Vibrio tubiashii is a pathogenic bacteria that causes disease in Pacific oyster larvae. The document summarizes research investigating how elevated carbon dioxide levels (ocean acidification) may impact the growth of V. tubiashii and disease susceptibility in oyster larvae. The research found that V. tubiashii grew faster and reached higher abundances under elevated carbon dioxide levels. However, elevated carbon dioxide did not increase disease susceptibility in oyster larvae when exposed to the bacteria. While ocean acidification may facilitate outbreaks of vibriosis by enhancing bacterial growth, rearing oysters at lower temperatures could help reduce disease risk.
Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: Ndyetabula, S. Merumba, S. Jeremiah, S. Kasele, G. Mkamilo, F. Kagimbo, C. Chuwa and J. Legg.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Presentation 3.4 Dealing with AHPND: Thailand update from 2015 (Dr Putth Song...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
Presentation during IITA R4D week 2015 (23 - 27 Nov. 2015). By: Ndyetabula, S. Merumba, S. Jeremiah, S. Kasele, G. Mkamilo, F. Kagimbo, C. Chuwa and J. Legg.
Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species is of critical importance. This study evaluates the antibiotic resistance of Vibrio species present in farmed shrimp. Shrimp samples were obtained from an aquaculture farm. The tissues of Shrimp were examined and a total of 29 Vibrio isolates were identified. Through the biochemical test, the Vibrio isolates were identified as V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V.parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. The Vibrio species were tested for their resistance to eighteen antibiotics that are frequently present in the aquatic environment. Out of the total isolates, 6 were selected as dominant species for antibiotic susceptibility test. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae isolated from fresh shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics, V.vulnificus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics and this was the only isolate to show maximum resistance against the selected antibiotics. V.mimicus and V.alginolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance to against seven different antibiotics. V.parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against eight antibiotics whereas V.furnissii isolated from shrimp showed antimicrobial resistance against six antibiotics. In general, all samples showed an increased level of antibiotic resistance due to improper
Presentation 3.4 Dealing with AHPND: Thailand update from 2015 (Dr Putth Song...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
Presentation 8: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a versatile pathogen that can adapt ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in traditionally processed fish in infor...ILRI
Presentation by K. Tano-Debrah, B. Bediako-Amoa, F.K. Saalia and K. Bomfeh at the 27th biennial conference of the Ghana Science Association on "Promoting the development of agro-processing industries to enhance value addition for local and export markets: The role of science and technology", Kumasi, Ghana, 10-15 July 2011.
Exposure assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in hot-smoked fish in GhanaILRI
Presentation by Kennedy Bomfeh, Kwaku Tano-Debrah, Firibu K. Saalia and Betty Bediako-Amoa at the first International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-17 September 2011.
MBV & SHIV - Top 10 aquatic diseases tested in 2019Winnie Siow
In the issue, we will cover some of the facts of two of the aquatic diseases - #10 Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) and #9 Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus (SHIV).
Presentation 2.7 Epidemiology of AHPND: experiences in Viet Nam and Thailand ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
This is a presentation at the Abalone Farmers Assosiation of Southern Africa project meeting in 2003. It details the progress we made from 2000 - 2002 on using seaweeds as biofilters in aquaculture effluent
Parrotfish and the recovery resilience of coral reefs: A case study from BonaireAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Robert S. Steneck (PhD), Professor of Oceanography, Marine Biology and Marine Policy, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine / Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation, at the webinar "Herbivorous Fish to improve Coral Reef Health: Scientific and regional regulatory measure", held on June 25th, 2020.
Presentation 2.5 Ecology, virulence factors and global spread of pathogenic V...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
Bacterial diseases of reproductive importanceSakina Rubab
This presentation comprises of almost all the bacteria and other agents too that are involved in causing reproductive diseases in animals, especially cattle.
Presentation 8: Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a versatile pathogen that can adapt ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in traditionally processed fish in infor...ILRI
Presentation by K. Tano-Debrah, B. Bediako-Amoa, F.K. Saalia and K. Bomfeh at the 27th biennial conference of the Ghana Science Association on "Promoting the development of agro-processing industries to enhance value addition for local and export markets: The role of science and technology", Kumasi, Ghana, 10-15 July 2011.
Exposure assessment for Listeria monocytogenes in hot-smoked fish in GhanaILRI
Presentation by Kennedy Bomfeh, Kwaku Tano-Debrah, Firibu K. Saalia and Betty Bediako-Amoa at the first International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 15-17 September 2011.
MBV & SHIV - Top 10 aquatic diseases tested in 2019Winnie Siow
In the issue, we will cover some of the facts of two of the aquatic diseases - #10 Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) and #9 Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus (SHIV).
Presentation 2.7 Epidemiology of AHPND: experiences in Viet Nam and Thailand ...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
This is a presentation at the Abalone Farmers Assosiation of Southern Africa project meeting in 2003. It details the progress we made from 2000 - 2002 on using seaweeds as biofilters in aquaculture effluent
Parrotfish and the recovery resilience of coral reefs: A case study from BonaireAIDA_Americas
Presentation of Robert S. Steneck (PhD), Professor of Oceanography, Marine Biology and Marine Policy, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine / Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation, at the webinar "Herbivorous Fish to improve Coral Reef Health: Scientific and regional regulatory measure", held on June 25th, 2020.
Presentation 2.5 Ecology, virulence factors and global spread of pathogenic V...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
Bacterial diseases of reproductive importanceSakina Rubab
This presentation comprises of almost all the bacteria and other agents too that are involved in causing reproductive diseases in animals, especially cattle.
Presentation 5: Review of vibriosis in shrimp farming prior to EMS and risk m...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Presentation 1.8 Surveillance and animal health monitoring, early detection o...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
The purpose of this study was to investigate species specific inhibitory effects of esDNA isolated from two conspecific organisms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) and Vibrio harveyi (VH), and to assess the functional role of esDNA to enhance the survival rate of Artemia sp. In an in vitro study, nine doses of Extracellular self-DNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (esDNAVP) and Vibrio harveyi (esDNAVH) were used as the target for the challenge test with the conspecific bacteria. In an in vivo study, the protective effect of esDNA was then tested in nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia at various priming times and concentrations of esDNA under gnotobiotic conditions prior to challenge with VP and VH at the concentration of 5 × 105 CFU mL-1. The results from in vitro study showed that the use of esDNAVP at levels of 24.02 and 48.05 ng µl-1 and esDNAVH at concentrations of 13.33 and 26.67 ng µl-1 were able to inhibit the growth of the conspecific species when added to the culture medium at the concentration level of 5 × 105 CFU mL-1. The results from in vivo study showed that the use of 24.02; 48.05 and 72.07 ng µl-1 of esDNAVP as well as the use of 13.33; 26.67 and 40.00 ng µl-1 of esDNAVH inhibited the growth of VP and VH and enhanced the survival rate of Artemia sp compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Taken together, we confirmed that esDNA obtained from the extraction and random fragmentation from esDNAVP and esDNAVH, produces a species-specific inhibitory effect on the same species and can serve as a potential alternative strategy for disease control to deliver the functionality of esDNA to the fish and shrimp.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
NO1 Uk Divorce problem uk all amil baba in karachi,lahore,pakistan talaq ka m...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Vibrio tubiashii and Pacific oyster disease susceptibility
1. Vibrio tubiashii : disease and pathogenicity to
Pacific oyster larvae
Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association Annual Meeting
September 26, 2012
Elene Dorfmeier, Carolyn Friedman, Steven Roberts
University of Washington | School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences
2. Pacific Northwest
Shellfish Industry
Photo: OSU
• USD100 million industry (~3000 jobs)
• Large-scale production reliant on
shellfish hatcheries
• Oysters account for ~76% of shellfish
production
Google Maps
4. The Pathogen:
Vibrio tubiashii (Vt)
Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe
Causative agent of vibriosis in early stage shellfish
Pathogenic to a variety of marine invertebrates,
including Pacific oyster
Photo: Phetsouvanh et al. 2008
5. Disease
Vibriosis:
Characterized by bacterial swarming, loss of
motility, soft tissue necrosis, and mortality
Larval mortality within 24 hours of exposure to
the most pathogenic strains
Management of bacterial disease has been
historically problematic
Re-emergent in the Northwest
Larvae Photo: Lisa Crosson
Bacteria Photo: Dartmouth EM Facility
6. Environmental Change:
Ocean Acidification
The chemical changes associated with the increase
of CO2 in the oceans.
• increases aqueous CO2
• lower seawater pH
• decreased carbonate ion (aragonite, calcite)
availability
7. Acidification of Northwest Waters
SUMMER 2009:
Dabob Bay
Totten Inlet
Map: R. Jacobsen Graphs: Simone Alin et al. NOAA
8. Impact of Ocean Acidification on
Marine Calcifiers
Effects of ocean acidification on calcifying
organisms:
Growth and development
Energy allocation
Metabolic depression
Photo: Emma Timmons-Shiffman
9. Environmental Shifts and
Shellfish Aquaculture
1. Re-emergent bacterial disease
Vibrio tubiashii
2. Host response to environmental shifts
high pCO2 and temperature
Photo credit: Steve Ringman, Seattle Times
10. Research Goals
Investigate the influence of elevated pCO2
on Vibrio tubiashii growth
Determine the impact of elevated pCO2 on
Pacific oyster larval susceptibility disease
Photo: Norbert Dankers
11. Investigate the influence of
elevated pCO2 on Vibrio tubiashii
growth
Photo: Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility
17. Total Abundance
*
*
p = <0.001
*
Error Bars = 95% CI
Stationary Phase
18. Summary: Vt Growth
At 16°C, Vt grew faster and reached higher
abundance at elevated pCO2
Enhanced Vt growth under acidified conditions may
lead to outbreaks of vibriosis in hatcheries
Why? / How?
Enhanced gene expression of cell division when exposed to lower
pH (cadA, toxR, rpoS)?
Photo: Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility
19. Determine the impact of elevated
pCO2 on Pacific oyster larval
susceptibility disease
Photo: Virginia Sea Grant
20. Vt Disease Challenge
Temperature:
16°C
pCO2:
Disease
Ambient (7.9 pH) agent:
750 ppm (7.8 pH) V. tubiashii
2000 ppm (7.4 pH) RE22
Vt doses (102 – 106 CFU/ml)
LD50 at 24, 48, and 72 hrs
Photo: Ghent University
21. Overview: Vt Disease Challenge
Early stage Prodissoconch I
D-veliger veliger
3 days old 10 days old
Photo: FAO
22. Results: Larval Disease Challenges
Larval survival after 48 hours Vt exposure
Late Stage
Early stage
ND ND
Error Bars: 95% CI
p-values >> 0.05
23. LD50 Results
Early stage
Late Stage
LD50 reported in CFU/ml of V. tubiashii
Logistic curve: Pi = 1 / (1 + e –(a + b * x))
24. LD50 Results
Early stage
Late Stage
LD50 reported in CFU/ml of V. tubiashii
Logistic curve: Pi = 1 / (1 + e –(a + b * x))
25. LD50 Results
Early stage
Late Stage
LD50 reported in CFU/ml of V. tubiashii
Logistic curve: Pi = 1 / (1 + e –(a + b * x))
26. Larval Disease Challenge
No detectable difference in Pacific oyster susceptibility
to vibriosis at elevated pCO2.
Considerations:
• Length of exposure to experimental conditions
• Conditions throughout early shell development is
important to overall survival
• Vt culture conditions
27. Summary: Disease and OA
Elevated pCO2 does not affect Vt pathogenicity, but Vt
growth under acidified conditions may facilitate
outbreaks of vibriosis
Higher temperature exacerbates growth
Still many unanswered questions
Rearing oysters at lower temperatures when higher
pCO2 levels exist may have lower risk of vibriosis
Trade-off less disease / slower oyster growth
28. Saltonstall-Kennedy Program (NOAA)
UW School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences
Generous student support provided by NOAA
NSA – Pacific Coast Section
Ed and Vicky Jones
Taylor Shellfish Hatchery
Washington Sea Grant
NOAA PMEL
Joth Davis - Taylor Resources
Emma Timmons-Shiffman
Mackenzie Gavery
Sammi Brombacker
Robyn Strenge
Alex Rutherford
Editor's Notes
Washington state is a large producer of molluscan shellfish larvae for export to growers both in the US and abroadProduction of shellfish in the US has increased dramatically in recent years
In the past few decades, the PNW has encountered a number of serious problems concerning natural bivalve populations and hatchery propagation of several bivalve species. Some of these problems include…it is critical to examine the problems facing bivalve larvae from a regional perspective by systematically assessing how the environment influences such as OA and pathogens, like VT, and the spread of disease can affect organismal processes of both pathogen and host.
Natural processes can accelerate acidification of coastal watersIn the PNW, environmental affects of OA are evident. Seasonal coastal upwelling events along the continental shelf of the Pacific coast cause major shifts in pH in the Sound. The 2 graphs on the right, summer pH measurements from Dabob Bay and Totten Inlet, were data collected by Simone Alin. The graphs illustrate a strong fluctuation in pH in both areas that dive as low as 7.4 at both locations. Recent data from NOAA surveys show a range of pH of Pacific coastal areas ranging from 7.2 – 9.0 pH units! The levels seen here influence our selection of experimental pCO2 levels used.Local processes that contribute to acidification of water in the Sound exacerbate acidification conditions that.
The affects of OA on calcifying organisms have been an extensive area of study in recent years. Some of the major findings of many of these studies include slower growth and development, shifts in energy allocation and metabolic depression as a result of environmental stress. What we don’t know yet is how environmental shifts will impact pathogen-host interactions or disease susceptibility in early life stage bivalve larvae. Especially in the economically important pacific oyster.
Recruitment failures in both natural populations and hatchery propagated bivalve populations
Within the hatchery, high potential for Vt blooms given higher temperaturesMore fuel to obtain maximum bacterial growth mortality!
In summary, there was no detectable difference in oyster susceptibility to vibriosis at elevated pCO2 or larval stage.Why might this be?There are a few things that I have considered that may affect susceptibility of host that are difficult to account for.Intrinsic variation of larval populations from week to week may account for some of the variability seen in this experiment.Length of exposure to low pH – Larvae were spawned in the hatchery and acutely exposed to low pH. Mortality was determined after exposure. What if larvae were spawned under low pH?The saturation state of calcium carbonate minerals and carbonate ion availability – Recently published research by Gazeau at al. has shown that growth and developmental success of oysters to be sensitive carbonate ion availability, not pH directly.Vt culture conditions – how does elevated pCO2 affect virulence factors of Vt? – that’s next!
Difference of proportion power calculation for binomial distribution (arcsine transformation) h = 0.8 n = 24sig.level = 0.05 power = 0.7914094 alternative = two.sided