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Parrotfish Help Maintain Resilience of Bonaire's Coral Reefs
- 1. Parrotfish and the “recovery resilience” of coral reefs: A case study from Bonaire Bob Steneck University of Maine School of Marine Sciences
- 2. Jackson et al 2014
- 3. Seaweed Abundance CoralAbundance 1970s 1980s - Now Jackson et al 2014 NOW: Seaweed or Macroalgae reefs
- 4. Antigua December 2013 Although many have become seaweed reefs …
- 6. 70006000500040003000200010000 0 100 200 300 Herbivore Biomass (g/100 m2) (Scarids, Acanthurids & Microspathodon) algalbiomass(AIperarea) R2 = 0.5 Jamaica Andros Bonaire Venezuela Saba & Statia Herbivores (like parrotfish) Drive seaweed abundance AGRRA 2003
- 7. 70006000500040003000200010000 0 100 200 300 Herbivore Biomass (g/100 m2) (Scarids, Acanthurids & Microspathodon) algalbiomass(AIperarea) R2 = 0.5 Jamaica Andros Bonaire Venezuela Saba & Statia Herbivores (like parrotfish) Drive seaweed abundance down AGRRA 2003 SeaweedAbundance eg. Parrotfish
- 8. 85% Undersides Parrotfish improve Coral nursery habitats N= >1300 plates 5 regions throughout Caribbean
- 9. Parrotfish Deterrent Device Steneck et al 2014 Baby coral “recruit” to settlement plates
- 10. Ineffective Small Parrotfish Frustrated Big Parrotfish Grazing Control PED Fish Deterrent Device Limits access of large parrotfish only!
- 11. Parrotfish Deterrent Device Control Steneck et al 2014
- 12. Carrie Bow Caye, Belize Steneck et al 2014
- 13. Steneck et al 2014
- 14. Glovers Reef, Belize * * Seaweed abundance Baby corals Steneck et al 2014
- 15. Agaricia spp babies Porites astreoides babies 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 AverageNo.SpatPerPlate 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Algal Abundance increasing (biomass proxy) Baby Corals vs Seaweed Abundance All babies of this reef- building coral die! Steneck et al 2014 Coral Recruits (baby corals) More seaweed Translation: Parrotfish HERBIVORY may be necessary for controlling seaweed and maintaining the recovery resilience of coral reefs
- 16. Seaweed is trouble for coral reefs They poisons corals Reduce coral reproductive output Kills baby corals Herbivores (especially parrotfish) can reduce algal abundance and improve coral recruitment! Reduce coral recruitment BUT In short, seaweed on reefs are
- 17. Bonaire Bonaire Case Study An example of successful management CAUSE FOR OPTIMISM
- 18. Bonaire’s reefs…
- 19. But why so little seaweed? – How did it get this way? A brief history
- 20. Courtesy: Wesley Chirino Fishermen’s stories and photos of the fish they speared in the 1960s
- 22. Courtesy: Wesley Chirino Within a decade big fish were disappearing In 1971 Bonaire fishermen agreed to STOP spearfishing!
- 23. Parrotfish: big easy targets (poor swimmers) They also go into fish traps (not used in Bonaire)
- 24. Did parrotfish management work? Are parrotfish more a abundant in Bonaire? Eastern Caribbean sites for comparison Including Fished & No Take Reserves 2018
- 25. No-Take Reserve FISHED Parrotfish Abundance Bonaire’s 2003 - 2019Parrotfishabundance Biomass(g/100m2) Steneck et al 2019 Eastern Caribbean parrotfish Bonaire has twice the parrotfish biomass compared to no-take reserves of the Eastern Caribbean
- 26. Live coral cover The first AGRRA survey My monitoring began Very high coral cover! Steneck et al 2019
- 27. Fall 2010: Extremely warm summer/fall - Massive Coral Bleaching
- 28. Live coral cover Bleaching Steneck et al 2019
- 29. B Caribbean average = 800 - 1000 Seaweed abundance on the reef Steneck et al 2019
- 30. B NTR FISHED Juvenile Coral Abundance Steneck et al 2019
- 31. Bonaire 2019 This study Caribbean Average 1970 -1983 Caribbean Average 1984 -1998 1999 -2011 Let’s return briefly to the BIG Caribbean study 1970 - 2011 Steneck et al 2019
- 32. 2019
- 33. Conclusions from Bonaire’s coral reefs Bonaire may be the FIRST clear example of resilient coral reef ecosystem in the Caribbean resulting from prohibiting the harvest of parrotfish. It suffered from a hurricane and coral bleaching but recovered fully and remains healthy It shows LOCAL fisheries management protecting especially parrotfish & working with local communities can improve the recovery resilience of Caribbean coral reefs
- 34. Thank you
- 35. Thanks to so many working together over the years have helped in all phases