We studied the effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of the krill species Euphausia pacifica. We found that higher CO2 levels of 1200 μatm (pH 7.6), predicted for 2100, had strong negative effects on krill development rates and survival compared to current levels of 400 μatm (pH 8.0). Specifically, mortality was significantly higher and development to later stages was significantly slower under higher CO2 conditions by days 7 and 16. This suggests krill populations may already experience negative impacts from occasionally acidified waters and could face increased susceptibility to mortality with ocean acidification.
S Pillay, Dr. A. J. Smit, Dr Deborah Robertson-Andersson. Submitted to the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science (WIOMSA) 2015.
S Pillay, Dr. A. J. Smit, Dr Deborah Robertson-Andersson. Submitted to the ninth Scientific Symposium of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science (WIOMSA) 2015.
The Marine Board provides a pan-European platform
for its member organisations to develop common priorities,
to advance marine research, and to bridge the
gap between science and policy in order to meet future
marine science challenges and opportunities.
The Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate
enhanced cooperation between European marine science
organisations (both research institutes and research
funding agencies) towards the development of a common
vision on the research priorities and strategies for
marine science in Europe. In 2012, the Marine Board
represents 34 Member Organisations from 20 countries.
The marine Board provides the essential components for
transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research
in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the Marine Board
serves its member organisations by providing a forum
within which marine research policy advice to national
agencies and to the European Commission is developed,
with the objective of promoting the establishment of the
European Marine Research Area.
The Marine Board provides a pan-European platform
for its member organisations to develop common priorities,
to advance marine research, and to bridge the
gap between science and policy in order to meet future
marine science challenges and opportunities.
The Marine Board was established in 1995 to facilitate
enhanced cooperation between European marine science
organisations (both research institutes and research
funding agencies) towards the development of a common
vision on the research priorities and strategies for
marine science in Europe. In 2012, the Marine Board
represents 34 Member Organisations from 20 countries.
The marine Board provides the essential components for
transferring knowledge for leadership in marine research
in Europe. Adopting a strategic role, the Marine Board
serves its member organisations by providing a forum
within which marine research policy advice to national
agencies and to the European Commission is developed,
with the objective of promoting the establishment of the
European Marine Research Area.
The Richmond, VA Office Market shifted into the fourth quarter experiencing increases in both net absorption and rental rate for Class A inventory during the third quarter. This can be attributed to several large lease transactions by VCU/MCV Health Systems throughout the Central Business District (CBD) along with Retail Data, LLC securing a large block in the Northwest Quadrant (NWQ) near Innsbrook.
Δείχνουμε μια μοναδική παρουσίαση σχετικά με προϊόντα αλουμινίου
Αποτελεί ένα από τα πιο κορυφαία κουφώματα που κυκλοφορούν στην αγορά .
Εάν δούμε την κατάσταση από μια άλλη οπτική γωνία η φύση της εργασίας μας παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο για να καθορίσουμε την αποδεδειγμένη ποιότητα.
Το EL5600 είναι μία εξαιρετική επιλογή,που συνιστάται ανεπιφύλακτα για την αγορά του .
Βρείτε το πλήρες άρθρο με θέμα 'EL5600 κουφώματα αλουμινίου':
Πατήστε εδώ: http://www.kataskevastikh.gr/blog/EL5600-koufomata-alouminiou/
Πράγματι που μας διευκολύνει πολύ στην χρήση του. Πολύ αξιόπιστα συστήματα αλουμινίου, ίσως από τα καλύτερα κουφώματα αλουμινιου της αγοράς.
Πράγματι που μας διευκολύνει πολύ στην χρήση του.
Τελειώνοντας υπενθυμίζουμε οτι αν ενδιαφέρεστε για να διαβάσετε με λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με κουφωματα από αλουμινιο πατήστε εδώ: http://www.kataskevastikh.gr/
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
New Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratein Bulk ...IOSRJAC
Two new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric methods (method A and B) have been developed for the estimation of Tenofovir disoproxil fumaratein bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. Method ‘A’ is based on the reaction with wool fast blue, in the presence of buffer at PH 1.5 to form a colored species with a λmax 590nm. Method B is based on the reaction with tropaeoline -00 dye under acidic condition with a λ max 410nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50 to 250µg/ml for both the methods. The methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form any common pharmaceutical excepients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies.
Standard water quality requirements and management strategies for fish farmin...eSAT Journals
A study on standard water quality requirements and management strategies suitable for fish farming is presented. The water quality criteria studied based on physical, chemical and biological properties of water include temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), nitrate- nitrogen, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total hardness. Water samples from Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria, were analyzed based on the afore-mentioned criteria to assess its suitability as a source of water for fish farming. The results of the analysis compared with international standards revealed that the river temperature of 26.90C, nitrate-nitrogen value of 0.015 mg/l and total suspended solids of 18.60 mg/l fall within the acceptable range for fish farming. However, the pH of 5.82, total hardness of 5.8 mg/l, total dissolved solids of 13.60 mg/l and biochemical oxygen demand of 0.6 mg/l all differed slightly from the standard recommended values. This study will aid fish farmers on the necessary treatment needed to effectively use water from this source for fish farming.
Keywords: Water quality criteria, Otamiri River, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended and total dissolved solids.
1. Effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of
the krill, Euphausia pacifica
Tiffany Barber1, Julie Keister2, Anna McLaskey2, Brady Olson3, Paul McElhany4
1 California State University, Monterey Bay
2 University of Washington, School of Oceanography
3 Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center
4 NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC)
We found that CO2 seems to have a strong effect on the development rates
and survival of these early life stages of krill. Waters with 1200 µatm pCO2
(pH 7.6) are occasionally upwelled along the west coast of North America
and develop seasonally in Hood Canal, WA (Feely et al. 2010). This means
that E. pacifica populations may already be occasionally exposed to these
pH levels. As waters with decreased pH expand, krill may be more
susceptible to mortality at early life stages.
Fabry, Victoria J., Seibel, Brad A., Feely, Richard A., Orr, James C. (2008): Impacts of ocean acidification on marine
fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65(3), doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsn048, 414–432.
Feely, Richard A; Sabine, Christopher L; Hernandez-Ayon, J. Martin; Ianson, Debby; Hales, Burke (2008): Evidence for
upwelling of corrosive "acidified" water onto the Continental Shelf. Science, 320(5882), doi: 10.1126/science.1155676,
1490–1492.
Feely, Richard A; Alin, Simone R; Newton, Jan; Sabine, Christopher L; Warner, Mark; et al. 2 (2010): The combined
effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuar.
Coast. Shelf Sci., 88, doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2010.05.004, 442–449.
Guinotte, John M., Fabry, Victoria J. (2008): Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosytsems. New
York Academy of Science, 1134: 320-342, doi:10.1196/annals.1439.013
Ocean acidification (OA) is the decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere (Feely, et
al. 2008). Previous studies have shown that ocean acidification has negative impacts on growth and development of marine life (Fabry, et al. 2008,
Guinotte, et al. 2008). The early life stages of crustaceans may be particularly vulnerable to this stressor because of the large metamorphoses they must
undergo during their growth to adults. We are studying euphausiids (krill) because they are a primary prey resource for fish (including commercially
important species such as herring, anchovy, and salmon), whales, and sea birds.
Hypothesis Results
Conclusions
References
Methods
Early Life Stages of E. pacifica
We hypothesized that in a higher CO2 level environment, Euphausia
pacifica will have decreased growth rates and survival compared to krill
raised in current CO2 conditions.
Acknowledgements
We thank the NOAA Office of Education EPP Scholarship for funding and logistic support;
CSU Monterey Bay Undergraduate Research Opportunities Center for logistical support; the
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Services (NWFSC), University of Washington School of
Oceanography, and Western Washington University Shannon Point Marine Center for use of
facilities; and A. Winans, R. Wilborn, E. Bohaboy, and L. Baum for technical support.
We collected female krill from Puget Sound, WA using a 100 cm diameter
ring net with 2000 µm mesh, towed obliquely in surface waters at night.
We set up 3 acrylic glass boxes in the 12°C cold
room at Shannon Point with circulating CO2 at:
1) 400 µatm pCO2 (current surface waters)
2) 800 µatm pCO2 (current pycnocline)
3)1200 µatm pCO2 (predicted pycnocline for 2100)
Each female was placed in a 500 mL jar filled with filtered seawater that
had been conditioned to the correct CO2 for each treatment level.
We removed females that spawned and counted the eggs in the 12°C cold
room using microscopes and laboratory counters.
On Day 5, we moved nauplii into petri dishes to a final concentration of 1
larva/20 mL. We changed the water every other day.
We fed krill Heterocapsa triquetra, at a concentration of 150 mg carbon/L.
We tracked krill hatching and development to the first feeding stage,
calyptopis 1 (C1), and second feeding stage, calyptopis 2 (C2).
We tested for the effect of CO2 on hatching and development rate by
statistically analyzing the proportion of eggs that hatched and larvae which
had reached stages C1 by Day 7 and C2 by Day 16.
We ran 3 trials, each trial for a length of two weeks.
We used a generalized linear mixed effects model on three response
variables: 1) hatching success, 2) proportion of larvae that developed to
stage C1 & C2, and 3) mortality. Effects included the fixed effect (CO2
treatment) and random effects (jar and trials).
400 800 1200
(8.0) (7.7) (7.6)
pCO2 (µatm)
(pH)
400 800 1200
(8.0) (7.7) (7.6)
pCO2 (µatm)
(pH)
400 800 1200
(8.0) (7.7) (7.6)
pCO2 (µatm)
(pH)
400 800 1200
(8.0) (7.7) (7.6)
P CO2 (µatm)
(pH)
400 800 1200
(8.0) (7.7 ) (7.6)
pCO2 (µatm)
(pH)
By Day 7, mortality was significantly
higher under 1200 µatm pCO2 than at
400 µatm pCO2.
Female Krill Eggs Meta nauplius
Calyptopis 2 Calyptopis 1
By Day 16, mortality
was significantly
lower under 400
µatm pCO2 than at
1200 µatm pCO2.
C1 DevelopmentHatching
Euphausia mortality
C2 Development
Euphausia mortality
As larvae reached the C2
stage, we removed them
from the experiment.
Nauplius1 Nauplius2
Hatching tended to be lower at 400
µatm pCO2 than at 800 and 1200
µatm pCO2.
By Day 7, development was
significantly slower under 1200 µatm
pCO2 than at 400 µatm pCO2.
By Day 16,
development was
significantly higher
under 400 µatm
pCO2 than at 1200
µatm pCO2.