Nutritional diseases in shrimps

1. Nutritional Diseases
in Shrimp
P.M Dunukearachchi (VS/08/124)
S.Sukeerthan (VS/08/118)
H.K.Isuru (VS/09/127)

2. Overview
• Nutritional requirements of shrimp
• Proteins and amino acids
• Lipids (Fats, oils)
• Carbohydrate
• Ash and minerals
• Vitamins
• Nutritional diseases

3. Nutritional requirements
Nutrients
Proteins and amino acids
Lipids
(Fats,oils)
Carbohydrate
Ash and
minerals
Vitamins

4. Proteins and Amino acids
 An expensive component of the shrimp feed
 Need for formation of muscles, hormones and
enzymes
 Shrimp require 10 essential amino acids (EAA):
1. Arginine
2. Methionine
3. Valine
4. Threonine
5. Isoleucine
6. Lysine
7. Leucine
8. Histidine
9. Phenylalanine
10. Tryptophan
first limiting
amino acids
of
commercial
shrimp feed
formulae

5. Lipids
 Essential for growth ,synthesis of cellular and subcellular
membranes and metabolic energy (ATP)
The dietary lipids required by penaeids can be categorized into 2
classes
1. neutral lipids –
i. essential fatty acids - shrimp require 4 essential fatty acids (EFA)
a. linoleic (18:2n–6, LOA)
b. linolenic (18:3n–3, LNA)
c. eicosapentaenoic (20:5n–3, EPA)
d. docosahexaenoic (22:6n–3, DHA)
ii. sterols
iii. Phospholipids - Phospholipids (lecithin) have a growth-promoting effect
in shrimp
2. Carotenoids
-Eg. Astaxanthin (responsible for the colour)
greater growth promoting effect

6. Carbohydrate
provide metabolic energy (ATP)
Important for synthesis of RNA and DNA, mucopolysaccharide
shrimp utilize complex starches like cornstarch better than glucose
Carbohydrates reduce (“spare”) the use of protein, allowing a lower
optimal protein level
Chitin - enhanced growth , formation of exoskeleton

7. Ash and Minerals
 Important for
 skeletal structures
 Maintaining osmotic pressure
 Conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
 Maintenance of acid-base equilibrium
 Synthesis of enzymes, vitamins, hormones, respiratory pigments, cofactors in
metabolism, catalysts and enzyme activators.
 Shrimp can assimilate some of their minerals directly from the water.
- Eg: Ca
 Macronutrients for shrimp nutrition
 Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, S and Na
 Phosphorus is the most expensive mineral supplement in aquatic feeds.
 Unconsumed phosphorus leads to nutrient loading of culture systems and
aquaculture effluents.
 A high percentage of the P in feed grains forms phytic acid which is an
antinutritional factor
 Micronutrients for shrimp nutrition
 Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Co, Mo, Se, Cr, I, Fl, Sn, si, As

8. Vitamins
Water soluble Vitamins Fat soluble vitamins
thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Folate
Cyanocobalamin (BI2)
Biotin
Choline
myoinositol (inositol)
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Vitamin K

9.  diets deficient in Vit C, biotin, folic acid, niacin, thiamine and
a–tocopherol
poor appetite and cause histopathological changes in shrimp
digestive gland cells
poor feed conversion efficiency
result in reduced shrimp growth

10. Feeding methods
Natural production formulated (compound)
aquafeeds
•Stimulating natural
production in a pond through
fertilization.
•Low cost
•A complete feed is
formulated (pellet ) which
provides all required nutrients
in the proper proportions.
•Consider of rapid weight gain,
high feed efficiency and
shrimp health and quality
•High cost

11. Nutritional Diseases
1. Soft Shell Syndrome
2. Blue Disease/ Pigment Deficiency Syndrome
3. Red Disease
4. Cramp Tail Syndrome

12. 1)Soft Shell Syndrome
Clinical signs
• Shell is thin, persistently soft for several weeks
• Dark and wrinkled
• weakness
• grow slowly, and eventually die.
Causatve agents
• Pesticide contamination
• Poor pond water and soil condition
• Use of rancid or low-quality feeds
• Nutritional deficiency
-lack of supplementary feeding in ponds with relatively
high stocking densities (Ca and P)

13. Prevention and treatment
Feed adequately and good-quality feeds.
Flush ponds thoroughly
Maintain the quality of pond water and soil
Provide supplementary feed

14. 2)Blue Disease or Pigment
Deficiency Syndrome(PDS)
Also known as
• sky blue shrimp disease
• blue-shell syndrome
Caused by low level of carotenoid astaxanthin in feed.
Astaxanthin is the predominant carotenoid in penaeids
Astaxanthin improves colouration, enhances biological functions
and improves survival, growth and stress resistance in penaeid
shrimp
Treatment
• Natural carotenoids sources -dried Spirulina ,
-carotenoid extracted from Dunaliella

15. 3)Red disease(Aflatoxin poisoning)
Caused by aflatoxin poisoning
Aspergillus sp. is a common contaminant in shrimp feeds and leads
to aflatoxin in the food.
This causes red disease or red discolouration.
The condition leads to gradual mortalities and losses of up to 98% in
three months.
Gross signs - cession of feeding
- dramatic slowing of growth
- leading to lethargy and weakness.
-The shrimp die rapidly if lifted out of the water.
-Shrimp gather in shallow water at the pond periphery.
-body color change into yellow and then to red,
- The fecal matter will appear red.
-Increased fluid in the cephalothorax ,

16. Prevention
-Use fresh, recently manufactured feeds.
-Store feeds properly in well-ventilated and cool rooms (preferably
at 10–20 oC or lower)

17. 4)Cramp Tail Syndrome (CMS)
• nutrition-related disease
• also called as cramped–muscle syndrome (CMS).
• CTS appears to be caused by one or
more of the following conditions:
• high temperature
• Vibriosis
• mineral imbalances
• toxins in the water.
reduced dietary and/or environmental
potassium (relative to the cations Ca, Na
and Mg)

18. • http://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/species-profiles/indian-
white-prawn/nutritional-deficiencies/en/
References

19. Thank you…