
to this class. They enjoyed access to better education and could afford the best tutors for their
children. These circumstances enabled the children to take advantage of opportunities presented to
them during adulthood. The work they did was clean work. This class was made up of factory
workers, bankers, lawyers, engineers, and others. (2) Many worked in the homes of the Upper Class
and were made to adhere to the rigid codes of address to those with whom they interacted. Some
were rich but did not enjoy the privileges of the Upper Class. The population in this class led mostly
stable and secure

Essay on HG Wells' The Time Machine": A Critique of...
H G Wells was cynical of the Victorian class system and thoroughly disapproved of the way people
were segregated, according to their wealth. Wells disagreed with England's capitalist views as he
himself was a socialist and strived to get his views noticed. In his novel the Time Machine he has
taken segregation to its extremes with the distinction of both the upper and lower classes living
above and below ground, in an attempt to show everyone the error of their ways, with his views on
the political policies of England subtly implied. On travelling to the future he finds that this new
world is never what he expected, as he feels vulnerable and 'naked in a strange world.' like he had
been born again into a strange world he knew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wells has portrayed the Eloi as very innocent and childlike creatures describing their 'liquid tongue'
and 'wide eyes'. This is like the Nineteenth Century as the upper class Victorians would walk about
carefree as children have the freedom to do. This could be trying to convey that the upper class who
have never had to work have not yet had a chance to fully grow up and work for a living. Whilst
describing the Eloi Wells mentions their 'small ears' and 'soft little tentacles', this is because the
theory of evolution was an amazing discovery in the nineteenth century and Wells has shown how
the Eloi have adapted using the concept of natural selection. They have become frail and fragile
creatures that are afraid of the dark because they have missed out on having to work to survive,
which are the complete opposite of their fellow inhabitants the Morlocks. This relates back to Wells'
society, the rich upper class who had never experienced hard labour were not as tough and more
vulnerable as opposed to those who worked in order to survive. The Time Traveller in the story is
'disappointed' with these creatures as this is not evolution it is regression, instead of the human race
growing older and adapting they are in fact slowly returning to a child like state. This is not what
people would have expected in the future and he has personified this view to show people that if
they keep going the way they do then

Workhouses In Victorian England
During the time period known as Victorian England, the high unemployment rate caused England's
lower class to flood the streets with nowhere to live. Soon after, the construction of workhouses
began. Workhouses were built to accommodate the poor people in England. Here, they were housed,
fed, and forced to work. Workhouses were some of the most cruel and controlling places in
Victorian England.
Not only were conditions in the workhouse rough, but in order to continue living there you had to
work extremely hard. Men chopped wood, unraveled ropes, worked on plumbing, and were
sometimes involved in shoe making or tailoring. Women cleaned, did laundry, and assisted in the
kitchen. The workhouse inmates' only days off were Sundays, which

Why did women face barriers in their education and...
Throughout history, the role of women has often carried a prejudice which has been embedded
within society politically, socially and financially across the world. Although arguably one of the
most liberal countries constitutionally, such chauvinism has indeed occurred within Britain,
particularly during the Victorian Era. This restricted participation for women can be exemplified
clearly in two main areas; education and politics. With universal compulsory education in Britain
only being constitutionally enforced with the 1870 Education Act1, women had little opportunity to
gain any form of coherent education in the early 19 th century; tuition was largely confined to the
upper class, and even then, through instruction of private ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Acting as figurehead of the family, it was the man's opinion, and thus, his vote, that represented the
opinions shared by the entirety of the family, including that of his wife. Even so, women still proved
they could be active politically without having the ability to vote; highlighted by their involvement
in the Chartist movement. Throughout the movement, thousands of women joined chartist societies,
and by actively campaigning, gave themselves a political voice and helped
5 Bernard Lightman, 'Victorian Religions and Sciences: Discordant Harmonies', Osiris, 2/16 (2001),
p. 344.
6 Susan Bayley, Victorian Values: An Introduction, (Montreal: Dawson College, 2008), p.108
7 Ibid. p. 112.
8 Rhodri Hayward, Science and Gender in Victorian Britain, Lecture at Queen Mary, University of
London, 15th
October 2013.
9 'Local Government Act 1894', Government Legislation,
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/56–57/73
generate arguably one of the largest movements in British history10. However, in spite of this, the
movement failed in achieving its aims, undermining the political involvement and affect of the
women involved. Therefore, due to the traditional family values endorsed by the church, women
were pressured to marry, losing their opportunity to vote, or qualify to, and thus, a chance to
participate in Victorian society politically.
Scientific knowledge of the time constituted a great deal of influence in determining the

Prostitution In Victorian England
In the mid–19th century, prostitution was at its height of popularity in Victorian England. A total of
8600 documented prostitutes was estimated by the Metropolitan Police Division during 1868, not
included the number of those whom the police had not acknowledged (Acton 38). Initiated as an
occupation that bestow the social power upon women, prostitution was scrutinized and perceived as
the root of social corruption by many male scholars at the time such as William Acton and Henry
Mayhew. In fact, prostitutes were sorted and studied in different categories by Mayhew with
contrasting sentiments toward each group. The movement had pressured the state to take an attempt
to regulate through the passage of Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1865 ... Show more content on
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In the letter to The Times on 24 February 1858, the woman signed her name as "Another
Unfortunate", implying the fact that she had conformed herself to the moral standard. Even though
prostitution had brought many privileges to her life, she accepted herself as an unfortunate because
the society had imposed so. She further expressed her anger mixed with desperation, "Now, what if I
am a prostitute, what business has society to abuse me?...What we have to be ashamed of we who
do not know what shame is – the shame you mean? ... Why stand you there mouthing with sleek
face about morality? What is morality?" Women's social vulnerability was conveyed through these
questions. They did not know the reason their survival choice had turned into a social wickedness.
For example, William Acton had already declared the moral standard that prostitution was evil
before expanding on his reasons and studies. The deductive reasoning method had taken away the
chance for women to argue about the meaning of morality concerning prostitution. In fact,
Josephine Butler, a middle class woman, wrote a paper with the title "The Double Standard of
Morality" during the late 19th century. Butler pointed out how men were not viewed as sinful for
they were fulfilling their desire through prostitution. A man could become a good husband when
time passed by but a prostitute would always remain with impurity. She further emphasized that,
"Even those men who are personally pure and blameless become persuaded by the force of
familiarity with male proﬂigacy around them, that this sin in man is venial and excusable. They
interpret the ignorance and silence of women as indulgent acquiescence and support" (1). The moral
standard had already been placed, in which women were powerless to change. Thus, the women's
silent endurance became an acquiescence to the morality issue that men had

Classism In Victorian England
In the Victorian Era of England, society was divided amongst three groups, or classes. These classes
included the upper class, the middle class, and the lower, or working class. Classism during
Victorian times, although widely accepted, caused many problems such as judgement and
destitution.
The Upper Class was made up of Dukes, Nobles, and other wealthy aristocrats. This "Royal Class"
had better education and living conditions than those in lower classes. Their lives were considered
to be luxurious. Granted, being a part of the upper class certainly had its perks, it was not without its
downfalls. The people of the upper class were expected to use proper etiquette at all times. If one
were to slip up on their etiquette, they would lose their social acceptance. During this time period,
the members of the upper class had to be very careful to avoid judgement and gossip.
The Middle Class consisted mainly of business owners and servants of the wealthy upper class,
however; teachers, priests, nurses, and doctors were also included in the middle class. The members
of the middle class had decent living conditions and decent ... Show more content on
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The skilled workers in this class often got jobs working in factories, which helped to provide for
their families. The people categorized as unskilled often could not get jobs, or the jobs that they
could do did not pay enough to support their families. Often times, the "unskilled" families would
have to send their children to work to help support the family. As the poorest of all the social
classes, the people of the lower class did not have much. They were more prone to illness, had little
food, a small shelter if any, and as you can imagine, very little education. Unlike the upper and
middle classes, etiquette did not matter for the people in the lower class, as they had very little
interaction with people of a higher social status, and were treated as if they were

Victorian Boy's Clothing In Victorian England
"The clothes make the man"(Twain Alexander Atkins).The clothes showed how rich they were and
who they were. Victorian clothing from rich to poor displayed how clothing was important to
society.
Victorian clothing for the rich boys.During the last decade of the nineteenth century young Victorian
boys continued to wear variations of the sailor suit, a favorite Victorian boy's clothing since the
1870s (Haug). They would wear a dress to so they could change easier. Once they got older they
wore a boyish frock and a pair of box pleats. When they were between five to seven they would
wear a double breasted pea or a reefer jacket. They would were a dicky or a vest under it. In the
winter they would dress in black warm clothes. They would dress in navy velvet outfits.
Clothing for the poor was different all there clothes were hand stitched. But once they grew out of
them they had to pass them down. They would pass them down to other poor families or their
family weekdays. They would mostly give it to their families because their parents would have a lot
of kids because they thought of them as income. They only ... Show more content on
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For the men it was important, it would show how great and fashionable that they were. They would
have way better clothing than the poor they would have warmer and way more straight. Most would
look way more important and rich. There clothes had to be as straight as possible. They had the
frock coat that was narrow and always straight. Under of the men would wear long coats like that to.
They that they would wear a vest. But if the Queen's husband wore something different every one
would usually wear what he wore.
Poor men clothing in victorian theme. And poor men clothes were destroyed but kind of was like the
same thing the rich wore. The poor clothes lasted longer. The poor clothes was way easier to put on.
Their rarely had shoes on because they couldn't afford people. Their they always wore a cap just like
the rich men

The Fruits Of Boredom In Victorian England
Fruits of Boredom
Early feminism had nothing to do with equal rights or women's suffrage. Those ideas were not
seriously considered until the twentieth century. Before that day, though, feminism was born out of
the boredom of upper–middle–class white women in Victorian England, pining for something to do.
Those who were privileged enough to be bored were comfortably above the lower class, who were
obligated to work in order to survive another day. Midway through Queen Victoria's reign,
approximately a quarter of England's women held jobs (Greenblatt 1608), leaving little time for
boredom or dreams. The early feminist movement was not fought by lower–class women, even as it
was not fought for them.
Because a quarter of England's females are excluded in such a generalization, it would not be fair to
simply say that Victorian women were bored. Instead, "to be bored was the privilege of wives and
daughters in upper– and middle–class homes, establishments in which feminine idleness was
treasured as a status ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They wanted to be recognized as human beings, capable of far more than their brothers believed.
They wanted the opportunity to do something more meaningful than crocheting lace or playing the
piano. And, as Dinah Maria Mulock wrote, they wanted the right to a worthwhile answer for the
question "'What have you done with Time?'" (1625). Over the decades, feminism has progressed
miles beyond its infancy of Victorian times, achieving what would have been an impossible dream
in the nineteenth century. Today, women in many places around the world enjoy mostly equal
opportunities as their brothers. They can attend school and graduate with university degrees; they
can be elected to offices; they can stay single their entire lives and earn a legitimate living for
themselves. But, perhaps most significantly, women are recognized as human beings, capable of
intellectual insight, dreams, and

Crime During Victorian England
The research conducted on crime and police during Victorian England has increased my knowledge
and understanding of the novel because a common theme found throughout Charle Dickens' novel
Great Expectation is crime. There are many events that occur in the story that demonstrate acts of
crime such as in the beginning of the book when Pip first meets Magwitch. Crime is an important
recurring topic in Great Expectations.
As shown in the research, burglary and shoplifting are common forms of crime during the Victorian
Age in England. This is shown in Great Expectations at the beginning of the book when Pip, the
main character, meets Magwitch the convict who asks Pip to bring him a file to cut off his leg iron
and food. Pip is scared by Magwitch

Social Classes In Victorian England
During the Victorian Times in England, everyone was grouped into social classes. This is also
known as classism. There were three categories: the upper class =, middle class, and the lower class.
Problems had occurred do to classism. Class war fair still exists to a degree in todays society.
The upper class consisted of royalty, Dukes, Nobles, Aristocrats, and other wealthy families. People
who belonged to the upper class had a better way of life than most. People in the upper class never
had to worry about money. Tutors aided in the education of the upper hierarchy. Many people ran
major industries such as shipping or mining. With money being no object, many were able to
purchase imported goods from Europe. One of the goods were expensive clothing. This caused
many to be jealous. Food was not a problem for the elite. During meal times, it was an opportunity
for the wealthy to display their wealth. Sometimes there would be up to twenty dishes served at
once. They also had good etiquette. The upper class of the Victorian times in England had a better
and more enriched life than others. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The class had two categories. The working and elite. Some of the occupations they held include:
medicine, law, bankers, retail, trade, etc. Families and/or individuals who earned over £150 were
able to afford and hire domestic help. Women during this time were servants, maids, cooks, etc.
Men were the head of the household. They were able to afford some food. On occasion they could
afford bacon, cheese, or sausage. The middle class made up fifteen percent of the population.
Although the middle class worked, they were not seen as rich nor

During The Mid.-Nineteenth Century, Victorian England Was
During the Mid.–nineteenth century, Victorian England was divided into distinct social classes. The
three social classes included the working, middle, and upper leisure class. As the Industrial
Revolution advanced, the working class became very isolated from the leisure class and often had
low paying jobs such as a blacksmith, tradesman, and farmer. The wealthy ladies and gentlemen of
the leisure class lacked awareness that their frivolous lifestyle was built on the laborious work of the
working class. Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations to criticize the social classes during
Victorian England. Great Expectations follows the story of working class Pip as he attempts to fit in
with upper class society while coveting for the affection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Herbert signifies that being a gentleman comes from within, and someone 's integrity, like the
varnish of wood, can always be uncovered. Herbert and Matthew Pocket are true gentlemen because
of their behavior and moral integrity, not their upbringing. Whereas Compeyson is a counterfeiter,
who uses his wealthy leisure–class appearance to deceive others into thinking he is less guilty than
the lower–class criminals. Additionally, when Herbert brings Pip to the Pocket household, Pip
notices that Mrs. Pocket had been raised with high expectations herself but was "perfectly helpless
and useless" (188). Dickens ridicules the social privilege and snobbery that is idolized in Victorian
society when the self–centered Mrs. Pocket spends all her time reading books about titles and
nobility. Due to the fact Mrs. Pocket is a negligent mother, her children tumble over her feet, and
also play with dangerous toys, with the Pockets' maid rescuing them from accidents. She has no
skills, morality, and she lives her entire life fixated on the false idea that she was meant for greater
things. Finally, when Pip and Herbert join a social club for gentlemen called Finches of the Grove,
Pip mentions that the members would "dine expensively once a fortnight, to quarrel among
themselves as much as possible after dinner, and to cause six waiters to get drunk on

The Condition Of Women In Victorian England
The doctor William Acton (1813–1875) once declared, "The majority of women (happily for them)
are not very much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind". This view, and many similar, are what
was assumed of women for many centuries. The condition of women was very poor, as they were
seen as the weaker sex, and generally hysterical compared to men. Within more recent centuries
however, this fact has changed. Throughout the industrial revolution, taking place within Victorian
era England, the condition of women improved due to various changes in society. These changes
included, but are not limited to: gender views, education, work, family laws and, representation in
media.
Gender views throughout history have been very one sided, favouring males

Victorian Schools In Victorian England
In Victorian England, children did not have much of an education, they were mostly just taught how
to read. Many poor children worked instead of going to school. Richer families could afford school
fees but wealthy girls were usually taught at home by a governess, and the boys attended good
schools like grammar schools. Some schools had spots for poor boys that could attend for free.
There weren't very many schools for children to go to anyway. The biggest issue to me was that
poor girls did not have an education at all.
In 1780, Robert Raikes taught children in Sunday school how to read "so they could read the bible".
Another man, "John Pounds would have kids come play with his disabled nephew" (Picard, Liza).
Once he realized he had 30 or 40 kids he started a class, "and taught the kids to read the bible
because [it was the only book easy to access]"(Picard, Liza). The idea of this class spread to London
so they had even more schools and classes, "by 1861 they were teaching more than 40,000 children"
(Picard, Liza). They had many different schools systems. There were church schools who mostly
taught elementary children, and they had a system where the children who knew the most and was
the brightest taught the other children, which those other children would do the same and it would
just go on. Eventually that system was replaced with actual teachers. Now the education for girls
was basically nonexistent, everyone thought girls would grow up and get married to a man,

Class Structure Of Victorian England
The difference in class structures of Victorian England was dependent on the lifestyles and jobs of
individuals. The Victorian era of England lasted from 1837 to 1901. The Victorian England
hierarchy was divided into three different classes; the upper, middle, and lower class and was reliant
of occupational differences. The hierarchy was very rigid and there was little social mobility,
because of the fact that normally a person was born into their class and even their future career. In
Great Expectations, Charles Dickens displays the model of class structure through the character Pip
Pirrup. Pip struggles to find his place within the hierarchy. Throughout the novel, Dickens writes
about the different classes in England. Pip belongs the working class due to his family and is set to
be a blacksmith, but finds himself in the societal shift that occurred in England in the nineteenth
century. Pip wants to achieve his great expectations and change the path that his life was going on.
He wants create a better life for himself than what he would have had if he followed in the footsteps
of his family. Dickens also creates various characters in the different classes to expose the
relationship between each class. An individual's class was a dominant factor in creating an identity.
People of the upper classes thought very little of the people "below" them. Throughout his journey,
Pip reveals information about how the different social classes lived and how members of each

The Victorian Era Of Victorian England
The Victorian era was between 1837 till 1901. It was a time of the industrial revolution, new
inventions and where the country earned the name Great Britain. But with all of these positive
events there were many downfalls such as the increase of poverty and disease. Many authors saw
this as an opportunity to show the reality of Great Britain , for example Charles Dickens wrote many
novels. He talked about differences in classes and that even with all the money in the world your
wealth has little to no value if you are not happy and healthy whereas the poor have to work harder
and earn their money for family with meagre financial rewards for the work they do. But all of this
aside what were the conditions like in Victorian England?
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had long working hours the shifts tended to be between 12–14 hours long at the minimum and
extra time for busy periods, even with working these long strenuous hours they earned little to
nothing, on average the men earned 15 shillings a week whereas women earned 7 and children
earned 3 . They often employed more women and children as they were cheaper to pay. As well as
getting children to work in factories they also had orphans from the workhouses who also worked
12 hour shifts and who in barracks attached to the factory by beds. The health conditions in factories
were very low as well , for example cotton thread had to be spun in warm conditions and leaving the
factory in the night would lead to some people contracting pneumonia due to the sudden change in
temperature. Additionally, the air was full of dust which allowed some people to get chest and lung
diseases and the loud sounds coming from the machines impaired people 's ability to hear properly.
The population was also rapidly increasing due to industrialisation as people wanted to come to
London in hope of a new start. People in rural areas wanted to go to towns as in their area of living
they usually had seasonal jobs meaning they were unemployed most of the season and due to the
growing population there were no jobs

The Similarities Between The Middle And Upper Class In...
From 1837 to 1901 is known as the Victorian period in England. Victorian times were often referred
to as the best of times and the worst of times, giving it an interesting dichotomy. During this time
period there was tremendous growth in the English economy and in education, but there was also
rampant child labor and many other crimes. While the economy growth almost entirely benefitted
the middle and upper class it did help skilled workers of the working class, but left the unskilled
workers living hand to mouth and being forced to have their children work in dangerous factories to
help pay for food. The morality of these times was blind at best and hypocritical at worst, because
while the common morality was to have honor and such it was a common practice at factories to
exploit workers to degrees that are almost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarities comprise of that the upper class has access to unbelievable luxuries and control
large amounts of wealth, and the middle class has more opportunities than the lower class. While the
lower class is still struggling to make ends meet. The main differences are because of modern
conveniences and welfare states that lets the upper class enjoy greater luxuries and for the middle
class to get closer to the upper class. The lower class even though they struggle to make ends meet
they still have a far better lot in life than those in Victorian England. In Victorian England ones class
did affect what kind of job you could get. If you were upper class you could essentially do whatever
you wished, and if you were middle class you had lots of room for improvement. Lower class had a
more confined job pool and as such it would be incredibly difficult to get out of lower class. France
before and during its many revolutions was just like Victorian England and as such it had the exact
same class problems that were only exacerbated by the many bloody

Child Labor In Victorian England
Rough Draft Victorian England Child Labor
The Victorian Era brought new changes to Victorian England, some were positive and helped to
improve society. However, some were negative. Charles Dickens captures these changes in his book
Great Expectations. One of these negative impacts was child labor. Children were brought into
factories because their families needed money to survive. Factory owners used the children to
increase profits because they would not have to pay as much for a child than for an adult. Therefore,
these children were exploited. Child factory workers were injured and abused in the factory
environment. Overseers would place iron bars on children's torsos for hours if they got caught
dozing on the job. Most of the time they were not allowed to sit down and had to stand at the
machines working all day. Factory owners would also come together with other ... Show more
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The machines caused them to get their hands stuck in them which sometimes lead to their hands and
fingers being cut off. Their hair would also get caught inside the machines as well and they would
lose their hair. Children also became sleep deprived because the overseers would not allow them to
stop working. Aside from factory work, children would also work in coalmines. They would be
subject to poor lighting and unfortunately they sometimes got trapped inside of the caves because of
the collapsing rock.
Children were also forced to remain at the factories until they were allowed to go home. They had to
endure excessively long hours on the job. Sometimes they had to sleep overnight in the factories if
their overseers did not allow them to go home. Child workers who were four or five years old
usually worked twelve to sixteen hours, six days a week. This caused the children to be away from
their parents for a long period of time in order for them to make ends meet for their

Industrial Revolution in Victorian England
The Industrial Revolution in Victorian England was a period of time in history when new inventions
and technology changed the way people lived and worked. It impacted how they communicated, the
way products were manufactured, and created new forms of cheaper and faster transportation.
Innovations resulted in changes that were previously unheard of. The invention of the steam engine
revolutionized the way people and things were transported. Manufacturers were able to ship their
goods more quickly by rail and reduce their expenses. Railroads allowed people to travel faster and
farther than in the past. The Industrial Revolution created new sources of employment, with mills
and factories attracting labor from farms to cities (Victorian ... Show more content on
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Another type of housing built near factories were tenement homes, which consisted of multiple row
houses stacked on top of each other (Wroble 6). People lived in row houses and tenements because
they were cheap and close to work. When the next day at the mill came, a whistle woke the workers
at five AM for a 12 hour work day (Wroble 21). "Inventions just made up one thread of life in
Victorian times, but they were a distinctly colorful one" (Van Dulken 2). With the growth of
factories and population, new inventions started to spring up all over England and the United States.
Regardless of their country of origin, inventions had an impact on the whole world. People were
looking for ways to improve the quality of their lives, and for tools to make work more efficient and
productive. When the number of new inventions started to skyrocket, the patent system was created
to protect people's ideas from being copied or stolen. A patent was a document that could be
acquired, which would grant protection from other people trying to steal the preserved ideas and
intellectual property and claim them as ones own. When a patent was acquired it gave the person to
whom it was granted the rights to manufacture products that used the invention. No other people
could make a similar product and try to call it their own. If a person was found to

The Theme of Social Responsibility in Victorian England Essay
How does dickens explore the theme of social responsibility in
Victorian England?
Charles dickens wrote 'A Christmas Carol' for a certain reason, and that reason was that he wanted
to make people aware of the terrible situation the children of the poor were in. He visited a school in
1843 and was appalled by what he saw there. It was a school for the poorest children to teach them
basic reading and writing skills. The children's employment commission had also shocked him. At
first dickens had the idea of writing a pamphlet called 'an appeal to the people of England on behalf
of the poor mans child' but soon realised that seen as he was the most popular novelist of the time
people would take much more notice he wrote about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
All of this and the building of the new railroad made the population of Britain grow and it would
reach up to 4.5 million by
1889. The upper and middle class lived very near to unbelievable poverty and filth. The poor street
sweepers attempt to keep the streets clean of manure. There were pickpockets, prostitutes, drunks,
beggars and vagabonds of every kind to add to the everyday life of
Victorian London.
Up until the second half of the 19th century people were still drinking water from the Thames in
which raw sewage flowed into, causing several outbursts of cholera along with the great stink of
1958, the disease and sewage in the drinking water made a link with
Dr. John to find that all the victims of the cholera outbreak was connected with the same water
pump. A plan was put together by Sir
Joseph Bazalgette, completed in 1875, which finally provided adequate sewers to serve the city.
A new law was put into place 'the new poor law' enacted in 1834.
Before it had been burden of all the parishes to take care of the poor. The new law required that all
the parishes worked together to create regional workhouses where aid could be applied for. The
workhouse was little more than a prison for the poor.
Victorian children worked in manufactories. They worked long hard hours to satisfy the needs of the
parents because the families were so poor. The conditions of employment were terrible. They didn't
have any shoes because the

Aestheticism In Victorian England
PARAGRAPH 1 – MIDDLE CLASS/ORIGINS Aestheticism flourished partly as a backlash against
the materialism of the growing middle class, assumed to be composed of philistines (those who
abide by the social attitude of anti–intellectualism that undervalues and despises art) who viewed
and responded to art in an unrefined manner, and who failed to appreciate the artistic worldview that
was becoming fairly prominent at the time. Wilde often describes in detail his disenchantment with
the age in which he lived. Commonly referred to as the fin–de–siècle (French for "end of the
century") period, the 1890s in Europe, and especially Britain, were marked by a cynical sensibility
that sought to free society from "the asceticism that deadens the senses". Ascetism is a lifestyle
characterised by abstinence from sensual pleasures, which was adopted by much of the world–
weary middle class. In this decade, many people in continental Europe felt a near constant sense of
discontent. The morals that once seemed to control life and give it meaning were lost to an age of
enlightenment. The two main reasons for this disillusionment were connected to the public functions
of morality and art, which, in Victorian England, were directly linked. It was thought that art should
function as a moral barometer, and for many people, this dictum left room for only the most
restrictive values and uninspired art. The term "fin de siècle" therefore came to describe a branch of
thinking that sought to restore

The Victorian Era Of Victorian England
The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 until 1901 when she died.
Although the Victorian era was good for the United Kingdom in many ways, it was also a time
where there were great differences in gender equality leaving women with very few rights.
Therefore, making it a period when women began to demand equal treatment to men and although
their rights would not be equal until the 20th Century, Victorian women started the idea. This essay
looks at 5 key areas of Victorian life to show the gender and sexuality issues that existed. First, it
will describe the Victorian idea of 'separate spheres' for men and women. Second, it will look at
education and work to show how difficult it was for women to be ... Show more content on
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In this era, everything revolved around gender and the way other people saw you was always based
upon this.
For women it was a very different story, they were expected to be innocent. They were only seen to
have a use in domestics so were forced to stay at home to cook, clean and only take an interest in
what their husbands wanted, leaving them with no freedom of their own. They, themselves, were not
allowed to be educated or know a world outside the home chores. They were also expected to raise
their children and prepare them for the life ahead if them, without knowing much about it
themselves. From this they gained the nickname 'angels of their homes', which sounds a lot more
exciting than it really was.
At the start of the Victorian era many children did not go to school and most worked in factories.
There were some good boys' schools around, but only rich families could afford to pay the fees, so
even if you were male, the wealth of your family determined whether your life would lead to
something worthwhile or not. Girls did not go to school at all at the start of the era, so were left with
little, if any, education. Girls from wealthy families could be taught at home by a governess, but
only the minority had this luxury. From 1833, this all changed and the English parliament began to
provide schools for poor children. The Forster elementary act

Middle Class Vs. Social Class In Victorian England
"The Victorian society was divided into Upper Class, Middle Class, and the Working Class. The
Victorian Upper Class consisted of the Aristocrats, Nobles, Dukes, other wealthy families working
in the Victorian courts. The Upper Class was in a powerful position giving them authority, better
living conditions, and other facilities." (Victorian–Era.org)
During Victorian England, a person's social class decided their education, jobs, and medical
treatment. The Working Class people hardly received any education at all. The Middle Class people
would get education that was better than what the Working Class received, but definitely not as
good of education that the Upper Class received. The Working Class did most of the physical labor
being paid hourly or daily. The Middle Class did the clean work and were paid monthly or yearly.
The Upper Class did not necessarily have to work, but they got paid from their investments. For
medical treatment, the Working Class had more illnesses because they were doing more physical
labor. When they got sick, the medical treatment was not very good because the Working Class
could not pay for it. The Middle Class would receive better treatment. The Upper Class would
obviously get excellent medical treatment, because they were able to pay for it and they were higher
priority. All of those examples shows that their social class affected the way they were treated. The
Upper Class or by inheritance the "Royal Class" did not work for a very long time

Food In Victorian England
There was a large variation in the food of the Victorian Era, but not all was available to all social
classes. Food was part of your social class. People in higher social classes would receive the freshest
produce available, while the commoners receive the "wittles", or scraps. In the lower classes of
England, food was scarce and people didn't get a lot of it, so people treasured it. Food has had a
major impact in the culture of the Victorian Age, it was part of your social standing, and how much,
or little, of it you received.
Food and it's impact The novel Great Expectations shows perfect examples of the grandeur of food
in Victorian England, but also the lack of it. Also, it shows the social aspect surrounding food. In the
book, Mrs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poor people who lived in rural areas did not eat the same as commoners in big cities or urban areas.
Some examples of food in an urban area are: "tripe, slink (prematurely born calves), and broxy
(diseased sheep)." They ate this because they couldn't afford good, fresh produce and this is all they
could get to eat. But, people in rural areas ate somewhat better than people in urban areas. They ate
birds, beef and an assortment of vegetables. But, neither peoples got much of it. Also, there was a
multitude of foods that are not unique to rural or urban areas, some examples of those are: "potatoes,
beer, tea, and bread and butter." This ties into the book Great Expectations because the Gargerys
were eating bread and butter, which shows their low income and social class. Furthermore, social
classes and food go "hand in hand," what food you ate partly determined what class you were in.
According to the book Plenty and Want the industrial revolution was going on during this time, and
there were more people to be fed, and the lower class workers baked the bread and stirred the pot,
and, obviously, doing the work . "The growth of urban life encouraged competition and social
imitation among all classes, leading to far more sophisticated tastes and eating habits." This is the
start of the classes and, through the industrial revolution, revolutionized food and the way it was
made

Philanthropy In Victorian England Essay
Philanthropy and Victorian England: During the Victorian period, the conditions in which the poor
lived and the way they were treated was appalling. Many diseases roamed the streets and were
accountable for the numbers of deaths each year. Not only did the Victorian people hate the
monarchy when Victoria came to the throne, but their law system also allowed many young children
to go without an education thus contributing immensely to the number of poor, homeless people on
the streets due to having no skills to help them in the work place. There was also a clear division
between the poor, working class and the middle, upper classes. Many people ignored the suffering
they saw going on around them and felt they did not need to help the poor because ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a clear division between the rich and the poor, and many people kept to themselves. In
1861, a survey was conducted in London, showing that there were fewer than 640 charities. The few
charities that were around were mostly run by middle class women. The charities would help by
providing money and shelter to the poor as well as using what they specialised in for aid, such as
medical help. However, the Victorian period did see a rise in the number of charities being founded.
This was due to the fact that many people had been shocked by the reality of the lives the working
class were living and were concerned that they would start an up–rising against the middle and
upper classes. They believed that charities would stop this. And so, many charities were set up, in
and around London. There were charities for most things: for the poor, sick, the disabled and the
unemployed as well as charities for drunks and prostitutes who want to get back on the 'right track'
and many more. There were also charities like hospitals for the ill, orphanages and religious
organisations. One of which being The Salvation Army which was set up by William Booth to 'save
souls' by teaching the poor about God and directing them towards God. In 1818. The Ragged
Schools were founded by John Pounds. The Ragged Schools offered free education to the poor
working class children consequently, there were over 200 free schools open to poor children in

Prostitution In Victorian England
England was transforming, from an agrarian to an industrialised nation. As a result, people were
flocking from the country to the towns in the hope of finding work in new factories. Subsequently a
large number of workers in need of a job led to a decline in wages. Sadly, even children were not
spared. There were many poor families who had to send their children to work and help financially
toward family budget. Moreover, the conditions in which children usually worked were dreadful and
dangerous, because since they were tinier they could manoeuvre more easily in narrow spaces. On
the other hand, there was a strict code of conduct which included dignity, charity work,
philanthropy, strong social ethics, sexual restraint and (outward) prudishness and yet, all this ...
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Additionally, people who worked long hours needed to live close to their place of work which
spurred the need for cheap housing. In effort to house everyone who needed a dwelling, many
inadequate houses were built and large houses were turned into tenement houses. All this resulted in
slums, heavily populated, shabby districts of towns where poor people lived in squalid conditions.
Furthermore, there were many people living on the streets, including children. Another consequence
of poverty was the rise of prostitution, an acceptable trade in the Victorian society, in which woman
was the property of her husband. In fact, that was also the highest paying job a woman could get, so
many poor families forced their daughters, who could be as young as 13, into prostitution to meet
economic needs. Besides, most often husbands did not mind sharing their wives with other men for
profit. Unfortunately, these women, although prostitutes mostly against their will and/or out of need,
were called "Fallen women", they were marginalized and seen as outcasts. The society considered
prostitution a terrible evil and mostly condemned these women. Dickens' philanthropic work led
him to

Social Classes In Victorian England
Today I will be writing a research paper about the differences and similarities of the different types
of social classes during the Victorian era in England. Also, I will be going into a little bit of detail
about some key problems that developed during this time because of classism. There will be a total
of three main social classes I'm going to talk about and those classes are the nobility upper class,
middle class, and the working class. Before I forget I will also be talking a bit about politics, child
labor, and where women rank in the social class ladder. I am going to start my body paragraph with
talking about the social classes starting with the upper class. This class was one of the smallest
classes because it was what I like to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People in the nobility upper class were or are people of great power giving them great authority,
living condition, and a much better education than the rest. Most people in the upper classes
received all their money through many generations of family members have built up their money so
that later on their grandkids and other generations down the line would live really nice luxurious
lives. But there are other people who worked their way up to the upper class, maybe they so happen
to own a successful industry and made their money that way. Next, I'm going to talk about the
middle class this social class is ranked second on the list of three. This class was relatively decent
they may not have had all the great things and all of the money like the upper class but they were
still able to live a good happy life. In this social class, there was still a ton load of people who were
in charge of small business or had good paying jobs. Due to the fact that people in the middle class
were still making decent money during the Victorian times, there offspring's must of still had a
decent education clearly nothing compared to what the upper class had because they were able to
pay for the best but the middle class still had pretty good options for

Why Did England Survive The Social Class In The Victorian Era
The Victorian Era was a 68 year ruling period by the infamous Queen Victoria. Her reign ensured
tremendous cultural expansion; improvement in trade, science and technology, and the invention of
railroads in London. The Victorian Era also had a very strict class system consisting of Upper,
Middle, Working, and Lower Class. During Victoria's reign in the nineteenth century, England
thrived, yet couldn't survive the social class system. The Upper class resided in three sub divisions:
Royal Class, Middle Upper Class, Lower Upper Class including royals to wealthy business men.
The Middle Class was made up of working citizens who received salaries. Higher level Middle class
had salaries and a higher social status. Lower level Middle class worked

Corruption In Victorian England
Appalled at the corruption of the English church in the late 16th and early 17th century, a group of
people known as separatists (or puritans) abandoned their mother country in search of a life in the
Americas in which they could practice their natural rights without the burden of fearing persecution.
While keeping to the general doctrines of the Christian faith, the puritans derived their individuality
from Calvinism, focusing on the concept of pre–destination. After arriving in the Massachusetts Bay
and establishing government, the puritan leader John Winthrop declared that their puritan society
would serve as a shining beacon for all to look to as a model of guidance, a "city on a hill." This
belief that the puritan society was ordained

Jack The Ripper: The Supernatural In Victorian England
The time of the Victorians marked the start of the supernatural, which very importantly happened
between 1750 to 1950. A main factor which caused the Victorians to believe in so much about the
super natural was down to a big part to play in religion. Education was also another big part to play;
Education was becoming more and more common in Victorian England at this time. The Victorians
were very into Supernatural things, this meant they were totally thrilled by it! Just like today not
everyone might not of such believed in the supernatural but it was a lot of fun to think about it and
for some people pretend! Furthermore people were said to say it much easier to see ghosts in low
light levels, an example of this particular moment is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It starts like this... 'When I was young kid, I had an extremely big room, with my bed in the corner
directly opposite of there the door was. My parents always made me close the door when I went to
bed! as well as pull down the curtains down completely, I've never been scared of the dark and I
knew my way around that old room in my sleep. Never had anything odd happen, either, until one
morning I woke up much earlier than usual, it was around 5am–ish and I was hearing voices. I
immediately recognized them as not being my parents, at the start they were whispering. I can't
remember what they were talking about, but I remember that as soon as I quietly, quietly said;whilst
I was being paranoid. they grew louder fast, and more voices started talking at once. I was quite
panicky, worried and scared at this point. I scrambled out of bed; I was going to tackle this as it
came! I tried carefully making my way towards the door with the voices keeping growing louder, I
heard some of the voices starting to laugh, and I distinctly remember them laughing in a very
mocking manner, taunting and mocking me for something, but I didn't not know what! When I
finally reached my door and just pulled it open, everything was silent IMMEDIATELY, like all the
laughing stopped. All the talking stopped. All the mocking stopped. Nothing like that ever happened
again, and when I told my parents about it a bit earlier they said they both didn't hear anything, and

The Religious Climate of Victorian England Essay
By the turn of the 19th century, the Church of England grew into a dominant bureaucratic monster.
Any account of English history shows how politics and religion became so interwoven that it is
difficult to draw a clear line between these two forces. The two entities are largely one in the same;
tyrannical in wealth and power. The elite strength possessed by the church of England coupled with
the vast scope of this organization proved to be more of a detriment as the climate facilitated the
growth of numerous internal problems. This, in turn, opened the opportunity for a variety of
dissenting groups to mount a formidable uprising.
Pluralism and biblical disagreement among the clergy spread with the introduction of new scientific
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It became increasingly difficult to present a consistent and unified, official position on such
controversial matters. These types of scandals resulted in denouncements, demands to recant,
deposed officials, and numerous judicial hearings. Many High Church officials clung to the
infallibility of the Bible but the damage was done and would obviously not cease. By 1870,
intellectual skepticism spread to the point where "if any scholarly undergraduate at Oxford was a
Christian or purposed going into the ministry, he was regarded as a freak" (Latourette 294).
Absenteeism and other related abuses by the appointed members of the Church rose in prevalence.
There were no clerical pensions or provisions for sickness and so the only option, other than
resigning and facing a life of poverty, was to get a leave of absence, which became a readily
available option that included a continued salary. Yet, it was rarely the truly desperate who sought
out this alternative.
A population of rich clergy who lived like worldly kings existed, while on the other end of the
spectrum, a number of poorly paid officials did not make enough to survive. The leave of absence
became a popular endeavor for the rich to take paid vacations and for the poor to pursue other
careers in order to meet their daily living expenses. In 1831, for instance, "2,268 clergymen held
two or more livings; in fact, of these, 352 held three livings, 57 held four and 3 held five" (Kitson

Essay on Servants in Victorian England
Servants in Victorian England Servants were imperative to the functioning of middle and upper
class homes in Victorian England. Without the veritable army of servants for the upper and upper–
middle classes, women would not be able to live the leisured lives they had grown accustomed, and
would certainly not have the time to flaunt their status with neighbor–calling and the numerous balls
and social activities. Even most lower–middle and middle–middle classes employed at least one
servant, as assistance was almost a necessity in maintaining the home (Roberts 205). For the most
part, these servants had an appreciation for their work, with the opportunity to live in an upper class
home and have job security, as the alternative was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women were dependent on their maids, as performing a task as menial as dressing themselves
would not be viewed as proper for a lady of status. The lowest servants would be the footman and
housemaids, whose duties involved mostly cleaning, scrubbing, and polishing silver. The size of the
home determined how many footmen and housemaids would be employed. In the beginning of the
century, laundry maids were common, which is believable that with all the garments worn,
especially by the lady of the house, that a person could be employed just to wash the family's
clothes. By the end of the century laundry maids were less common with the advent of professional
laundries. If a family owned a stable, a staff of servants including a coachman, a groom, and a stable
boy were required (Roberts 206). Other outdoor servants may include game–keepers and huntsmen,
who were responsible for hunting food for the family (Margetson 167). Although frequent in
Victorian literature, governesses were not as common in reality, representing a small portion of the
servant population. The education required by governesses, and the fact that they were usually
selected from upper classes, allowed them to be viewed as slightly higher status than the low
servants (Roberts 206). For the maids of the household, their duties consumed nearly all of their
time. Their day would typically begin at 6am and may not have ended until after midnight

Victorian England : The Worst Of Times
"It was the best of times; it was the worst of times" (Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities).Victorian
England was a melting pot of both good times and bad times. Some people experienced good, while
others experienced bad. During the Victorian Era, mainly the wealthy experienced good times, while
the poor experienced poor times. As reflected in contrasting Victorian paintings, literature, and
historical accounts, Victorian England was a time of great prosperity for the wealthy few but a time
of constant hardship for many poor. As depicted in Ramsgate Sands, historical accounts, and Great
Expectations, the upper class of Victorian London maintained a life of luxury, leisure, and laughter.
As seen in Ramsgate Sands, almost every person is depicted participating in leisure activities such
as reading books or newspapers, holding a conversation, or enjoying the sand and water. Shown in
the painting Ramsgate Sands, people are playing in the water and relaxing in the sand. By enjoying
the beach, the people have enough money to be able to enjoy themselves instead of working. The
overall painting radiates a certain comfort and care–free living that only the wealthy could afford.
Similarly, according to several historical accounts, entertaining was a favorite pastime and a
convenient activity for the upper class. Dinner parties and social events could last from 5–6 hours
since gentry never had a lack for leisure (Schomp, The Country, Para 13). Dinners were elegant and
featured gourmet

Women's Professions In Victorian England
Deidre Harris
Mrs. Arnett
English 1123
19 April 2017
"Women's Professions in Victorian England"
A women's profession can define her character in society during the Victorian Era. Women are
known for strong work ethic. Originally a woman supposed to take care the house hold while the
man work. The Victorian society was based off three classes. The Upper Class, Middle Class, and
the Working Class. The Upper Class hold the most power because they were given authority, the
best living, and control over the other classes. The Upper Class did not have to work hard because
their families of years before their time had already gathered funds, so therefore, they would not run
out of money. They lived Queens with a glamourous life. Aristocrats, ... Show more content on
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There was only three percent of white women with an occupation and twenty–five percent of black
women with an occupation during the Victorian era. Most whites were in the Upper Class. While
taking care the homes and the children women were not expected to work. In the Upper Class the
women had babysitters and nannies. They did not spend all their time around the house. They
basically did other activities that include other upper class women. The nannies even were their
teacher. The Upper Class had the easier way of living because people from the working class took
care of the families for small pay. Women in the middle–class desire was to marry a rich man so
they can get better goods and more respect. The Middle–Class women would donate money for the
lower class a.k.a. working class for their needs. They would teach them about hygiene and keep
their house clean. The work class women worked if there was not enough money coming into the
house hold or if their husband passed away. If the family was blaming poor than the children would
have to work as young as four years old. The woman was taught early in her years to get married
and take care the family. Outside the working class the traditional view of Victorian women is that
they were little involved in business or enterprise and that their lives were largely devoted to the

Middle Class In Victorian England
After William IV died, his niece, Victoria, became the Queen of England, starting the victorian era.
In Victoria's reign, the British Empire came to cover over ¼ of the world. The Industrial revolution
is created during her reign, producing more products available to the common people of England.
On the down side, people working in the mill had a hard life. Victorian England's class system was
made up of 4 sections, the upper class, middle class, working class, and underclass.. The upper class
was made up of the royal class, people from royals, queens, kings, etc. Then the middle upper class,
consisting of great officers and temporal lords. Lower upper class, which includes, mostly wealthy
businessmen. The middle class includes the higher middle class, people with a high amount of
money, or social status. Then the lower middle class were people who worked for the upper middle
class. As for the working class, it has two sub–sections. The skilled class, who had laborers working
for them, and the unskilled workers, who were the laborers. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Young boys could find work selling newspaper and food in the streets, or watch horses while the
driver took a break. For people who couldn't find jobs, were sick, or disabled, they could go to a
workhouse. Workhouses were established from the Poor Law Amendment in 1834. A lot of people
were turned down, because they were deemed as "able to work."
In conclusion, Victorian England was divided into classes, with different subcategories. There was
the upper class, middle class, working class, and underclass. This idea transferred into the working
field. There were different jobs for different social classes. The victorian era was the reason for the
industrial revolution, creating many manufactured products available to, even, the underclass. All in
all, this era was a time of changing in

Women In Victorian England In The Eighteenth Century
Social boundaries and moral restrictions on women take over Victorian England in the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth centuries. However, deviant women appear to be beyond such confines. As
mentioned before, women were placed in the house and labeled as "the angel in the house."
Conversely, such criterion has been undermined with the emergence of the "femme fatale" as
Victorian England becomes vulnerable to internal and external threats represented by such type of
evil women. As Auerbach observes, "in Victorian England, an age possessed by faith but deprived of
dogma, any incursion of the supernatural into the natural became ambiguously awful because
unclassifiable" (75). More distinctively, such images of women were in line with the Victorian

Prostitution in Victorian England Essay
Judith Walkowitz's book Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State, deals with
the social and economic impact that prostitution had on English society in the mid to late 19th
century. Throughout her piece Walkowitz illustrates the plight of women who are in the prostitution
field and that are working the streets throughout England. She starts with the background of most of
the prostitutes in Victorian England then talks about the Contagious Disease Act in 1864 that
attempted to curb the venereal diseases being spread by prostitutes. Walkowitz also discusses two
specific cities in England that prostitution was a 'social evil', Southampton and Plymouth, where the
repeal campaigns were successful. Most of the women who ... Show more content on
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The problem with the enforcement of the act was that police could arrest and inspect any woman
that they suspected of prostitution, whether they were a prostitute or not. Ordinary women were
sometimes suspected to degrading inspects by authorities and were humiliated and falsely held. The
act were protested by various women's groups that claimed that the act was attempting to control
women's bodies and that the government should go after the prostitute's clientele rather than the
prostitute. Prostitution was viewed by many of England's religious and moral as an evil in society.
"By 1850 prostitution had become 'the Great Social Evil,' not simply an affront to morality, but a
vital aspect of the social economy as well." They believed that prostitution was affecting every
aspect of society and they urged for the acts to be passed as an attempt to curb the spread of
prostitution. Those who wanted the act repealed believed that they infringed on women's basic
human rights and that they were an attack by the upper class on working class women. Liberal
organizations like the Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts,
which was led by the prominent feminist Josephine Butler, openly opposed the actions of the
English government by protesting and refusing to cooperate with other activist groups. Supporters
of the act believed that women who were spreading disease to the future husbands of England
should

Imperialism And Industrialism: The Zeitgeist Of Victorian...
The zeitgeist of Victorian England is defined by a tumultuous climate of transition. Victorian
England experienced multifarious development emphasised through English imperialism and
industrialisation. England's transition into a newly industrialised age stimulated a substantial
population shift from rural to urban areas, reflected in London's expansion from two to six million
inhabitants during Victoria's reign. Moreover, England flourished not only domestically but
expanded on an international front, where by the end of the 19th century nearly one–quarter of the
earth's total land mass was subjected to British hegemony. Additionally, various advancements such
as the steam engine stimulated urbanism and "gave Victorians new relations to time,

Victorian Gender Roles In The Victorian Era In England

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