Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto Rico – Dr. José C. Rodrigues

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Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto Rico – Dr. José C. Rodrigues Casa abierta EEA - Río Piedras 30 de abril de 2010

Education

Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto rico Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues [email_address] Casa Abierta UPR EEA CID Rio Piedras 2:10-2:50PM April 30’2010

Acknowledgment ,[object Object],[object Object]

The generalist Needed: a New generation of problem solvers John W. MCarthur Jeffrey Sachs The Chronicle Jun/2009

The Big Fish Eat the Small Ones by Peter Brueghel the Elder ( 1556 ).

Adult coconut palm showing “drought syndrome” Humacao/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Background information ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Feeding behavior ----->>>> Stomatal conductance Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Stomatal conductance Mite - feeding behavior 21 days after infestation 1 mite/ cm2 Mite’s stylets Guard cells stomata mmol/cm2.s

Does the reduction on conductance associated with RPM feeding damage is affecting plant grown? 3 months after treatment Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

“ Coconut palm” Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Red palm mite damage - Luquillo and Dorado/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Red palm mite damage in banana Loiza/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

Number of Raoiella indica mites on the second youngest expanded leaf of different Musa spp. hybrids. Data are averaged for ten replicates. Significance p<0.05. T3 = 3months post infestation

Status of Raoiella - Caribbean 2007 Florida (Nov) (Oct) 2009 Brazil (Roraima) 2007 2008 (May)

October 2006 - First detection in Puerto Rico and Culebra January 2008 (Source Aphis)

Photographer of bison hides; JR Douglass; 1874 Prey- predator relationships

Prey-predator relationships A - Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), B - Mitochondrial DNA COI fragment, ( C ) Raoiella indica DNA sequence __ 400pb A B C

Raoiella indica vs. Amblyseius largoensis Sampling Unit 10 leaflets/plant ETOH 80% FAO

Total number of arthropods collected 07/08 Average of 10 leaflets/plant Raoiella indica Amblyseius largoensis Thrips Others N 20 km

Chemical composition of mite’s drops NMR GC-MS

Example 2. Palms’ dieback Lethal Yellowing symptoms PCR and Nested PCR detection 1.4Kb

Example 2. Palms’ dieback Insects PCR and Nested PCR detection

Remarks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

New Quarantine and Invasive Species Center for Excellence Jardin Botánico Sur, Río Piedras Agricultural Experiment Station Welcome / Bienvenidos Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues [email_address]

Acknowledgment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2011 APS-CD & ESA-SEB join meeting March 19-22 San Juan, PR

Kiwi fruit is an economically important crop in several countries and it can be affected by several bacterial pathogens. Three pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae have been reported affecting kiwi fruit plants: seudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwi fruit; P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum, causal agent of leaf spot of kiwi fruit, and P. syringae, pv. syringae causal agent of floral buds necrosis. Since there is a high phenotypic and genetic diversity among strains inside these pathovars here are briefly described the main differences found in the kiwi fruit strains of these three pathovars to help in developing preventive and curative control strategies to efficiently manage the bacterial diseases that affect kiwi fruit.

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Atta sexdens rubropilosa is an important leaf-cutting ant species considered as a pest in agricultural crop or reforestation areas. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a technique that can help us to understand the regulation and the function of a gene. However, its reliability depend on the data normalization. Different normalization strategies can be adopted for qPCR, reference genes has been cited as one of the most effective methods. It has not been identified a universal reference for all organism and experiment. In this way, the validation of reference gene is crucial step. This is the first study to evaluate reference genes for leaf-cutting ants. To this, we analyzed the expression levels of candidate reference genes (act, ef1-alpha, ef1-beta, GAPDH and rpl18) in different developmental stages (larva, pupa and worker) and tissues (head, mesosoma and worker without gaster) of A. sexdens rubropilosa. Four different algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and comparative ΔCt method) were used in statistical analysis of the stability of the genes and RefFinder was used to propose a consensus list for ranking the reference genes. Our results showed that the most suitable combinations of reference gene candidates were rpl18 and ef1-alpha for the different developmental stages and rpl18 and ef1-beta for the different tissues. In this work, we also report the obtaining from a putative acetylcholinesterase from A.sexdens rubropilosa (GenBank KY464935), which was used as a target gene to confirm the reliability of reference genes suggested.

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The Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka. 20 islands are running almost parallel to the coastline of the Gulf of Mannar. Among them, Mandapam group of islands (Hare, Manoli, Manoliputti, Poomarichan, Pullivasal, Krusadai, and Shingle) are one of the richest coastal regions for biodiversity in Asia. An ecological study for the conservation of the biodiversity in these islands was done from the year 2009 to 2010. Each island has its unique characteristics, of biodiversity surrounded by coral reefs. The littoral, mangrove, tidal swamp, dry deciduous and scrubs insular forests of the islands hold a diversified faunal assemblage. The predominant existing plant species of the island are the mangroves (Rhizophora mucronate pair, Avicennia marina (Forssk.)Vierh, Ceriopstagal (perr.)Rabins) and deciduous and scrub species (Pandanus fascicularis, Thespesia populnea, Tamarindus indica, Cordia subcordata, Pithecolobium dulce, Ficus benghalensis, Pleurostylia opposite, Acacia planifrons, Salvadora persica, and Zizyphus nummularia) Pemphis acidula (Lythraceae family of flowering herb) is the note worthy endemic plant species. These floras for their propagation totally depend on the Hymenopteran and Lepidopteran diversity of insects and the sun bird for pollination and Mammals and Aves for seed dispersal. This study on the animal - plant interaction helps a lot in the formulation of action plan for biodiversity conservation in Mandapam group of islands.

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Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.

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Abstract— This study was conducted to identify, test the pathogenicity of strawberry root and stalk rot pathogens and evaluate the efficiency of some biocontrol agents and fungicides to control the disease. The isolation and identification of fungi associated with infected plant samples showed that Rhizoctonia solani was detected in all studied commercial strawberry lath houses at different location of Baghdad-Iraq. The frequency percentages ranged 25.5-63.5 % and 10.75 - 40 % for Rhizoctonia solani and Phymatotrichopsis omnivora respectively. Pathogenicity test revealed R. solani and P. omnivora isolates were highly pathogenic to strawberry plants. The disease severity percentages of R. solani and P. omnivora were 83.0-100% and 55.5-62.0 % respectively. The isolates HRs3 and KPh1 of R. solani and P. omnivora respectively, caused the highest disease were used during this study. The control agents Rizolex and Tachigarin fungicides, Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens have shown high efficiency against R. solani and P. omnivora on culture media (PDA). The treatment of biocontrol agent’s A. chroococcum and P. fluorescens and the fungicide Rizolex and Preserve Pro showed high efficiency in disease control and enhance plants growth under greenhouse conditions. Disease severities on foliar and root system in A. chroococcum , Rizolex , Preserve Pro and P. fluorescens were 6,66 and 0.00 %, 20.00 and 0.00 %,13.33 and 0.00 % and 13.33and 0.00 % respectively in plants infected with R. solani .Whereas they were 6.66 and 0.00%, 13.33 and 0.00 %,13.33 and 0.00 %,and 13.33 and 0.00 % respectively in plants infected with P. omnivora. This study is the first report of the occurrence of root and stalk rot disease caused by R. solani and P. omnivora on strawberry plants in Iraq.

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Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto Rico – Dr. José C. Rodrigues

1. Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto rico Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues [email_address] Casa Abierta UPR EEA CID Rio Piedras 2:10-2:50PM April 30’2010

3. The generalist Needed: a New generation of problem solvers John W. MCarthur Jeffrey Sachs The Chronicle Jun/2009

4. The Big Fish Eat the Small Ones by Peter Brueghel the Elder ( 1556 ).

5. Adult coconut palm showing “drought syndrome” Humacao/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

6. Coconut palm

7. Coconut damage by Raoiella

10. Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

11. Feeding behavior ----->>>> Stomatal conductance Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

12. Stomatal conductance Mite - feeding behavior 21 days after infestation 1 mite/ cm2 Mite’s stylets Guard cells stomata mmol/cm2.s

13. Does the reduction on conductance associated with RPM feeding damage is affecting plant grown? 3 months after treatment Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

14. “ Coconut palm” Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

15. Red palm mite damage - Luquillo and Dorado/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

16. Pruning

17. Coconut and banana

18. Damage in plantain by Raoiella

19. Red palm mite damage in banana Loiza/PR Example 1. Raoiella indica - red palm mite

20. Number of Raoiella indica mites on the second youngest expanded leaf of different Musa spp. hybrids. Data are averaged for ten replicates. Significance p<0.05. T3 = 3months post infestation

21. Status of Raoiella - Caribbean 2007 Florida (Nov) (Oct) 2009 Brazil (Roraima) 2007 2008 (May)

22. October 2006 - First detection in Puerto Rico and Culebra January 2008 (Source Aphis)

23. Photographer of bison hides; JR Douglass; 1874 Prey- predator relationships

24. Prey-predator relationships A - Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), B - Mitochondrial DNA COI fragment, ( C ) Raoiella indica DNA sequence __ 400pb A B C

25. Raoiella indica vs. Amblyseius largoensis Sampling Unit 10 leaflets/plant ETOH 80% FAO

26. Total number of arthropods collected 07/08 Average of 10 leaflets/plant Raoiella indica Amblyseius largoensis Thrips Others N 20 km

27. Credits: USDA/ARS

28. Chemical composition of mite’s drops NMR GC-MS

29. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

30. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

31. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

32. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

33. Example 2. Palms’ dieback Lethal Yellowing symptoms PCR and Nested PCR detection 1.4Kb

34. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

35. Real Palm

36. Example 2. Palms’ dieback

37. Example 2. Palms’ dieback Insects PCR and Nested PCR detection

38.

39. New Quarantine and Invasive Species Center for Excellence Jardin Botánico Sur, Río Piedras Agricultural Experiment Station Welcome / Bienvenidos Jose Carlos V. Rodrigues [email_address]

40. Birds at Real Palm

41.

42. 2011 APS-CD & ESA-SEB join meeting March 19-22 San Juan, PR

Editor's Notes

Why working in Puerto Rico?
39027 Raoiella indica on Coconut Palm leaves from St. Lucia, West Indies. Dr. Ron Ochoa
Because of the mite feeding habits - through the stomata, the stomatal conductance is quickly and drastically affected
The mite was described originally from India and here is the status on Caribbean
We extrated DNA from single potential predators and were able to recover Raoiella (DNA) from them.
We established 10leaflets as sampling unit and notice a positive correlation between Amblyseius and Raoiella
We sampled mites all around the islan and determine the temporal dynamics for each place

Plagas que amenazan a las palmas en Puerto Rico – Dr. José C. Rodrigues

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