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The definition and their classification
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Endangered Species : Power Point Presentationaiswaryab916
THIS GIVES AN ACCOUNT ABOUT THE ENDANGERED SPECIES. THE ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE TYPES OF SPECIES ARE GIVEN . ITS WITH GREAT EFFORT THAT WE MADE THIS AND HOPE WILL HELP ALL
Similar to Venus flytrap and Philippine Eagle (20)
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Sa Pagitan ng Sabaw ng Chaolong at Hilab ng Tiyan buod: MAIKLING KWENTO. FILIPINO
Repleksyon sa kwentong: Sa Pagitan ng Sabaw ng Chaolong at Hilab ng Tiyan, An...Yokimura Dimaunahan
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Repleksyon sa kwentong: Sa Pagitan ng Sabaw ng Chaolong at Hilab ng Tiyan, Ang Reyna ng Espada at mga Pusa, BANAAG
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Guide for Partial Fraction Decomposition Integral Calculus. Easy start for engineering students!!
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Integration trigonometric function and elementary integration (calculus 2)
Alternative Solutions to Integration of Trigonometric SubstitutionYokimura Dimaunahan
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Alternative Solution for Integration of Trigo Sub. This is attempted to not use trigonometric substitution but, using algebraic manipulation.
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Comparison and contrast of United Kingdom and Philippines
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Venus flytrap and Philippine Eagle
1. Yokimura Dimaunahan STEM 11 - Emerald
Venus flytrap
Scientific Name: Dionaea muscipula
Domain: Eukaryote
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Anthophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Droseraceae
Genus: Dionaea
Species: Muscipula
Venus flytrap, (Dionaea muscipula), also called Venus’s flytrap, perennial
carnivorous plant of the sundew family (Droseraceae), notable for its
unusual habit of catching and digesting insects and other small animals.
The only member of its genus, the plant is native to a small region of North
and South Carolina, where it is common in damp mossy areas. As
photosynthetic plants, Venus flytraps do not rely on carnivory for energy but
rather use the nitrogen-rich animal proteins to enable their survival in
marginal soil conditions.
Trivia’s
1. The Dionaea muscipula is native to North America.
The only place in the entire world where Venus flytraps grow
naturally is in North and South Carolina.
2. Scientists have created robot flytraps!
According to Popular Science, robotic plants and animals seem
to be taking a particular interest with scientists in today’s growing
society.
3. It takes longer than a week for larger insects to digest.
When prey is captured, the flytrap secretes a liquid in a way that
a human stomach function.
2. Philippine Eagle
Scientific Name: Pithecophaga jefferyi
Domain: Eukaryote
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Pithecophaga
Species: P. jefferyi
Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), also known as the monkey-eating
eagle or great Philippine eagle, is an eagle of the family Accipitridae
endemic to forests in the Philippines. It has brown and white-colored
plumage, and a shaggy crest, and generally measures 86 to 102 cm (2.82
to 3.35 ft) in length and weighs 4.04 to 8.0 kg (8.9 to 17.6 lb.). It is
considered the largest of the extant eagles in the world in terms of length
and wing surface, with Steller's sea eagle and the harpy eagle being larger
in terms of weight and bulk.
Trivia’s
The Philippine eagle is a giant forest raptor that is endemic to the
Philippines.
It adapts well in dense, lush flora.
It is a vertebrate of the highest class, which can grow to up to three
feet with a wingspan of seven feet.
It has massive arched beak and long crown feathers.
It is also the only blue-eyed bird of prey in the world, with the eyes
that can see eight times the distance than that of humans.
It nests on large, old growth dipterocarp trees in lowland forests.