This document summarizes research on how environmental stressors like ocean acidification and elevated temperatures affect Pacific oyster larvae physiology and survival when exposed to disease. The research examines the effects of these stressors individually and in combination on oyster larval development, temperature impacts on the oyster-Vibrio relationship, and an ongoing study on ocean acidification and Vibrio exposure.
Antarctica, Climate Change, and Krill: Dr. Grace Sabacoseenow
Dr. Grace Saba, Rutgers University, presented on her work in Antarctica with Antarctic krill and ocean acidification at the October 23, 2013 STEM Educators' Series.
Dr. Jason Ross - Understanding the Biology of Seasonal Infertility to Develop...John Blue
Understanding the Biology of Seasonal Infertility to Develop Mitigation Strategies for Swine - Dr. Jason Ross, Iowa State University, from the 2016 World Pork Expo, June 8 - 10, 2016, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-world-pork-expo
Crofton MS Thesis Lead Dvelopmental Neurotoxicity 1980KevinCrofton
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS IN EXPLORATION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN MALE RATS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVEL LEAD
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Zoology, Oxford Ohio
by Kevin M. Crofton
Delays in the development of exploratory and locomotor behavior in neonatal male rats (up to 21 days of age) are shown to accrue as a consequence of low level lead (Pb) exposure. Cross-fostering experiments indicate that these delays are primarily due to prenatal exposure. Circadian activity analysis demonstrates that Pb exposure chiefly effects nocturnal activity.
These Pb induced behavioral modifications appear to be associated
with de-lays in synaptogenesis and biochemical development
of the cereb.ra l cortex. A new behavioral bioassay for detecting
delays in brain development is described.
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
Antarctica, Climate Change, and Krill: Dr. Grace Sabacoseenow
Dr. Grace Saba, Rutgers University, presented on her work in Antarctica with Antarctic krill and ocean acidification at the October 23, 2013 STEM Educators' Series.
Dr. Jason Ross - Understanding the Biology of Seasonal Infertility to Develop...John Blue
Understanding the Biology of Seasonal Infertility to Develop Mitigation Strategies for Swine - Dr. Jason Ross, Iowa State University, from the 2016 World Pork Expo, June 8 - 10, 2016, Des Moines, IA, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-world-pork-expo
Crofton MS Thesis Lead Dvelopmental Neurotoxicity 1980KevinCrofton
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS IN EXPLORATION AND LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN MALE RATS EXPOSED TO LOW LEVEL LEAD
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Zoology, Oxford Ohio
by Kevin M. Crofton
Delays in the development of exploratory and locomotor behavior in neonatal male rats (up to 21 days of age) are shown to accrue as a consequence of low level lead (Pb) exposure. Cross-fostering experiments indicate that these delays are primarily due to prenatal exposure. Circadian activity analysis demonstrates that Pb exposure chiefly effects nocturnal activity.
These Pb induced behavioral modifications appear to be associated
with de-lays in synaptogenesis and biochemical development
of the cereb.ra l cortex. A new behavioral bioassay for detecting
delays in brain development is described.
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
1. Pacific Oyster Physiological Response to
Disease under Variable Environmental
Regimes
Emma Timmins-Schiffman, Elene Dorfmeier, Paul McElhany, Shallin Busch,
Steven Roberts & Carolyn Friedman
University of Washington
PCSGA 2010
2. Objective
How do environmental stressors, such as ocean
acidification (OA) and elevated temperature, affect
oyster larvae survival and physiology when
challenged by disease?
3. Experimental Plan
How do environmental changes affect the host-pathogen relationship?
High
OA
Temp.
Host
Pathogen
Vibrio photo: Waldor & RayChaudhuri, 2000, Nature
4. Outline
Ocean acidification
Environmental stress and physiology
Temperature and the C. gigas-V. tubiashii
relationship
OA effects on C. gigas
Current work: OA & V. tubiashii
Hi
OA
T
5. Outline
Ocean acidification
Environmental stress and physiology
Temperature and the C. gigas-V. tubiashii
relationship
OA effects on C. gigas
Current work: OA & V. tubiashii
Hi
OA
T
6. Ocean Acidification
1000 ppm
Increased CO2 in atmosphere
380 ppm
Increased oceanic CO2 = lower oceanic pH
7. Environmental Stress
Growth Reproduction
Normal Environment
Immune response General metabolism
Environmental Stress Growth Reproduction
Immune response General metabolism
pH
8. Outline
Ocean acidification
Environmental stress and physiology
Temperature and the C. gigas-V. tubiashii
relationship
OA effects on C. gigas
Current work: OA & V. tubiashii
Hi
OA
T
9. Temperature & V. tubiashii
Two temperatures: 12oC & 25oC
V. tubiashii challenge in both temperatures
3 day trial
Immune response genes:
C-jun kinase
NfkB
Up-regulate immune defenses:
-ROS
-inflammatory response
10. Temperature & V. tubiashii
= 12oC
= 25oC
*
=12oC + Vt
* =25oC + Vt
1 2 3
11. Temperature & V. tubiashii
Assay Development
n=4
n=4
n=3 n=4 n=2
n=3 n=2 n=2
12oC 25oC 12oC 25oC 12oC 25oC 12oC 25oC
12. Outline
Ocean acidification
Environmental stress and physiology
Temperature and the C. gigas-V. tubiashii
relationship
OA effects on C. gigas
Current work: OA & V. tubiashii
Hi
OA
T
13. Effects of OA on Development
Strip-spawned and pooled sperm and eggs
Fertilized eggs in pCO2-equilibrated water
380 ppm
840 ppm
Time to developmental stage at
1 hour (2-cell)
2 hours (>4-cell)
5 hours (hatched)
17 hours
24 hours
14. Effects of OA on Development
Timeline of C. gigas Larval Development
Fertilization 2-cell
0h
Developmental Stage
4-cell
1h
hatching
2h
5h
Time Post-Fertilization
veliger
17h
24h
15. Effects of OA on Development
=380 ppm
=840 ppm
Proportion Eggs in Cleavage
*
16. Effects of OA on Development
=380 ppm
=840 ppm
Proportion Larvae Hatched
*
17. Effects of OA on Development
A smaller proportion of larvae in elevated pCO2
develop at the “normal” rate
Implications for physiological anomalies and
calcification
SEM Photo: Carla Stehr
18. Effects of OA on Development
General stress response genes
Cytochrome P450 oxidase (CytP450)
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6)
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)
1.0
0.8
Proportion Hatched
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5 5 17 17 24 24
Time Post Fertilization (Hours)
19. Outline
Ocean acidification
Environmental stress and physiology
Temperature and the C. gigas-V. tubiashii
relationship
OA effects on C. gigas
Current work: OA & V. tubiashii
Hi
OA
T
20. OA & V. tubiashii
Study in progress in collaboration with NWFSC (P.
McElhany et al.)
Planned 3 weeks: spawning through settlement
4 pCO2 treatments
280, 380, 750, 2000 ppm
24-hour V. tubiashii exposure
Data collection:
Mortality
Physiology (gene expression)
Morphology & calcification
Genotype-linked survival
21. = calcified
OA & V. tubiashii = partially
calcified
Calcification at 48 hours post-fertilization = uncalcified
22. Conclusions
Ocean acidification has significant effects on C.
gigas larval development.
OA may inhibit and depress larval response to other
environmental stressors, including disease.
Elevated temperatures, such as 25oC, have effects
on the host-pathogen interaction.
23. Acknowledgements
Funding: Saltonstall-Kennedy Grant (NOAA),
NOAA Aquaculture Program student support
University of Washington
Moose O’Donnell
Sam White
Taylor Shellfish
Joth Davis
Ed Jones
Vicki Jones
NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Jason Miller
Mike Maher
Sarah Norberg
