The document discusses various topics related to vectors including:
- Definitions of vectors, scalars, magnitude and direction
- Equality of vectors and types of vectors
- Addition and subtraction of vectors using triangle law and parallelogram law
- Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
- Scalar (dot) product and properties
- Vector (cross) product and properties
- Applications to work done by forces, area of triangles and moments
The document provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and formulas regarding vectors and their operations.
This document discusses the dot product of vectors. It defines the dot product as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two vectors. The dot product is a scalar quantity that can be used to determine the angle between vectors and whether vectors are orthogonal. It also discusses the relationship between the dot product and the projections of one vector onto another vector.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, represented by arrows. The sum of two vectors is obtained by placing the tail of one vector at the head of the other. If the vectors are at right angles, their dot product is zero, while their cross product is maximum. Scalar multiplication scales the magnitude but not the direction of a vector.
This document provides an overview of vectors and their applications in physics. It defines vectors and differentiates them from scalars, discusses vector notation and representation, and covers key concepts like addition, subtraction, and multiplication of vectors. Examples are given of vector quantities like displacement, velocity and force. The document also explains vector operators like gradient, divergence and curl, which allow converting between scalar and vector quantities, and outlines how calculus is important in physics for studying change.
The document defines scalars and vectors. Scalars are physical quantities that only require a magnitude, while vectors require both magnitude and direction. It then discusses various types of vectors, including displacement vectors, unit vectors, the null vector, proper vectors, and the negative of a vector. It explains how to represent vectors graphically and mathematically. Finally, it covers vector operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of vectors, as well as the dot product and properties of the dot product.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to vectors, including:
- A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, represented by a directed line segment.
- The position vector of a point P(a,b,c) with respect to the origin (0,0,0) is denoted as OP=ai+bj+ck.
- The sum of two vectors a and b represented by the sides of a triangle taken in order is equal to the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order, according to the triangle law of addition.
- The scalar (dot) product and cross product of vectors are defined, and properties such as commutativity and relationships to angles between vectors
This document defines key terms and concepts related to vectors, including:
- A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, represented by a directed line segment.
- The position vector of a point P(a,b,c) with respect to the origin (0,0,0) is represented as OP = ai + bj + ck.
- The sum of two vectors a and b is represented geometrically by the third side of a triangle formed by the two vectors in order.
- Scalar (dot) product and cross product are defined for two vectors, with properties such as commutativity and relationships to angles between the vectors discussed.
- Scalar triple product represents the volume of
The document summarizes key concepts in vector analysis presented in a physics presentation:
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. Common vector quantities include displacement, velocity, force. Vectors can be added using the parallelogram law or triangle law. The dot product of two vectors produces a scalar, while the cross product produces a vector perpendicular to the two input vectors. Vector concepts like resolution, equilibrium of forces, and area/volume calculations utilize dot and cross products.
This document provides an introduction to vectors using a geometric approach. It begins by defining vectors as oriented line segments representing displacements, velocities, and forces. Key concepts introduced include vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations are used to define a vector space, which has properties like closure under addition and scalar multiplication. Specific vector spaces discussed include Rn, the set of n-tuples of real numbers, and Cn, the set of n-tuples of complex numbers. The document also covers bases, linear independence, components of vectors with respect to a basis, and the dimension of a vector space. Several exercises are provided to reinforce these concepts.
This document discusses the dot product of vectors. It defines the dot product as the sum of the products of the corresponding components of two vectors. The dot product is a scalar quantity that can be used to determine the angle between vectors and whether vectors are orthogonal. It also discusses the relationship between the dot product and the projections of one vector onto another vector.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, represented by arrows. The sum of two vectors is obtained by placing the tail of one vector at the head of the other. If the vectors are at right angles, their dot product is zero, while their cross product is maximum. Scalar multiplication scales the magnitude but not the direction of a vector.
This document provides an overview of vectors and their applications in physics. It defines vectors and differentiates them from scalars, discusses vector notation and representation, and covers key concepts like addition, subtraction, and multiplication of vectors. Examples are given of vector quantities like displacement, velocity and force. The document also explains vector operators like gradient, divergence and curl, which allow converting between scalar and vector quantities, and outlines how calculus is important in physics for studying change.
The document defines scalars and vectors. Scalars are physical quantities that only require a magnitude, while vectors require both magnitude and direction. It then discusses various types of vectors, including displacement vectors, unit vectors, the null vector, proper vectors, and the negative of a vector. It explains how to represent vectors graphically and mathematically. Finally, it covers vector operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication of vectors, as well as the dot product and properties of the dot product.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to vectors, including:
- A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, represented by a directed line segment.
- The position vector of a point P(a,b,c) with respect to the origin (0,0,0) is denoted as OP=ai+bj+ck.
- The sum of two vectors a and b represented by the sides of a triangle taken in order is equal to the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order, according to the triangle law of addition.
- The scalar (dot) product and cross product of vectors are defined, and properties such as commutativity and relationships to angles between vectors
This document defines key terms and concepts related to vectors, including:
- A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, represented by a directed line segment.
- The position vector of a point P(a,b,c) with respect to the origin (0,0,0) is represented as OP = ai + bj + ck.
- The sum of two vectors a and b is represented geometrically by the third side of a triangle formed by the two vectors in order.
- Scalar (dot) product and cross product are defined for two vectors, with properties such as commutativity and relationships to angles between the vectors discussed.
- Scalar triple product represents the volume of
The document summarizes key concepts in vector analysis presented in a physics presentation:
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, unlike scalars which only have magnitude. Common vector quantities include displacement, velocity, force. Vectors can be added using the parallelogram law or triangle law. The dot product of two vectors produces a scalar, while the cross product produces a vector perpendicular to the two input vectors. Vector concepts like resolution, equilibrium of forces, and area/volume calculations utilize dot and cross products.
This document provides an introduction to vectors using a geometric approach. It begins by defining vectors as oriented line segments representing displacements, velocities, and forces. Key concepts introduced include vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations are used to define a vector space, which has properties like closure under addition and scalar multiplication. Specific vector spaces discussed include Rn, the set of n-tuples of real numbers, and Cn, the set of n-tuples of complex numbers. The document also covers bases, linear independence, components of vectors with respect to a basis, and the dimension of a vector space. Several exercises are provided to reinforce these concepts.
This document provides an introduction to vectors using a geometric approach. It begins by defining vectors as oriented line segments representing displacements, velocities, and forces. Key concepts introduced include vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations are used to define a vector space, which has eight properties that must be satisfied. Bases, components, and dimension of a vector space are also introduced. The document provides examples in two and three dimensional spaces and exercises to reinforce the concepts.
This document provides an introduction to vector functions of one variable. It defines key concepts like scalar and vector, direction cosines, scalar and vector products, and differentiation of vector functions. Examples are given on determining direction cosines of a vector, the angle between vectors, and properties of triple products. The document also discusses how to determine if vectors are coplanar and visualization of differentiation of a vector function with respect to a variable like time.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Common vectors include displacement, velocity, force, and momentum. Vectors can be added using the triangle law of parallelogram law. The resultant vector is the single vector that represents the total effect of multiple vectors acting on a point. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero. Concurrent forces pass through a common point, while the equilibrant force produces equilibrium when acting with other forces in the system.
The document contains a list of 6 group members with their names and student identification numbers. The group members are:
1. Ridwan bin shamsudin, student ID: D20101037472
2. Mohd. Hafiz bin Salleh, student ID: D20101037433
3. Muhammad Shamim Bin Zulkefli, student ID: D20101037460
4. Jasman bin Ronie, student ID: D20101037474
5. Hairieyl Azieyman Bin Azmi, student ID: D20101037426
6. Mustaqim Bin Musa, student ID:
The document defines a vector as having both magnitude and direction, represented geometrically by an arrow. It discusses representing vectors algebraically using coordinates, and defines operations like addition, subtraction, and scaling of vectors. Key vector concepts covered include the dot product, which yields a scalar when combining two vectors, and unit vectors, which have a magnitude of 1. Examples are provided of using vectors to solve problems and prove geometric properties.
The document defines vectors and discusses their geometric and algebraic representations. Geometrically, a vector has a magnitude and direction represented by an arrow. Algebraically, a vector in a plane can be represented by its coordinates (a1, a2) and in 3D space by coordinates (a1, a2, a3). Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail, subtracted by reversing one and adding, and scaled by a scalar number. The dot product of two vectors A and B yields a scalar value that geometrically equals the magnitudes of A and B multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them.
The document defines vectors and discusses their geometric and algebraic representations. Geometrically, a vector has a magnitude and direction represented by an arrow. Algebraically, a vector in a plane can be represented by its coordinates (a1, a2) and in 3D space by coordinates (a1, a2, a3). Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail, subtracted by reversing one and adding, and scaled by a scalar number. The dot product of two vectors A and B yields a scalar equal to |A||B|cosθ, where θ is the angle between the vectors.
Scalars have magnitude but no direction, such as temperature, mass, and time. Vectors have both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow. Vectors can be specified by their magnitude and direction, or by their x and y components. The magnitude of a vector is found using the Pythagorean theorem, and the direction can be found using tangent. Vectors can be added using the triangle or parallelogram method, and multiplied by scalars. The dot product yields a scalar and the cross product yields a vector perpendicular to the original vectors.
This presentation discusses vectors and their key properties. It begins by defining a vector as a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, and provides examples such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It then covers the importance of vectors in physics, the properties of vectors including their representation using arrows, and different types of vectors such as null and free vectors. The presentation also explains how to add and subtract vectors, resolve a vector into components, and calculate the scalar and cross products of vectors. It provides formulas for these operations and discusses their significance.
Vector Product of Two Vectors
The vector product, or cross product, of two vectors A and B is a vector C defined as C=A ́B. The magnitude of C is equal to AxBy, where Ax and By are the components of A and B. The direction of C is perpendicular to both A and B and can be determined using the right-hand rule. The vector product is not commutative, so A ́B is not equal to B ́A. The vector product is used to calculate many physical quantities and results in zero if the vectors are parallel or anti-parallel.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction and are represented by arrows. Scalars have only magnitude. There are two main types of operations on vectors: addition and multiplication. Vector addition uses the parallelogram or triangle rule to find the resultant vector. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar changes its magnitude but not direction. The dot product of vectors is a scalar that depends on their relative orientation. The cross product of vectors is another vector perpendicular to both original vectors. Examples demonstrate calculating vector components, additions, subtractions and products.
The document discusses dot and cross products of vectors. The dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as ABcosθ, where θ is the angle between them. It results in a scalar quantity and obeys the commutative law. The cross product of two vectors A and B is defined as ABsinθ with a direction perpendicular to A and B. It results in a vector quantity and does not obey the commutative law. The dot product is used to find projections and the angle between vectors, while the cross product is used to find the area of a parallelogram or triangle formed by vectors and the torque on a vector.
The document provides a disclaimer stating that the content on the website/blog is for educational purposes only and cannot be used commercially. It also provides contact information for the publisher in case the content includes any personal information. It then provides links to the publisher's website, YouTube channel, and Facebook page. It notes that if the links are not working, to contact them by email. Finally, it announces unique physics notes for 1st year. The disclaimer is followed by sample physics content and equations.
The document provides an overview of tensor calculus and its notations. It discusses two methods for representing tensors: direct notation which treats tensors as invariant objects, and index notation which uses tensor components. The direct notation is preferred. Basic operations for vectors and second rank tensors are defined, including addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, cross products, and properties. Polar and axial vectors are distinguished. Guidelines are given for tensor calculus notation and rules used throughout the work.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic fields and discusses scalars, vectors, and coordinate systems. It begins by defining electromagnetics and listing common EM devices. It then discusses scalars, vectors, unit vectors, and how to add and subtract vectors. It also covers position vectors, dot and cross products, and vector components. The document finishes by explaining Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems, and how to transform between coordinate systems. It defines constant coordinate surfaces for each system.
This document discusses various concepts related to vectors and 3D geometry including dot products, cross products, planes, lines, and their relationships. Dot products can be used to find the angle between vectors and determine if vectors are perpendicular. Cross products give a vector perpendicular to both input vectors. Plane equations can be defined using a point and normal vector, three points, or two vectors in the plane. Lines are defined by two points or a point and direction vector. The intersection of planes and lines, parallelism, and distances between lines and points and planes are also covered.
1. The cross product of two vectors gives a vector perpendicular to both vectors, with magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram formed by the two vectors.
2. If two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given by vectors a and b, the area of the parallelogram is |a x b|.
3. If the position vectors of three vertices of a triangle are given, the area of the triangle can be found as 1/2 times the magnitude of the cross product of any two sides of the triangle.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction. They can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or algebraically using ordered pairs and notation like arrows. Fundamental vector operations include addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. The dot product or inner product of two vectors produces a scalar value that depends on their magnitudes and the angle between them. It has various applications including finding the angle between vectors and calculating work done by a force.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This document provides an introduction to vectors using a geometric approach. It begins by defining vectors as oriented line segments representing displacements, velocities, and forces. Key concepts introduced include vector addition and scalar multiplication. These operations are used to define a vector space, which has eight properties that must be satisfied. Bases, components, and dimension of a vector space are also introduced. The document provides examples in two and three dimensional spaces and exercises to reinforce the concepts.
This document provides an introduction to vector functions of one variable. It defines key concepts like scalar and vector, direction cosines, scalar and vector products, and differentiation of vector functions. Examples are given on determining direction cosines of a vector, the angle between vectors, and properties of triple products. The document also discusses how to determine if vectors are coplanar and visualization of differentiation of a vector function with respect to a variable like time.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Common vectors include displacement, velocity, force, and momentum. Vectors can be added using the triangle law of parallelogram law. The resultant vector is the single vector that represents the total effect of multiple vectors acting on a point. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero. Concurrent forces pass through a common point, while the equilibrant force produces equilibrium when acting with other forces in the system.
The document contains a list of 6 group members with their names and student identification numbers. The group members are:
1. Ridwan bin shamsudin, student ID: D20101037472
2. Mohd. Hafiz bin Salleh, student ID: D20101037433
3. Muhammad Shamim Bin Zulkefli, student ID: D20101037460
4. Jasman bin Ronie, student ID: D20101037474
5. Hairieyl Azieyman Bin Azmi, student ID: D20101037426
6. Mustaqim Bin Musa, student ID:
The document defines a vector as having both magnitude and direction, represented geometrically by an arrow. It discusses representing vectors algebraically using coordinates, and defines operations like addition, subtraction, and scaling of vectors. Key vector concepts covered include the dot product, which yields a scalar when combining two vectors, and unit vectors, which have a magnitude of 1. Examples are provided of using vectors to solve problems and prove geometric properties.
The document defines vectors and discusses their geometric and algebraic representations. Geometrically, a vector has a magnitude and direction represented by an arrow. Algebraically, a vector in a plane can be represented by its coordinates (a1, a2) and in 3D space by coordinates (a1, a2, a3). Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail, subtracted by reversing one and adding, and scaled by a scalar number. The dot product of two vectors A and B yields a scalar value that geometrically equals the magnitudes of A and B multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them.
The document defines vectors and discusses their geometric and algebraic representations. Geometrically, a vector has a magnitude and direction represented by an arrow. Algebraically, a vector in a plane can be represented by its coordinates (a1, a2) and in 3D space by coordinates (a1, a2, a3). Vectors can be added by placing them head to tail, subtracted by reversing one and adding, and scaled by a scalar number. The dot product of two vectors A and B yields a scalar equal to |A||B|cosθ, where θ is the angle between the vectors.
Scalars have magnitude but no direction, such as temperature, mass, and time. Vectors have both magnitude and direction, represented by an arrow. Vectors can be specified by their magnitude and direction, or by their x and y components. The magnitude of a vector is found using the Pythagorean theorem, and the direction can be found using tangent. Vectors can be added using the triangle or parallelogram method, and multiplied by scalars. The dot product yields a scalar and the cross product yields a vector perpendicular to the original vectors.
This presentation discusses vectors and their key properties. It begins by defining a vector as a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, and provides examples such as displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It then covers the importance of vectors in physics, the properties of vectors including their representation using arrows, and different types of vectors such as null and free vectors. The presentation also explains how to add and subtract vectors, resolve a vector into components, and calculate the scalar and cross products of vectors. It provides formulas for these operations and discusses their significance.
Vector Product of Two Vectors
The vector product, or cross product, of two vectors A and B is a vector C defined as C=A ́B. The magnitude of C is equal to AxBy, where Ax and By are the components of A and B. The direction of C is perpendicular to both A and B and can be determined using the right-hand rule. The vector product is not commutative, so A ́B is not equal to B ́A. The vector product is used to calculate many physical quantities and results in zero if the vectors are parallel or anti-parallel.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction and are represented by arrows. Scalars have only magnitude. There are two main types of operations on vectors: addition and multiplication. Vector addition uses the parallelogram or triangle rule to find the resultant vector. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar changes its magnitude but not direction. The dot product of vectors is a scalar that depends on their relative orientation. The cross product of vectors is another vector perpendicular to both original vectors. Examples demonstrate calculating vector components, additions, subtractions and products.
The document discusses dot and cross products of vectors. The dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as ABcosθ, where θ is the angle between them. It results in a scalar quantity and obeys the commutative law. The cross product of two vectors A and B is defined as ABsinθ with a direction perpendicular to A and B. It results in a vector quantity and does not obey the commutative law. The dot product is used to find projections and the angle between vectors, while the cross product is used to find the area of a parallelogram or triangle formed by vectors and the torque on a vector.
The document provides a disclaimer stating that the content on the website/blog is for educational purposes only and cannot be used commercially. It also provides contact information for the publisher in case the content includes any personal information. It then provides links to the publisher's website, YouTube channel, and Facebook page. It notes that if the links are not working, to contact them by email. Finally, it announces unique physics notes for 1st year. The disclaimer is followed by sample physics content and equations.
The document provides an overview of tensor calculus and its notations. It discusses two methods for representing tensors: direct notation which treats tensors as invariant objects, and index notation which uses tensor components. The direct notation is preferred. Basic operations for vectors and second rank tensors are defined, including addition, scalar multiplication, dot products, cross products, and properties. Polar and axial vectors are distinguished. Guidelines are given for tensor calculus notation and rules used throughout the work.
This document provides an overview of electromagnetic fields and discusses scalars, vectors, and coordinate systems. It begins by defining electromagnetics and listing common EM devices. It then discusses scalars, vectors, unit vectors, and how to add and subtract vectors. It also covers position vectors, dot and cross products, and vector components. The document finishes by explaining Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems, and how to transform between coordinate systems. It defines constant coordinate surfaces for each system.
This document discusses various concepts related to vectors and 3D geometry including dot products, cross products, planes, lines, and their relationships. Dot products can be used to find the angle between vectors and determine if vectors are perpendicular. Cross products give a vector perpendicular to both input vectors. Plane equations can be defined using a point and normal vector, three points, or two vectors in the plane. Lines are defined by two points or a point and direction vector. The intersection of planes and lines, parallelism, and distances between lines and points and planes are also covered.
1. The cross product of two vectors gives a vector perpendicular to both vectors, with magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram formed by the two vectors.
2. If two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given by vectors a and b, the area of the parallelogram is |a x b|.
3. If the position vectors of three vertices of a triangle are given, the area of the triangle can be found as 1/2 times the magnitude of the cross product of any two sides of the triangle.
Vectors have both magnitude and direction. They can be represented geometrically as directed line segments or algebraically using ordered pairs and notation like arrows. Fundamental vector operations include addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. The dot product or inner product of two vectors produces a scalar value that depends on their magnitudes and the angle between them. It has various applications including finding the angle between vectors and calculating work done by a force.
Similar to vector-algebra-ppt-160215075153.pdf (20)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
2. A vector has direction and magnitude both but scalar
has only magnitude.
Magnitude of a vector a is denoted by |a| or a. It is non-
negative scalar.
Equality of Vectors
Two vectors a and b are said to be equal written as a = b,
if they have
(i) same length
(ii) the same or parallel support and
(iii) the same sense.
Vector Algebra
www.advanced.edu.in
3. Types of Vectors
Zero or Null Vector:- A vector whose initial and
terminal points are coincident is called zero or null
vector. It is denoted by 0.
Unit Vector:- A vector whose magnitude is unity is
called a unit vector which is denoted by nˆ
Free Vectors:- If the initial point of a vector is not
specified, then it is said to be a free vector.
Negative of a Vector :-A vector having the same
magnitude as that of a given vector a and the
direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of
a and it is denoted by —a.
www.advanced.edu.in
4. Cont…
Like and Unlike Vectors :-Vectors are said to be
like when they have the same direction and unlike
when they have opposite direction.
Collinear or Parallel Vectors :-Vectors having
the same or parallel supports are called collinear
vectors.
Coinitial Vectors :-Vectors having same initial
point are called coinitial vectors.
Coterminous Vectors :-Vectors having the same
terminal point are called coterminous vectors.
Localized Vectors :-A vector which is drawn
parallel to a given vector through a specified point in
space is called localized vector.
www.advanced.edu.in
5. Cont….
Coplanar Vectors:- A system of vectors is said to be
coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the same plane.
Otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors.
Reciprocal of a Vector:- A vector having the same
direction as that of a given vector but magnitude equal to
the reciprocal of the given vector is known as the
reciprocal of a. i.e., if |a| = a, then |a-1| = 1 / a.
Addition of Vectors
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the terminal point of
a, vector b is drawn. Then, the vector from the initial point
O of a to the terminal point B of b is called the sum of
vectors a and b and is denoted by a + b. This is called the
triangle law of addition of vectors.
www.advanced.edu.in
6. Properties of Vector
Addition and Subtraction
a + b = b + a (commutativity)
a + (b + c)= (a + b)+ c (associativity)
a+ O = a (additive identity)
a + (— a) = 0 (additive inverse)
(k1 + k2) a = k1 a + k2a (multiplication by scalars)
k(a + b) = k a + k b (multiplication by scalars)
|a+ b| ≤ |a| + |b| and |a – b| ≥ |a| – |b|
Difference (Subtraction) of Vectors
If a and b be any two vectors, then their difference a –
b is defined as a + (- b).
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7. Multiplication of a Vector by a
Scalar
Let a be a given vector and λ be a scalar. Then, the
product of the vector a by the scalar λ is λ a and is
called the multiplication of vector by the scalar.
Important Properties
|λ a| = |λ| |a|
λ O = O
m (-a) = – ma = – (m a)
(-m) (-a) = m a
m (n a) = mn a = n(m a)
(m + n)a = m a+ n a
m (a+b) = m a + m b
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8. Cont….
Vector Equation of Joining by Two Points
Let P1 (x1, y1, z1) and P2 (x2, y2, z2) are any two points, then
the vector joining P1 and P2 is the vector P1 P2. The
component vectors of P and Q are OP = x1i + y1j + z1k and
OQ = x2i + y2j + z2k i.e., P1 P2 = (x2i + y2j + z2k) – (x1i +
y1j + z1k) = (x2 – x1) i + (y2 – y1) j + (z2 – z1) k Its
magnitude is P1 P2 = √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2
Position Vector of a Point
The position vector of a point P with respect to a fixed point,
say O, is the vector OP. The fixed point is called the origin.
Let PQ be any vector. We have PQ = PO + OQ = — OP + OQ
= OQ — OP = Position vector of Q — Position vector of P.
i.e., PQ = PV of Q — PV of P
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9. Cont….
Position Vector of Different Centre of a Triangle
If a, b, c be PV’s of the vertices A, B, C of a ΔABC respectively,
then the PV of the centroid G of the triangle is a + b + c / 3.
The PV of incentre of ΔABC is (BC)a + (CA)b + (AB)c / BC +
CA + AB
The PV of orthocentre of ΔABC is a(tan A) + b(tan B) + c(tan
C) / tan A + tan B + tan
Parallelogram Law
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of a,
vector b is drawn and parallelogram OACB is completed with
OA and OB as adjacent sides. The vector OC is defined as the
sum of a and b. This is called the parallelogram law of addition
of vectors.
The sum of two vectors is also called their resultant and the
process of addition as composition.
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10. Scalar Product of Two Vectors
If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the scalar or dot
product of a and b is denoted by a * b and is defined as a *
b = |a| |b| cos θ, where θ is the angle between the two
vectors and 0 < θ < π
The angle between two vectors a and b is defined as the
smaller angle θ between them, when they are drawn with
the same initial point. Usually, we take 0 < θ < π. Angle
between two like vectors is O and angle between two
unlike vectors is π .
If either a or b is the null vector, then scalar product of
the vector is zero.
If a and b are two unit vectors, then a * b = cos θ.
The scalar product is commutative i.e., a * b= b * a
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11. If i , j and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors i , j
and k, then i * i = j * j = k * k =1 and i * j = j * k = k * i = 0
(vi) The scalar product of vectors is distributive over
vector addition.
(a) a * (b + c) = a * b + a * c (left distributive)
(b) (b + c) * a = b * a + c * a (right distributive)
Note Length of a vector as a scalar product
If a be any vector, then the scalar product a * a = |a| |a|
cosθ |a|2 = a2 a = |a|
⇒ ⇒
Condition of perpendicularity a * b = 0 <=> a b, a and b
⊥
being non-zero vectors.
Cont….
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12. Collinear Vectors
Vectors a and b are collinear, if a = λb, for some non-zero
scalar λ.
Collinear Points
Let A, B, C be any three points. Points A, B, C are collinear
<=> AB, BC are collinear vectors. <=> AB = λBC for some
non-zero scalar λ.
Section Formula
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b,
respectively and OP= r.
Let P be a point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : n.
Then, r = m b + n a / m + n Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA
The position vector of the mid-point of a and b is a + b / 2.
Let P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m : n.
Then,r = m b + n a / m + n
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13. Important Points to be
Remembered
(a + b) * (a – b) = |a|2
– |b|2
|a + b|2
= |a|2
+ |b|2
+ 2 (a * b)
|a – b|2
= |a|2
+ |b|2
– 2 (a * b)
|a + b|2
+ |a – b|2
= (|a|2
+ |b|2
) and |a + b|2
– |a – b|2
= 4 (a * b) or a * b = 1 / 4 [ |a + b|2
– |a – b|2
]
If |a + b| = |a| + |b|, then a is parallel to b.
If |a + b| = |a| – |b|, then a is parallel to b.
(a * b)2
≤ |a|2
|b|2
If a = a1i + a2j + a3k, then |a|2
= a * a
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14. Angle between Two Vectors
If θ is angle between two non-zero vectors, a, b, then
we have
a * b = |a| |b| cos θ
cos θ = a * b / |a| |b|
If a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k Then, the
angle θ between a and b is given by
cos θ = a * b / |a| |b|
Projection and Component of a Vector
Projection of a on b = a * b / |a|
Projection of b on a = a * b / |a|
Vector component of a vector a on b Similarly, the
vector component of b on a = ((a * b) / |a|2
) * a
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15. Work done by a Force
The work done by a force is a scalar quantity equal
to the product of the magnitude of the force and the
resolved part of the displacement. F * S = dot
∴
products of force and displacement.
Suppose F1, F1,…, Fn are n forces acted on a particle,
then during the displacement S of the particle, the
separate forces do quantities of work F1 * S, F2 * S,
Fn * S. Here, system of forces were replaced by its
resultant R.
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors
The vector product of the vectors a and b is denoted
by a * b and it is defined as a * b = (|a| |b| sin θ) n =
ab sin θ n where, a = |a|, b= |b|, θ is the angle
between the vectors a and b and n is a unit vector
which is perpendicular to both a and b, such that a, b
and n form a right-handed triad of vectors.
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16. Important Points to be
Remembered
Let a = a1i + a2j + a3k and b = b1i + b2j + b3k
If a = b or if a is parallel to b, then sin θ = 0 and so a * b =
0.
The direction of a * b is regarded positive, if the rotation
from a to b appears to be anticlockwise.
a * b is perpendicular to the plane, which contains both a
and b. Thus, the unit vector
perpendicular to both a and b or to the plane containing
is given by n = a * b / |a * b| = a * b /ab sin θ
Vector product of two parallel or collinear vectors is zero.
If a * b = 0, then a = O or b = 0 or a and b are parallel on
collinear
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17. Vector Product of Two Perpendicular Vectors
If θ = 900, then sin θ = 1, i.e. , a * b = (ab)n or |a * b| = |ab n| =
ab
Vector Product of Two Unit Vectors
If a and b are unit vectors, then a = |a| = 1, b = |b| = 1 a * b = ab
∴
sin θ n = (sin theta;).n
Vector Product is not Commutative
The two vector products a * b and b * a are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction i.e., b * a =- a * b
The vector product of a vector a with itself is null vector, i. e., a *
a= 0.
Distributive Law
For any three vectors a, b, c a * (b + c) = (a * b) + (a * c)
Area of a Triangle and Parallelogram
The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2 |AB * AC| or 1 / 2 |BC *
BA| or 1 / 2 |CB *CA|.
The area of a ΔABC with vertices having PV’s a, b, c respectively,
is 1 / 2 |a * b + b * c + c* a|.
The points whose PV’s are a, b, c are collinear, if and only if a * b
+ b * c + c * a
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18. Vector Moment of a Force
about a Point
The vector moment of torque M of a force F about the
point O is the vector whose magnitude is equal to the
product of |F| and the perpendicular distance of the point
O from the line of action of F. M = r * F where, r is the
∴
position vector of A referred to O.
The moment of force F about O is independent of the
choice of point A on the line of action of F.
If several forces are acting through the same point A,
then the vector sum of the moments of the separate forces
about a point O is equal to the moment of their resultant
force about O.
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19. The Moment of a Force about a Line
Let F be a force acting at a point A, O be any point on
the given line L and a be the unit vector along the line,
then moment of F about the line L is a scalar given by
(OA x F) * a
Moment of a Couple
Two equal and unlike parallel forces whose lines of
action are different are said to constitute a couple.
Let P and Q be any two points on the lines of action of
the forces – F and F, respectively.The moment of the
couple = PQ x F
Scalar Triple Product
If a, b, c are three vectors, then (a * b) * c is called
scalar triple product and is denoted by [a b c]. [a b c]
∴
= (a * b) * c
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20. Geometrical Interpretation of Scalar Triple
Product
The scalar triple product (a * b) * c represents the
volume of a parallelepiped whose coterminous edges
are represented by a, b and c which form a right
handed system of vectors.
Expression of the scalar triple product (a * b) * c in
terms of components a = a1i + a1j + a1k, b = a2i + a2j +
a2k, c = a3i + a3j + a3k is
Linear Combination of Vectors
Let a, b, c,… be vectors and x, y, z, … be scalars, then
the expression x a yb + z c + … is called a linear
combination of vectors a, b, c,….
Cont..
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21. The scalar triple product is independent of the positions of dot
and cross i.e., (a * b) * c = a *(b * c).
The scalar triple product of three vectors is unaltered so long
as the cyclic order of the vectors remains unchanged. i.e., (a *
b) * c = (b * c) * a= (c * a) * b or [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b].
The scalar triple product changes in sign but not in
magnitude, when the cyclic order is changed.i.e., [a b c] = – [a
c b] etc.
The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are
equal. i.e., [a a b] = 0, [a b a] = 0 and [b a a] = 0.
The scalar triple product vanishes, if any two of its vectors are
parallel or collinear. For any scalar x, [x a b c] = x [a b c]. Also,
[x a yb zc] = xyz [a b c].
Cont…
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22. Cont…
For any vectors a, b, c, d, [a + b c d] = [a c d] + [b c d]
[i j k] = 1
Three non-zero vectors a, b and c are coplanar, if and only if [a b c] =
0.
Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively are
coplanar, if and only if [AB AC AD] = 0. i.e., if and only if [b — a c— a
d— a] = 0.
Volume of parallelepiped with three coterminous edges a, b , c is | [a
b c] |.
Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges
a, b , c is 1 / 2 | [a b c] |.
Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges a, b , c is 1 / 6
| [a b c] |.
If a, b, c and d are position vectors of vertices of a tetrahedron, then
Volume = 1 / 6 [b — a c — a d — a].
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23. Vector Triple Product
If a, b, c be any three vectors, then (a * b) * c and a * (b * c)
are known as vector triple product. a * (b * c)= (a * c)b —
∴
(a * b) c and (a * b) * c = (a * c)b — (b * c) a
Important Properties
The vector r = a * (b * c) is perpendicular to a and lies in the
plane b and c.
a * (b * c) ≠ (a * b) * c, the cross product of vectors is not
associative.
a * (b * c)= (a * b) * c, if and only if and only if (a * c)b — (a
* b) c = (a * c)b — (b * c) a, if and only if c = (b * c) / (a * b) *
a Or if and only if vectors a and c are collinear.
Reciprocal System of Vectors
Let a, b and c be three non-coplanar vectors and let a’ = b * c
/ [a b c], b’ = c * a / [a b c], c’ = a * b / [a b c] Then, a’, b’ and
c’ are said to form a reciprocal system of a, b and c.
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24. Properties of Reciprocal
System
a * a’ = b * b’= c * c’ = 1
a * b’= a * c’ = 0, b * a’ = b * c’ = 0, c * a’ = c * b’= 0
[a’, b’, c’] [a b c] = 1 [a’ b’ c’] = 1 / [a b c]
⇒
a = b’ * c’ / [a’, b’, c’], b = c’ * a’ / [a’, b’, c’], c = a’ * b’ / [a’,
b’, c’] Thus, a, b, c is reciprocal to the system a’, b’ ,c’.
The orthonormal vector triad i, j, k form self reciprocal
system.
If a, b, c be a system of non-coplanar vectors and a’, b’, c’
be the reciprocal system of vectors, then any vector r can
be expressed as r = (r * a’ )a + (r * b’)b + (r * c’) c.
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25. Cont…
Collinearity of Three Points
The necessary and sufficient condition that three points with
PV’s b, c are collinear is that there exist three scalars x, y, z not
all zero such that xa + yb + zc x + y + z = 0.
⇒
Coplanarity of Four Points
The necessary and sufficient condition that four points with
PV’s a, b, c, d are coplanar, if there exist scalar x, y, z, t not all
zero, such that xa + yb + zc + td = 0 r Arr; x + y + z + t = 0. If r
= xa + yb + zc… Then, the vector r is said to be a linear
combination of vectors a, b, c,….
Linearly Independent and Dependent System of Vectors
The system of vectors a, b, c,… is said to be linearly dependent,
if there exists a scalars x, y ,z , … not all zero, such that xa + yb
+ zc + … = 0.
The system of vectors a, b, c, … is said to be linearly
independent, if xa + yb + zc + td = 0 r Arr; x + y + z + t… = 0.
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26. Cont….
Important Points to be Remembered
Two non-collinear vectors a and b are linearly independent.
Three non-coplanar vectors a, b and c are linearly
independent.
More than three vectors are always linearly dependent.
Resolution of Components of a Vector in a Plane
Let a and b be any two non-collinear vectors, then any
vector r coplanar with a and b, can be uniquely expressed as
r = x a + y b, where x, y are scalars and x a, y b are called
components of vectors in the directions of a and b,
respectively. Position vector of P(x, y) = x i + y j. OP
∴ 2
= OA2
+ AP2
= |x|2
+ |y|2
= x2
+ y2
,OP = √x2
+ y2
. This is the
magnitude of OP. where, x i and y j are also called resolved
parts of OP in the directions of i and j, respectively.
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27. Vector Equation of Line
and Plane
Vector equation of the straight line passing through origin and
parallel to b is given by r = tb, where t is scalar.
Vector equation of the straight line passing through a and
parallel to b is given by r = a + tb, where t is scalar.
Vector equation of the straight line passing through a and b is
given by r = a + t(b – a), where t is scalar.
Vector equation of the plane through origin and parallel to b
and c is given by r = s b + t c,where s and t are scalars.
Vector equation of the plane passing through a and parallel to
b and c is given by r = a + sb+ t c, where s and t are scalars.
Vector equation of the plane passing through a, b and c is r = (1
– s – t)a + sb + tc, where sand t are scalars.
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