RISC - Reduced Instruction Set ComputingTushar Swami
This document discusses RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture. It includes a member list, outline of topics to be covered, and acknowledgements. The main topics covered are what RISC is, the background and history of RISC, characteristics of RISC like simplified instructions and pipelining, differences between RISC and CISC, performance equations, and applications of RISC like in mobile systems, high-end computing, and ARM and MIPS architectures. It concludes that over time, the differences between RISC and CISC have blurred as they have adopted each other's strategies.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
This document provides an overview of an introduction to STM32 course. The course covers the ARM Cortex processor, STM32 system on chip, STM32 building blocks, low power operation, safety features, the flash module, and development tools. The goal of the course is to help students understand what the ARM Cortex processor and STM32 SoC are, and identify the main components of the STM32 microcontroller.
This document summarizes key aspects of real-time kernels. It begins by defining a kernel and its role. It then discusses the structure of a real-time kernel, including layers, states, data structures, and primitives. Scheduling mechanisms like ready queues, insertion, and extraction are covered. Task management, semaphores, and intertask communication using mailboxes and cyclical asynchronous buffers are summarized. The document also discusses system overhead considerations like context switching and interrupts.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses how a general purpose computer bridges the gap between desired behaviors and underlying electronic devices. The Von Neumann architecture is described as a model for computer design consisting of memory, ALU, control unit, and I/O. The key components of a computer - memory subsystem, ALU, control unit, and I/O subsystem - are then explained in more detail. Finally, the document outlines how instructions are fetched, decoded and executed in a Von Neumann architecture computer to implement programs stored in memory.
The document discusses asynchronous sequential circuits. It begins by defining asynchronous sequential circuits as circuits that do not use clock pulses, with the internal state changing in response to input variable changes. It then covers different types of asynchronous sequential circuits including fundamental mode and pulse mode circuits. The document outlines the analysis and design procedures for both types of circuits. This includes determining next state equations, constructing state and transition tables, and deriving flow tables to analyze fundamental mode circuits. It also discusses how to analyze and design pulse mode circuits using state tables and flip-flops. Race conditions and stability considerations are reviewed. An example of analyzing and designing a gated latch circuit is provided.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set ComputingTushar Swami
This document discusses RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture. It includes a member list, outline of topics to be covered, and acknowledgements. The main topics covered are what RISC is, the background and history of RISC, characteristics of RISC like simplified instructions and pipelining, differences between RISC and CISC, performance equations, and applications of RISC like in mobile systems, high-end computing, and ARM and MIPS architectures. It concludes that over time, the differences between RISC and CISC have blurred as they have adopted each other's strategies.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
This document provides an overview of an introduction to STM32 course. The course covers the ARM Cortex processor, STM32 system on chip, STM32 building blocks, low power operation, safety features, the flash module, and development tools. The goal of the course is to help students understand what the ARM Cortex processor and STM32 SoC are, and identify the main components of the STM32 microcontroller.
This document summarizes key aspects of real-time kernels. It begins by defining a kernel and its role. It then discusses the structure of a real-time kernel, including layers, states, data structures, and primitives. Scheduling mechanisms like ready queues, insertion, and extraction are covered. Task management, semaphores, and intertask communication using mailboxes and cyclical asynchronous buffers are summarized. The document also discusses system overhead considerations like context switching and interrupts.
This document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture. It discusses how a general purpose computer bridges the gap between desired behaviors and underlying electronic devices. The Von Neumann architecture is described as a model for computer design consisting of memory, ALU, control unit, and I/O. The key components of a computer - memory subsystem, ALU, control unit, and I/O subsystem - are then explained in more detail. Finally, the document outlines how instructions are fetched, decoded and executed in a Von Neumann architecture computer to implement programs stored in memory.
The document discusses asynchronous sequential circuits. It begins by defining asynchronous sequential circuits as circuits that do not use clock pulses, with the internal state changing in response to input variable changes. It then covers different types of asynchronous sequential circuits including fundamental mode and pulse mode circuits. The document outlines the analysis and design procedures for both types of circuits. This includes determining next state equations, constructing state and transition tables, and deriving flow tables to analyze fundamental mode circuits. It also discusses how to analyze and design pulse mode circuits using state tables and flip-flops. Race conditions and stability considerations are reviewed. An example of analyzing and designing a gated latch circuit is provided.
This document provides information about Dr. Krishnanaik Vankdoth and his background and qualifications. It then discusses digital logic design topics like digital circuits, combinational logic, sequential circuits, logic gates, truth tables, adders, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Example circuits are provided and the functions of components like full adders, parallel adders, magnitude comparators are explained through diagrams and logic equations.
This document provides an overview of digital logic circuits and sequential circuits. It discusses various logic gates like OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates. It explains their truth tables and symbols. It also covers Boolean algebra, map simplification using K-maps, combinational circuits like multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders. Finally, it describes different types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK and T flip-flops which are used to build sequential circuits that have memory and can store past states.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT IV Designing Embedded System with 8051...Arti Parab Academics
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting a microcontroller, including speed, features, power consumption, memory, I/O pins, cost, and development support. It then describes specifics of the 8051 microcontroller such as its architecture, variants, and applications. The 8051 has powerful boolean processing, interrupts, timers, serial interface, and low power consumption. The document outlines the 8051's memory organization including program memory, internal data memory, external data memory, and SFR memory. It also discusses the build process for embedded systems including compiling, linking, and locating to produce the final executable hex code.
This document discusses RISC vs CISC architectures and the Harvard and von Neumann computer architectures. It provides examples of multiplying two numbers in memory using CISC and RISC approaches. CISC uses complex instructions that perform multiple operations, while RISC breaks operations into simpler instructions. Harvard architecture separates program and data memory while von Neumann uses shared memory.
The document discusses various methods for implementing finite state machines in VHDL, including Moore and Mealy machines. It describes explicit and implicit state machines, and how to add reset functionality. Explicit state machines use a state signal in the code, while implicit state machines do not contain an explicit state signal. Reset is added by testing for the reset signal after each wait statement in an implicit state machine process, or by adding reset logic to the state transition logic in an explicit state machine.
SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) parallel processors exploit data-level parallelism by performing the same operation on multiple data points simultaneously using a single instruction. Vector processors are a type of SIMD parallel processor that operate on 1D arrays of data called vectors. They contain vector registers that can hold multiple data elements and functional units that perform arithmetic and logical operations in a pipelined fashion on entire vectors. Array processors are another type of SIMD machine composed of multiple identical processing elements that perform computations in lockstep under the control of a single instruction unit. Early examples include the ILLIAC IV and Cray X1 supercomputers. Multimedia extensions like MMX provide SIMD integer operations to improve performance of multimedia applications.
The document discusses the structure and behavioral modeling of VHDL. It explains the main components of VHDL structure including entity, architecture, package, and configuration. It provides examples of how to write behavioral models for half adder, full adder, AND gate, and D flip flop in VHDL. The document concludes with references for further reading on VHDL design.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
The document describes an experiment to write VHDL code for basic logic gates. It includes the truth tables, logic diagrams, and VHDL code for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and EXOR gates. Waveform diagrams are provided to simulate the behavior of each gate.
The document discusses place, route and back annotation in FPGA design. It explains that place and route involves placing logic elements and interconnecting them on the FPGA grid. Back annotation translates the physical design information after place and route back to the logical design, allowing timing simulation. Manual placement and routing as well as directed routing are also covered.
The document provides an overview of Arduino, describing it as an open-source physical computing platform consisting of a programmable integrated circuit board and integrated development environment. It can be used for physical computing projects, interactive installations, and rapid prototyping. The document outlines what Arduino can do, including interacting with sensors to detect inputs and actuators to produce outputs. It explains how to get started with Arduino by obtaining a board, learning the programming language based on C/C++, and uploading simple programs to control outputs like LEDs. A pushbutton example circuit is demonstrated.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), specifically Moore and Mealy machines. It defines FSMs as circuits with a combinational block and memory block that can exist in multiple states, transitioning between states based on inputs. Moore machines output depends solely on the current state, while Mealy machines output depends on both the current state and inputs. Moore machines are safer since output only changes at clock edges, while Mealy machines are faster since output relies on inputs. Choosing between them depends on factors like whether synchronous/asynchronous operation is needed and whether speed or safety is a higher priority.
1. The Keil uVision IDE allows developers to create embedded applications using Keil development tools by integrating a project manager, compiler, source code editor, debugger and simulator into a single environment.
2. Flash Magic is a tool for programming flash-based microcontrollers.
3. The Keil software development cycle is similar to other software projects, involving creating projects, adding source code files, compiling, debugging errors, and downloading the code to the microcontroller board.
Introduction to TCL Programming : Tcl/Tk by Gaurav RoyGaurav Ray
This document discusses Tcl, an interpreted programming language. It describes Tcl as an interpreted language with a shell called tclsh that can be invoked with or without arguments. The document outlines that basic Tcl commands follow the format of "command arg1 arg2 arg3" and are terminated by a newline or semicolon. It also summarizes the three steps of Tcl's command processor: argument grouping, value substitution, and command invocation. Finally, it asks how to open the Tcl shell for programming and provides a simple "Hello World" Tcl program as an example.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including a definition and key characteristics. It discusses how embedded systems contain microcontrollers or digital signal processors and are designed to perform specific control functions within larger systems. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, and electronic devices. The document highlights how embedded systems are specialized for particular tasks, constrained in terms of components and costs, and must perform functions in real-time.
The document discusses processor organization and architecture. It covers the Von Neumann model, which stores both program instructions and data in the same memory. The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) computer is described as the first stored-program computer, designed by John von Neumann to overcome limitations of previous computers like the ENIAC. The document also covers the Harvard architecture, instruction formats, register organization including general purpose, address, and status registers, and issues in instruction format design like instruction length and allocation of bits.
This document compares RISC and CISC processor architectures. It discusses that CISC processors have more complex instructions that can perform multiple operations, while RISC processors have simpler instructions that are optimized to complete in one clock cycle. CISC was developed earlier when memory was expensive, to reduce the number of instructions, while RISC focuses on increasing processor speed. RISC has advantages of faster execution and simpler hardware design, while CISC allows for more compact code.
Segment registers specify the location of segments in memory and hold the starting addresses of different segments. The four main segment registers are the code segment register (CS), data segment register (DS), extra segment register (ES), and stack segment register (SS). To reference a specific location within a segment, the processor combines the starting address stored in the segment register with an offset value for that location.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document lists the sizes of various flyovers and bridges in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sizes are provided in feet measurements for length x width. Locations listed include Gomti Nagar, Faizabad Road, Kapoorthala, Hazratganj, and others. The sizes range from 20x10 feet to 60x40 feet.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT IV Designing Embedded System with 8051...Arti Parab Academics
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting a microcontroller, including speed, features, power consumption, memory, I/O pins, cost, and development support. It then describes specifics of the 8051 microcontroller such as its architecture, variants, and applications. The 8051 has powerful boolean processing, interrupts, timers, serial interface, and low power consumption. The document outlines the 8051's memory organization including program memory, internal data memory, external data memory, and SFR memory. It also discusses the build process for embedded systems including compiling, linking, and locating to produce the final executable hex code.
This document discusses RISC vs CISC architectures and the Harvard and von Neumann computer architectures. It provides examples of multiplying two numbers in memory using CISC and RISC approaches. CISC uses complex instructions that perform multiple operations, while RISC breaks operations into simpler instructions. Harvard architecture separates program and data memory while von Neumann uses shared memory.
The document discusses various methods for implementing finite state machines in VHDL, including Moore and Mealy machines. It describes explicit and implicit state machines, and how to add reset functionality. Explicit state machines use a state signal in the code, while implicit state machines do not contain an explicit state signal. Reset is added by testing for the reset signal after each wait statement in an implicit state machine process, or by adding reset logic to the state transition logic in an explicit state machine.
SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) parallel processors exploit data-level parallelism by performing the same operation on multiple data points simultaneously using a single instruction. Vector processors are a type of SIMD parallel processor that operate on 1D arrays of data called vectors. They contain vector registers that can hold multiple data elements and functional units that perform arithmetic and logical operations in a pipelined fashion on entire vectors. Array processors are another type of SIMD machine composed of multiple identical processing elements that perform computations in lockstep under the control of a single instruction unit. Early examples include the ILLIAC IV and Cray X1 supercomputers. Multimedia extensions like MMX provide SIMD integer operations to improve performance of multimedia applications.
The document discusses the structure and behavioral modeling of VHDL. It explains the main components of VHDL structure including entity, architecture, package, and configuration. It provides examples of how to write behavioral models for half adder, full adder, AND gate, and D flip flop in VHDL. The document concludes with references for further reading on VHDL design.
The language processor performs tasks required to process a specified programming language such as translating and interpreting. It includes an editor to write and manage code, a compiler to check syntax and translate to machine code, an interpreter to check, translate and execute instructions without producing object code, and other tools. The program development cycle involves defining the problem, analyzing it, designing an algorithmic solution, coding the program, compiling and linking the code, loading the program for execution, testing it, and revising if needed.
The document describes an experiment to write VHDL code for basic logic gates. It includes the truth tables, logic diagrams, and VHDL code for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and EXOR gates. Waveform diagrams are provided to simulate the behavior of each gate.
The document discusses place, route and back annotation in FPGA design. It explains that place and route involves placing logic elements and interconnecting them on the FPGA grid. Back annotation translates the physical design information after place and route back to the logical design, allowing timing simulation. Manual placement and routing as well as directed routing are also covered.
The document provides an overview of Arduino, describing it as an open-source physical computing platform consisting of a programmable integrated circuit board and integrated development environment. It can be used for physical computing projects, interactive installations, and rapid prototyping. The document outlines what Arduino can do, including interacting with sensors to detect inputs and actuators to produce outputs. It explains how to get started with Arduino by obtaining a board, learning the programming language based on C/C++, and uploading simple programs to control outputs like LEDs. A pushbutton example circuit is demonstrated.
This document discusses finite state machines (FSMs), specifically Moore and Mealy machines. It defines FSMs as circuits with a combinational block and memory block that can exist in multiple states, transitioning between states based on inputs. Moore machines output depends solely on the current state, while Mealy machines output depends on both the current state and inputs. Moore machines are safer since output only changes at clock edges, while Mealy machines are faster since output relies on inputs. Choosing between them depends on factors like whether synchronous/asynchronous operation is needed and whether speed or safety is a higher priority.
1. The Keil uVision IDE allows developers to create embedded applications using Keil development tools by integrating a project manager, compiler, source code editor, debugger and simulator into a single environment.
2. Flash Magic is a tool for programming flash-based microcontrollers.
3. The Keil software development cycle is similar to other software projects, involving creating projects, adding source code files, compiling, debugging errors, and downloading the code to the microcontroller board.
Introduction to TCL Programming : Tcl/Tk by Gaurav RoyGaurav Ray
This document discusses Tcl, an interpreted programming language. It describes Tcl as an interpreted language with a shell called tclsh that can be invoked with or without arguments. The document outlines that basic Tcl commands follow the format of "command arg1 arg2 arg3" and are terminated by a newline or semicolon. It also summarizes the three steps of Tcl's command processor: argument grouping, value substitution, and command invocation. Finally, it asks how to open the Tcl shell for programming and provides a simple "Hello World" Tcl program as an example.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including a definition and key characteristics. It discusses how embedded systems contain microcontrollers or digital signal processors and are designed to perform specific control functions within larger systems. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, and electronic devices. The document highlights how embedded systems are specialized for particular tasks, constrained in terms of components and costs, and must perform functions in real-time.
The document discusses processor organization and architecture. It covers the Von Neumann model, which stores both program instructions and data in the same memory. The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) computer is described as the first stored-program computer, designed by John von Neumann to overcome limitations of previous computers like the ENIAC. The document also covers the Harvard architecture, instruction formats, register organization including general purpose, address, and status registers, and issues in instruction format design like instruction length and allocation of bits.
This document compares RISC and CISC processor architectures. It discusses that CISC processors have more complex instructions that can perform multiple operations, while RISC processors have simpler instructions that are optimized to complete in one clock cycle. CISC was developed earlier when memory was expensive, to reduce the number of instructions, while RISC focuses on increasing processor speed. RISC has advantages of faster execution and simpler hardware design, while CISC allows for more compact code.
Segment registers specify the location of segments in memory and hold the starting addresses of different segments. The four main segment registers are the code segment register (CS), data segment register (DS), extra segment register (ES), and stack segment register (SS). To reference a specific location within a segment, the processor combines the starting address stored in the segment register with an offset value for that location.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document lists the sizes of various flyovers and bridges in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sizes are provided in feet measurements for length x width. Locations listed include Gomti Nagar, Faizabad Road, Kapoorthala, Hazratganj, and others. The sizes range from 20x10 feet to 60x40 feet.
Este documento describe un experimento para identificar iones en el suelo mediante reacciones químicas. Se recolectó una muestra de suelo y se mezcló con agua y ácido nítrico para crear una disolución. Se realizaron pruebas con reactivos como nitrato de plata, cloruro de bario y sulfocianuro de potasio que indicaron la presencia de cloruros, sulfatos e iones de hierro en el suelo. El autor concluye que la muestra contenía estas sustancias a través de las observaciones
Optimists believe that in 5 years life in Russia will improve and are energetic and self-assured. Realists also believe things will get better but are more cautious. Pessimists expect no improvement and are passive.
The document describes research tracking how 10 participants with different outlooks are coping with the economic crisis. It details their consumption strategies, social media usage, financial savings and attitudes towards charity. Optimists make minor cuts while hoping for rebound. Realists optimize all budgets but may overcut. Pessimists materially feel it least but rush to extremes in spending or saving.
The study will continue tracking participants through the summer and report further results in September.
Travel can be much less expensive if you know how to use miles and points! Learn how to upgrade your experiences, and how you can save money along the way.
Sen Yang is seeking a position as an accounting assistant. She has a Bachelor of Commerce in International Business from the University of Adelaide and a Master of Professional Accounting. She has work experience in bookkeeping, data entry, accounts payable and receivable, and financial reporting from internships. Sen Yang is proficient in Microsoft Office programs and has begun learning MYOB and Xero accounting software. She is committed to advancing her professional knowledge and career in accounting.
The document provides 10 career tips for investment banking (IB) professionals, beginning with thinking strategically before tactically, developing leadership skills, and caring about others' perspectives. It emphasizes cultivating teamwork, building networks, maintaining a positive attitude, gaining experience through deals, understanding business value, adhering to ethics, and exceeding work standards. A bonus tip is to give back through time and donations for lasting impact.
The document provides a calendar for each month of the year 2016, listing the days of the week and dates. It displays the standard Gregorian calendar format for January through December 2016, with between 28-31 days per month.
This document discusses maternal, newborn, and child health in Tajikistan. It notes that Tajikistan has high unemployment, little access to family medicine services, and high dependency on remittances from migrant workers. The Aga Khan Foundation works in 3 regions/17 districts of Tajikistan, covering 10% of the population, to improve health outcomes for women and children under 5. While Tajikistan's health system remains similar to the Soviet era, opportunities exist to support health reform, increase community health knowledge, and enhance mother and child health through interventions like immunization programs and improved access to antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care. Health indicators like infant and child mortality rates have been declining in Tajik
Este documento presenta los peligros del internet y cómo combatirlos. Explica conceptos como ética, tecnología y delito, y cómo la falta de ética al usar la tecnología puede llevar a cometer crímenes. Incluye ejemplos de crímenes cometidos en línea y la ley colombiana que los regula. También describe peligros comunes como el sexting, la suplantación de identidad y el ciberacoso. Finalmente, ofrece consejos para navegar de forma segura en internet.