This document provides a seminar report on value engineering. It begins with an introduction that defines value engineering and value analysis, and discusses the historical background and objectives of value engineering. It then describes the eight phases of the value engineering methodology: orientation, information, functional analysis, creativity, evaluation, development, presentation, and implementation/follow up. The document includes two case studies applying value engineering techniques to optimize a medical instrument component and a flush valve. It concludes with a discussion of the future scope of value engineering.
IRJET- Study & Analysis of Subcontracting Practices in Infrastructure ProjectIRJET Journal
This document discusses subcontracting practices in infrastructure projects. It analyzes how qualitative and quantitative data has been used to assess construction risks. The document finds that as much as 80% of construction work is undertaken by small subcontractors in India. While subcontracting provides flexibility, it has also been linked to lower productivity. Project managers must effectively manage subcontractors to enhance project performance and reduce risks, while avoiding the pitfalls of excessive subcontracting. The document reviews literature on determining labor outputs and identifying delay factors in large projects to improve construction management.
This research proposal aims to use concepts from chaos theory to predict project outcomes through aligning project and team objectives. The researcher will apply the concept of self-similarity in fractals to demonstrate how sustained alignment of project goals and personal goals of project managers and teams can optimize cost outcomes. The proposal provides background on definitions of project success, highlighting differences between project management success and overall project success. It also reviews literature on high failure rates of projects in various sectors such as IT, defense acquisition, and infrastructure. The researcher proposes investigating how chaos theory concepts can be applied to model project dynamics and determine basins of possible project outcomes.
IRJET- Risk Management in Residential Project by Primavera SoftwareIRJET Journal
The document discusses risk management in residential construction projects, noting that identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks is important for project success. It reviews literature on risk management techniques like checklists and brainstorming. The document also states that residential projects often experience cost and schedule overruns due to risks, and developing a risk analysis model using software like Primavera could help quantify uncertainties and risks to improve project outcomes.
A systematic study on site overhead costs in construction industryeSAT Journals
Abstract Construction sector is the one of the largest employer in the country. It has become a highly competitive field with a minimum profit. Construction costs are two types; one is direct cost (labors, materials, P & M, Equipments etc...) Other one is indirect costs/Overhead costs (Staff salaries, Staff benefits, Conveyance, Labor miscellaneous, Internet, Watch and ward etc.) and is added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment. Normally 10 to 15% of contract value will be taken as overhead costs. Overhead costs cannot be neglected, but the indirect costs should be in control always. If the cost goes out of control, the contractors will not be in business. The article discusses about overheads, overhead percentage on contractual value, factor affecting the overhead costs, major issues faced by contractors, how overhead costs affects the income, Engineers/Contractors view on overheads, investigation and control of overhead costs, creating cost awareness among employees, lists out the major items which affects the overheads, interviews with professionals and data collection from the projects and hence creates awareness while bidding and plan the financial resources effectively. Key Words: Overhead costs, bidding, Engineers, Contractors
Exploring the risk factors associated with peb projects in lahore.Rizwan Khurram
This document summarizes a literature review on risk factors associated with pre-engineered building projects. It discusses risk identification and different categories of risk including design, finance, and management. Under design category, it identifies several technical risks such as accidents on site, changes in design, errors in drawings, difficulty in construction, equipment failure, shortage of electricity, material theft, and disputes. The finance category includes risks related to financial issues. The management category discusses risks associated with project management.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
This document provides a marketing summary report for a company called Grimley Smith Associates (GSA). It begins with an objective to present a vision for marketing from GSA and how to implement and monitor marketing systems and procedures. It then provides an overview of GSA's parent companies and GSA's services including design, engineering, project management, construction and more. Next, it outlines key marketing tools like websites, trade shows, journals and client feedback. Finally, it analyzes potential market sectors for new business and identifies large established assets like Saltend Chemicals Park as a key opportunity due to its location, regional facts, and strategic placement for global distribution.
IRJET- Review Paper on “Budget and Schedule Overrun in the Construction Phase...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors leading to schedule and budget overruns in construction projects in India. The paper analyzed previous studies on this topic and identified common critical factors. For schedule overruns, the most influential factors were found to be lack of equipment maintenance and poor procurement planning. For budget overruns, the top factors were delays in handing over sites and low labor productivity. The study also noted that contractor delays in material/equipment delivery and price inflation contributed significantly to cost overruns. The objectives of this paper were to analyze causes of overruns and their impacts, and provide recommendations to minimize time and cost overruns in construction projects.
IRJET- Study & Analysis of Subcontracting Practices in Infrastructure ProjectIRJET Journal
This document discusses subcontracting practices in infrastructure projects. It analyzes how qualitative and quantitative data has been used to assess construction risks. The document finds that as much as 80% of construction work is undertaken by small subcontractors in India. While subcontracting provides flexibility, it has also been linked to lower productivity. Project managers must effectively manage subcontractors to enhance project performance and reduce risks, while avoiding the pitfalls of excessive subcontracting. The document reviews literature on determining labor outputs and identifying delay factors in large projects to improve construction management.
This research proposal aims to use concepts from chaos theory to predict project outcomes through aligning project and team objectives. The researcher will apply the concept of self-similarity in fractals to demonstrate how sustained alignment of project goals and personal goals of project managers and teams can optimize cost outcomes. The proposal provides background on definitions of project success, highlighting differences between project management success and overall project success. It also reviews literature on high failure rates of projects in various sectors such as IT, defense acquisition, and infrastructure. The researcher proposes investigating how chaos theory concepts can be applied to model project dynamics and determine basins of possible project outcomes.
IRJET- Risk Management in Residential Project by Primavera SoftwareIRJET Journal
The document discusses risk management in residential construction projects, noting that identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks is important for project success. It reviews literature on risk management techniques like checklists and brainstorming. The document also states that residential projects often experience cost and schedule overruns due to risks, and developing a risk analysis model using software like Primavera could help quantify uncertainties and risks to improve project outcomes.
A systematic study on site overhead costs in construction industryeSAT Journals
Abstract Construction sector is the one of the largest employer in the country. It has become a highly competitive field with a minimum profit. Construction costs are two types; one is direct cost (labors, materials, P & M, Equipments etc...) Other one is indirect costs/Overhead costs (Staff salaries, Staff benefits, Conveyance, Labor miscellaneous, Internet, Watch and ward etc.) and is added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment. Normally 10 to 15% of contract value will be taken as overhead costs. Overhead costs cannot be neglected, but the indirect costs should be in control always. If the cost goes out of control, the contractors will not be in business. The article discusses about overheads, overhead percentage on contractual value, factor affecting the overhead costs, major issues faced by contractors, how overhead costs affects the income, Engineers/Contractors view on overheads, investigation and control of overhead costs, creating cost awareness among employees, lists out the major items which affects the overheads, interviews with professionals and data collection from the projects and hence creates awareness while bidding and plan the financial resources effectively. Key Words: Overhead costs, bidding, Engineers, Contractors
Exploring the risk factors associated with peb projects in lahore.Rizwan Khurram
This document summarizes a literature review on risk factors associated with pre-engineered building projects. It discusses risk identification and different categories of risk including design, finance, and management. Under design category, it identifies several technical risks such as accidents on site, changes in design, errors in drawings, difficulty in construction, equipment failure, shortage of electricity, material theft, and disputes. The finance category includes risks related to financial issues. The management category discusses risks associated with project management.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
This document provides a marketing summary report for a company called Grimley Smith Associates (GSA). It begins with an objective to present a vision for marketing from GSA and how to implement and monitor marketing systems and procedures. It then provides an overview of GSA's parent companies and GSA's services including design, engineering, project management, construction and more. Next, it outlines key marketing tools like websites, trade shows, journals and client feedback. Finally, it analyzes potential market sectors for new business and identifies large established assets like Saltend Chemicals Park as a key opportunity due to its location, regional facts, and strategic placement for global distribution.
IRJET- Review Paper on “Budget and Schedule Overrun in the Construction Phase...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors leading to schedule and budget overruns in construction projects in India. The paper analyzed previous studies on this topic and identified common critical factors. For schedule overruns, the most influential factors were found to be lack of equipment maintenance and poor procurement planning. For budget overruns, the top factors were delays in handing over sites and low labor productivity. The study also noted that contractor delays in material/equipment delivery and price inflation contributed significantly to cost overruns. The objectives of this paper were to analyze causes of overruns and their impacts, and provide recommendations to minimize time and cost overruns in construction projects.
The document discusses factors that affect an organization's risk appetite in selecting mega construction projects. It identifies factors through interviews with 30 construction project practitioners and a review of literature. The most commonly highlighted factors that influence risk appetite are financial attributes of projects, the agility of the board of directors, political factors, the project location and demographics. The conceptual framework presented can help organizations evaluate risk appetite for mega construction project selection and improve project outcomes.
IRJET- Case Study on Budget and Schedule Overrun During the Construction Phas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on budget and schedule overruns during the construction phase of projects in India. It identifies several key factors that can lead to schedule and budget overruns based on a review of past studies. For schedule overruns, it finds that lack of equipment maintenance, poor procurement planning, and external factors like strikes are critical influencing factors. For budget overruns, it determines that delays in handing over sites, low labor productivity, and contractor delays in material/equipment delivery are important causes. Price inflation is also identified as a major contributor to cost overruns. The study aims to evaluate factors leading to time and cost overruns on construction projects in India in order to improve project success rates.
This document analyzes critical factors affecting construction project delays in the Pune region of India. A survey was conducted of construction companies to identify common reasons for delays. 82 potential factors were identified from literature review and categorized into project-level, owner, contractor, consultant, design, material, labor, equipment, and external factors. Respondents provided the frequency and severity of each factor on a scale of 1-5. The Relative Importance Index was calculated by multiplying the frequency and severity indices to rank factors. Legal disputes and ruling party issues in the locality were found to be the most critical factors based on their importance indices. The study aims to identify root causes of delays to help reduce unnecessary delays in future construction projects.
The document summarizes key engineering industry trends expected in 2013, including increased demand for automation engineers, manufacturing engineers, quality engineers, and systems engineers. It also notes trends toward efficiency improvements, reshoring of manufacturing jobs to North America, and the importance of partnerships between engineering firms and staffing agencies to address talent shortages. The document was provided by Kelly Engineering Resources to advise engineering managers on workforce trends and recruitment strategies for 2013.
What trends can engineering managers expect to see through
2013? While details may vary between specific industry verticals,
a number of key issues will remain important, and possibly
increase in significance throughout most industry segments.
Kelly® is pleased to provide this brief outlook on significant
workforce trends that are expected to impact talent in the
engineering industry for 2013. Through our ongoing discussions
with leading firms and corporate clients, we are able to offer a
unique perspective on the engineering talent market for the year
to come and beyond.
Analysing Attrition in Outsourced Software Projectcsandit
Information systems (IS) outsourcing has grown as a major business phenomenon, and widely
accepted as a business tool. Software outsourcing companies provide expertise, knowledge and
capabilities to their clients by taking up the projects both onsite and offsite. These companies
face numerous challenges including attrition of project members. Attrition is a major challenge
experienced by the outsourcing companies as it has severe impact on business, revenues and
profitability. In this paper, attrition data of a major software outsourcing company was
analysed and an attempt to find the reason for attrition is also made. The data analysis was
based on the data collected by an outsourcing company over a period of two years for a major
client. The results show that the client initiated attrition can have an impact on project and the
members quit the outsourcing company due to client initiated ramp down without revealing the
reason.
A Review On Quantified Impacts Of Construction Labour Productivity Towards Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors impacting construction labor productivity and their effects on project performance. It identified key factors through a literature review, including personal, construction, management, resource, technical, communication, and general factors. A questionnaire was distributed to construction laborers to determine the most significant factors. The results indicated that personal, construction, management, resource, and general factors had the biggest impact on labor productivity. Improving these factors can enhance productivity, profits, and minimize time and cost overruns on projects. In conclusion, focusing on these influential factors can help project managers boost labor productivity and performance.
The document provides details from Achal Joshi's academic profile including:
1. Details of his M.Tech degree from CEPT University and list of major academic projects focused on construction engineering and management.
2. Summary of his summer internship with Shapoorji Pallonji focused on execution of a vehicle manufacturing plant project.
3. Contact information for Achal Joshi including email and mobile number.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Influence of Stakeholders on Project Time OverrunIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a case study conducted on the Kochi Metro project in India. The study analyzed external stakeholders to understand their influence on project time overruns. Key findings include:
1) External stakeholders were categorized into four groups and questionnaires were used to understand factors impacting project time from each group's perspective.
2) A Pareto analysis identified that 20% of factors caused 80% of delays. The analysis also indicated which stakeholder groups most influenced the project schedule.
3) An impact/probability matrix was used to assess each group's level of impact and probability of impact. This identified which stakeholders were most likely to significantly impact the project.
4) The main causes of clashes
Role of PMC in Construction of Collector Well Project, a Case StudyIJERA Editor
The rapid expansion and intricacy in the construction industry cause difficulties in maintaining performance, time, and quality services of a construction project, which leads to the failure to meet the scope and objective of a project. In addition, improper planning, widespread dependence, and low availability of materials increase the cost of the construction project. To manage such issues, Project Management Consultancy is one of the management solutions that have been widely used. Project Management Consultancy plays a multifaceted role in providing services from the beginning of construction to its completion. Project Management Consultancy makes sure whether we are moving in the right pathway according to the planned schedule. Use of Project Management Consultancy offers constructive management solution for the proper execution of work, improved performance, quality, and outcome of the project. The objective of this paper is to study the role and responsibilities of Project Management Consultancy while executing a project and the risks associated with it. This research is carried out via a case study of the construction of an industrial project governed by a Project Management Consultancy from preconstruction phase to completion.
IRJET - A Study on Identification of Risks at Various Phases of Road Construc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on identifying risks at various phases of road construction projects. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management deals with risk identification, assessment, and mitigation techniques to manage risks related to time, cost, and quality objectives. Some risks can be easily predicted, while others are unknown until they occur. The document then reviews past literature on risk management methods for road projects. It identifies various risks that can occur during different phases of road construction, such as initial planning, funding, design, procurement, and operation/maintenance. The objective is to understand risks at each phase to effectively apply mitigation techniques.
This document discusses using Central Composite Design (CCD), a statistical optimization technique, to set goals for reducing tickets and costs in a Run the Business (RTB) project for a retail banking customer. CCD was used to analyze historical data and determine that 50% ticket reduction and $0.5 million cost savings were achievable goals for 2013. The Causal Analysis and Resolution process area of the CMMI framework was then used to prioritize and address root causes in order to achieve the ticket reduction goal.
1% AIMS Improving Construction productivity. November 30th 2015.kiebut
This document discusses improving construction productivity through the implementation of a lean construction process called "The 1% AIMS Program". The program utilizes constraint analysis, short term planning, earned value analysis, and communication between task and project levels to improve labor productivity. A case study is presented that demonstrates how the program appeared to significantly improve labor productivity on a construction project by preventing delays and wasted time through better project controls and planning.
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project FailureIRJET Journal
This document discusses project management techniques to avoid project failure. It begins with an introduction to project management and definitions of key terms. The literature review then summarizes several academic papers on topics related to project failure such as identifying common causes of failure, project performance measurement, and techniques for scheduling projects with uncertainty. The conclusion reiterates that project management techniques must be tailored to the specific project and region, and that further research is needed to enhance understanding of avoiding project failure.
Reinventing the Works Department - PaperSimon Gough
This document discusses reinventing works departments through collaborative contracting for roading maintenance and operations. It outlines key benefits that were lost when works departments were abolished, including providing robust training and creating well-rounded engineers with diverse experience. Collaborative contracts could help restore some of these lost benefits if they provide opportunities for skills development, knowledge sharing, and movement between contracting and consulting roles. The document also lists objectives for roading operations and maintenance, including value for money, industry health, collaboration, performance focus, innovation, and training opportunities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Value engineering in residential house constructionIAEME Publication
This document discusses the application of value engineering techniques in residential house construction projects. It begins with defining value engineering as systematically identifying the functions of a product or service and delivering those functions reliably at the lowest overall cost. The document then outlines the benefits of value engineering, including cost reduction, time savings, and quality improvement. It describes the typical job plan process for a value engineering study, which involves information gathering, creative idea generation, idea evaluation, development of alternatives, and recommendations. Finally, it states that value engineering is an effective approach that should be understood and accepted at all levels of project management in order to achieve whole-life value for construction projects.
This document describes a statistical model created by Tata Consultancy Services to predict customer satisfaction levels. The model was built using data from 3000 customer projects where satisfaction decreased. It identifies factors that influence satisfaction positively or negatively. The model enables project managers to proactively monitor key factors, assess potential satisfaction impacts, and take action to improve outcomes. It has been implemented digitally and is helping the organization significantly improve customer satisfaction levels across many projects.
Application of Value Engineering in Construction Projectsnitinrane33
Value Engineering is a proven management
technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry.
Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product
design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The
methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage
is the Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of
this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value
Engineering is the systematic application of recognized
techniques that identify the functions of the product or
service, creatively establish the worth of those functions, and
provide only the necessary functions to meet the required
performance at the lowest overall cost. Value Engineering
focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest
overall cost. It helps in eliminating or minimizing wastage of
material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to
the customer. The second stage is the Value Study which is
the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five
phases, the Information phase, Function Analysis Phase,
Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase.
All phases and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of
the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic
flow of the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The
third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved
value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction
projects is explained, and by taking case study on residential
building as the sample project, practices of Value
Engineering in this project are described.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
The document discusses factors that affect an organization's risk appetite in selecting mega construction projects. It identifies factors through interviews with 30 construction project practitioners and a review of literature. The most commonly highlighted factors that influence risk appetite are financial attributes of projects, the agility of the board of directors, political factors, the project location and demographics. The conceptual framework presented can help organizations evaluate risk appetite for mega construction project selection and improve project outcomes.
IRJET- Case Study on Budget and Schedule Overrun During the Construction Phas...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on budget and schedule overruns during the construction phase of projects in India. It identifies several key factors that can lead to schedule and budget overruns based on a review of past studies. For schedule overruns, it finds that lack of equipment maintenance, poor procurement planning, and external factors like strikes are critical influencing factors. For budget overruns, it determines that delays in handing over sites, low labor productivity, and contractor delays in material/equipment delivery are important causes. Price inflation is also identified as a major contributor to cost overruns. The study aims to evaluate factors leading to time and cost overruns on construction projects in India in order to improve project success rates.
This document analyzes critical factors affecting construction project delays in the Pune region of India. A survey was conducted of construction companies to identify common reasons for delays. 82 potential factors were identified from literature review and categorized into project-level, owner, contractor, consultant, design, material, labor, equipment, and external factors. Respondents provided the frequency and severity of each factor on a scale of 1-5. The Relative Importance Index was calculated by multiplying the frequency and severity indices to rank factors. Legal disputes and ruling party issues in the locality were found to be the most critical factors based on their importance indices. The study aims to identify root causes of delays to help reduce unnecessary delays in future construction projects.
The document summarizes key engineering industry trends expected in 2013, including increased demand for automation engineers, manufacturing engineers, quality engineers, and systems engineers. It also notes trends toward efficiency improvements, reshoring of manufacturing jobs to North America, and the importance of partnerships between engineering firms and staffing agencies to address talent shortages. The document was provided by Kelly Engineering Resources to advise engineering managers on workforce trends and recruitment strategies for 2013.
What trends can engineering managers expect to see through
2013? While details may vary between specific industry verticals,
a number of key issues will remain important, and possibly
increase in significance throughout most industry segments.
Kelly® is pleased to provide this brief outlook on significant
workforce trends that are expected to impact talent in the
engineering industry for 2013. Through our ongoing discussions
with leading firms and corporate clients, we are able to offer a
unique perspective on the engineering talent market for the year
to come and beyond.
Analysing Attrition in Outsourced Software Projectcsandit
Information systems (IS) outsourcing has grown as a major business phenomenon, and widely
accepted as a business tool. Software outsourcing companies provide expertise, knowledge and
capabilities to their clients by taking up the projects both onsite and offsite. These companies
face numerous challenges including attrition of project members. Attrition is a major challenge
experienced by the outsourcing companies as it has severe impact on business, revenues and
profitability. In this paper, attrition data of a major software outsourcing company was
analysed and an attempt to find the reason for attrition is also made. The data analysis was
based on the data collected by an outsourcing company over a period of two years for a major
client. The results show that the client initiated attrition can have an impact on project and the
members quit the outsourcing company due to client initiated ramp down without revealing the
reason.
A Review On Quantified Impacts Of Construction Labour Productivity Towards Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that reviewed factors impacting construction labor productivity and their effects on project performance. It identified key factors through a literature review, including personal, construction, management, resource, technical, communication, and general factors. A questionnaire was distributed to construction laborers to determine the most significant factors. The results indicated that personal, construction, management, resource, and general factors had the biggest impact on labor productivity. Improving these factors can enhance productivity, profits, and minimize time and cost overruns on projects. In conclusion, focusing on these influential factors can help project managers boost labor productivity and performance.
The document provides details from Achal Joshi's academic profile including:
1. Details of his M.Tech degree from CEPT University and list of major academic projects focused on construction engineering and management.
2. Summary of his summer internship with Shapoorji Pallonji focused on execution of a vehicle manufacturing plant project.
3. Contact information for Achal Joshi including email and mobile number.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Influence of Stakeholders on Project Time OverrunIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a case study conducted on the Kochi Metro project in India. The study analyzed external stakeholders to understand their influence on project time overruns. Key findings include:
1) External stakeholders were categorized into four groups and questionnaires were used to understand factors impacting project time from each group's perspective.
2) A Pareto analysis identified that 20% of factors caused 80% of delays. The analysis also indicated which stakeholder groups most influenced the project schedule.
3) An impact/probability matrix was used to assess each group's level of impact and probability of impact. This identified which stakeholders were most likely to significantly impact the project.
4) The main causes of clashes
Role of PMC in Construction of Collector Well Project, a Case StudyIJERA Editor
The rapid expansion and intricacy in the construction industry cause difficulties in maintaining performance, time, and quality services of a construction project, which leads to the failure to meet the scope and objective of a project. In addition, improper planning, widespread dependence, and low availability of materials increase the cost of the construction project. To manage such issues, Project Management Consultancy is one of the management solutions that have been widely used. Project Management Consultancy plays a multifaceted role in providing services from the beginning of construction to its completion. Project Management Consultancy makes sure whether we are moving in the right pathway according to the planned schedule. Use of Project Management Consultancy offers constructive management solution for the proper execution of work, improved performance, quality, and outcome of the project. The objective of this paper is to study the role and responsibilities of Project Management Consultancy while executing a project and the risks associated with it. This research is carried out via a case study of the construction of an industrial project governed by a Project Management Consultancy from preconstruction phase to completion.
IRJET - A Study on Identification of Risks at Various Phases of Road Construc...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on identifying risks at various phases of road construction projects. It begins with an abstract stating that risk management deals with risk identification, assessment, and mitigation techniques to manage risks related to time, cost, and quality objectives. Some risks can be easily predicted, while others are unknown until they occur. The document then reviews past literature on risk management methods for road projects. It identifies various risks that can occur during different phases of road construction, such as initial planning, funding, design, procurement, and operation/maintenance. The objective is to understand risks at each phase to effectively apply mitigation techniques.
This document discusses using Central Composite Design (CCD), a statistical optimization technique, to set goals for reducing tickets and costs in a Run the Business (RTB) project for a retail banking customer. CCD was used to analyze historical data and determine that 50% ticket reduction and $0.5 million cost savings were achievable goals for 2013. The Causal Analysis and Resolution process area of the CMMI framework was then used to prioritize and address root causes in order to achieve the ticket reduction goal.
1% AIMS Improving Construction productivity. November 30th 2015.kiebut
This document discusses improving construction productivity through the implementation of a lean construction process called "The 1% AIMS Program". The program utilizes constraint analysis, short term planning, earned value analysis, and communication between task and project levels to improve labor productivity. A case study is presented that demonstrates how the program appeared to significantly improve labor productivity on a construction project by preventing delays and wasted time through better project controls and planning.
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project FailureIRJET Journal
This document discusses project management techniques to avoid project failure. It begins with an introduction to project management and definitions of key terms. The literature review then summarizes several academic papers on topics related to project failure such as identifying common causes of failure, project performance measurement, and techniques for scheduling projects with uncertainty. The conclusion reiterates that project management techniques must be tailored to the specific project and region, and that further research is needed to enhance understanding of avoiding project failure.
Reinventing the Works Department - PaperSimon Gough
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Value engineering in residential house constructionIAEME Publication
This document discusses the application of value engineering techniques in residential house construction projects. It begins with defining value engineering as systematically identifying the functions of a product or service and delivering those functions reliably at the lowest overall cost. The document then outlines the benefits of value engineering, including cost reduction, time savings, and quality improvement. It describes the typical job plan process for a value engineering study, which involves information gathering, creative idea generation, idea evaluation, development of alternatives, and recommendations. Finally, it states that value engineering is an effective approach that should be understood and accepted at all levels of project management in order to achieve whole-life value for construction projects.
This document describes a statistical model created by Tata Consultancy Services to predict customer satisfaction levels. The model was built using data from 3000 customer projects where satisfaction decreased. It identifies factors that influence satisfaction positively or negatively. The model enables project managers to proactively monitor key factors, assess potential satisfaction impacts, and take action to improve outcomes. It has been implemented digitally and is helping the organization significantly improve customer satisfaction levels across many projects.
Application of Value Engineering in Construction Projectsnitinrane33
Value Engineering is a proven management
technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry.
Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product
design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The
methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage
is the Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of
this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value
Engineering is the systematic application of recognized
techniques that identify the functions of the product or
service, creatively establish the worth of those functions, and
provide only the necessary functions to meet the required
performance at the lowest overall cost. Value Engineering
focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest
overall cost. It helps in eliminating or minimizing wastage of
material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to
the customer. The second stage is the Value Study which is
the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five
phases, the Information phase, Function Analysis Phase,
Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase.
All phases and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of
the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic
flow of the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The
third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved
value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction
projects is explained, and by taking case study on residential
building as the sample project, practices of Value
Engineering in this project are described.
Application of Value Engineering in Commercial Building Projectsnitinrane33
The current construction industry conditions have entailed the use of rational method and techniques and
research and application of new techniques by utilizing advancements in technology in the field of production as well as in
every field. Value Engineering is a proven management technique that can make valuable contributions to value
enhancement and cost reduction in construction industry. Value Engineering is one of the most effective techniques
known to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs in product design, testing, manufacturing, construction, operations,
maintenance, data, procedures and practices. The methodology is composed of three main stages. The first stage is the
Pre-Study of the Value Engineering. The purpose of this stage is to plan and organize the value study. Value Engineering
is the systematic application of recognized techniques that identify the functions of the product or service, creatively
establish the worth of those functions, and provide only the necessary functions to meet the required performance at the
lowest overall cost. Value Engineering focuses on accomplishing the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It helps
in eliminating or minimizing wastage of material, time, and unnecessary cost, which improves value to the customer. The
second stage is the Value Study which is the core of Value Engineering study and it is composed of five phases, the
Information phase, Function Analysis Phase, Creative Phase, Evaluation Phase and the Presentation phase. All phases
and steps perform sequentially. Such sequence of the methodology is expected to assist in logical and systematic flow of
the process to achieve the targets of the VE study. The third stage is the Post Study. The objective during post-study
activities is to assure the implementation of the approved value study change recommendations. In this study, how the
principles of Value Engineering are applied in construction projects is explained, and by taking case study on commercial
building as the sample project, practices of Value Engineering in this project are described.
IRJET- Value Engineering-An Approach to Enhance Real Estate IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses how value engineering can enhance the real estate industry by identifying unnecessary costs. It begins with an introduction to value engineering, explaining that it is a systematic process that identifies necessary functions and delivers them at the lowest cost. It then provides the history and theory behind value engineering, including how it originated at General Electric during WWII to deal with material shortages. The document outlines the value engineering methodology, including information gathering, functional analysis, generation of alternatives, evaluation and development of recommendations. It argues that value engineering can improve quality, reliability and performance over the lifespan of a project while reducing costs.
VALUE ENGINEERING IN RESIDENTIAL HOUSE CONSTRUCTIONIAEME Publication
This document discusses the application of value engineering techniques to residential house construction projects. It begins with an introduction to value engineering and its goals of achieving the required functions at the lowest overall cost. It then describes the typical job plan process for a value engineering study, including information gathering, idea generation, evaluation, development of alternatives, and recommendations. The document presents a case study where value engineering was applied to an individual housing project. Problems with the original design were identified and alternative ideas were generated and evaluated. The study concluded that a thorough information gathering phase is important for identifying problems and generating effective solutions through value engineering.
A Study Report on Value Analysis and Value Engineering (VAVE)Avijeet Suryavanshi
This Project Report presents the basic fundamental of value engineering that can be implemented in any product to optimize its value. A case study of L&T Technology Services is discussed in
which the material, design of components is changed according to the value engineering methodology. In the present case study, it is observed that the unnecessary increase in cost is due
to the use of expensive material, increase in variety of items and thereby increasing the inventory and so on. Therefore, selected some components and applied value engineering technique for the cost reduction of these components.
Value Engineering is an effective tool in identifying areas where cost reduction can be achieved.
In order to effectively do this, various approaches in specific areas of focus are discussed in this report.
Application of value engineering in constructionDr Ezzat Mansour
The document discusses the application of value engineering (VE) in construction projects. It provides an overview of VE, including its definition, methodology, and when it should be applied. The document then discusses how VE was used in the Bregana-Zagreb-Dubrovnik Motorway project in Croatia. VE studies identified opportunities to reduce costs and accelerate the project schedule. Specific changes included increasing the length of climbing forms for viaducts from 4m to 5m, which reduced formwork costs. Overall, approximately $43 million and 12 months were saved through VE applications on the project.
AN APPRAISAL OF VALUE ENGINEERING AND THE AWARENESS LEVEL AMONGST NIGERIAN CO...Babatunde55
The document discusses value engineering, which aims to provide necessary functions at the lowest cost without reducing quality. It appraises value engineering awareness among Nigerian construction professionals. A survey found the term is not very well known, though some use cost control approaches similar to value engineering. Unhealthy practices and client/professional ignorance were seen as hindering its use. The document recommends seminars to educate professionals and clients on value engineering and its benefits.
Value Engineering is a technique for determining the manufacturing requirements of a
product/service; it is concerned with its evaluation and finally the selection of less costly
conditions. VE is a process for achieving the optimal result in a way that quality, safety, reliability
and convertibility of every monetary unit are improved.
Here theory of Value Engineering along with case study of UTM is presented.
IRJET- Optimization of Mechanical Pencil by using Value EngineeringIRJET Journal
This document discusses applying value engineering techniques to optimize the mechanical pencil. It begins with background on mechanical pencils and value engineering. The author then analyzes the mechanical pencil in the creative phase of value engineering. Ideas are proposed to address issues like lead breaking and increase strength/decrease costs, such as adding springs to absorb pressure and making the body from strong, lightweight plastic. In conclusion, applying value engineering principles can improve the mechanical pencil's functioning while reducing costs without compromising quality.
IRJET- Furniture Product Optimization by using Creative Phase of Value Engine...IRJET Journal
This document discusses applying the creative phase of value engineering to optimize various furniture products. It analyzes beds, computer desks, and chairs to identify ideas that can decrease production costs and increase quality and productivity for manufacturers. For beds, suggestions include simplifying the design, reducing material gauges, and making legs foldable. For desks, ideas involve using cheaper frame materials, triangular pipes, and attaching wheels. For chairs, proposals comprise minimizing ergonomic design, reducing legs from four to three, reusing waste materials, powder coating, and making them foldable. The creative phase brainstorms alternative designs that fulfill functions at lower costs.
THE SYNERGY BETWEEN VALUE ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUTIONAnkit Singhai
This document discusses the synergy between value engineering and sustainable construction. It defines value engineering and sustainable construction, explaining that value engineering takes a life cycle cost approach to optimize function, quality, and cost in a project. Applying value engineering principles like functional analysis and alternative generation can help make construction projects more sustainable by reducing costs, waste, and environmental impacts over the full life cycle. The document outlines the value engineering job plan process and how applying it at early design phases can significantly improve sustainability and value in construction projects.
IRJET- A Case Study Analysis through the Implementation of Value EngineeringIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on implementing value engineering to optimize the value of a bath fitting product. It discusses changing the material of the product's push button from brass to an aluminum alloy using pressure die casting. This reduces the total cost from Rs. 75 to Rs. 40 per push button without affecting functionality or quality. With 8000 units produced annually, this saves Rs. 2,80,000 per year. Value engineering techniques like functional analysis, creativity exercises, and decision matrices were used to evaluate alternatives and select the optimal material change.
IRJET- The Application of Value Engineering to Highway Projects and ProgramsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the application of value engineering to highway projects and programs. It begins with an introduction to value engineering, which aims to provide necessary project functions at the lowest possible cost while maintaining quality. It then outlines the 8 phases of a typical value engineering study: selection of projects, investigation of functions and costs, creative idea generation, evaluation of alternatives, development of recommendations, presentation to decision makers, and implementation. The document provides details on each phase and emphasizes that value engineering can help control expenditures and maximize value for highway agencies working with limited budgets.
Concurrent Engineering- for Environment & SustainabilityIRJET Journal
This document discusses concurrent engineering and its benefits for sustainability and the environment. Concurrent engineering involves simultaneous development of products and processes through cross-functional team collaboration. It aims to shorten development timelines while improving quality. The document outlines the key elements and implementation of concurrent engineering. It discusses how concurrent engineering supports sustainability through immediate response to demands, reduced environmental impacts, and improved material efficiency. The document argues concurrent engineering is needed to quickly respond to changing environments through continuous improvement and inclusion of environmental constraints in decision making.
The document summarizes a networking event held by Oil and Gas Facilities to discuss improving the success rates of major projects through ensuring technical competence. A panel discussed how the oil and gas industry has moved away from extensive in-house training programs for facilities engineers. This has led to a loss of continuity in training and gaps in competencies. Participants generated recommendations in breakout sessions, including mentoring programs, effective means of acquiring knowledge, and developing long-term plans to ensure access to competent people. The event aimed to address growing failure rates of major projects.
This document provides an overview of value engineering, including its definition, implementation process, benefits, and principles. Value engineering is defined as a systematic team approach focused on providing value in a product, system, or service through cost reduction while maintaining quality and performance. It involves an 8-phase process including orientation, information gathering, functional analysis, creativity, evaluation, recommendation, implementation, and development. The benefits of value engineering include lower costs, improved quality, resource efficiency, and increased competitiveness.
This document discusses a case study of a gas turbine engine development project by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in India. The project required managing many stakeholders, including the Indian Air Force, certification authorities, industries, and academic institutions. GTRE identified stakeholders at different phases of the project and kept them informed of progress and issues. Managing stakeholder expectations, resolving conflicts, and gaining support and resources from stakeholders were critical to the project's success. The collaboration with stakeholders helped build technical capabilities within GTRE and Indian industries.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
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Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
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Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
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Power Grid Model
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Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
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Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
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1. 1
A Seminar Report
On
Value Engineering
By
Hardik Mehta
11BIE037
Under the Guidance of
Ms. Mallika Taneja
Lecturer,
Departmentof IndustrialEngineering
School of Technology,
PDPU
Submitted to
Department of Industrial Engineering,
School of Technology,
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
2014
2. 2
CERTIFICATE
T his is to c ertify that the s eminar rep o rt entitled
“ Value Engineering” is p rep ared and s ub mitted b y Ha rdik
M e hta and has b een c arried o ut und er o ur s up ervis io n fo r
the p artial fulfillment o f the req uirement fo r the award o f
the d egree o f “ B a c he lo r o f e ng ine e ring in Indus tria l
e ng ine e ring de pa rtme nt” o f P and it Deend ayal P etro leum
Univers ity, G and hinagar and to o ur kno wled ge it has no t
b een s ub mitted els ewhere fo r a d egree
Ms. Mallika Taneja Prof. Aneesh Chinubhai
Lecturer Head of department
Industrial Eng. Dept. Industrial Eng. Dept.
PDPU PDPU
3. 3
Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Ms. Mallika Taneja for her guidance and constant supervision as well
as for providing necessary information regarding the seminar and also for her support in
completing the seminar.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of PDPU for their kind
co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends in developing the project and people who
have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
Hardik Mehta,
11BIE037
4. 4
Abstract
In this seminar report, I have discussed the concept of Value Engineering, its job plan and
the effective implementation of it through two case studies. Efforts have been put into the
articulation of the report to make it coherent which can be easily perceivable. Through the
application of Value Engineering profits are maximized without hindering the reliability of
the product. With the effective utilization of the technique the final outcomes comes out to
be a successful showcase of value engineering.
The value engineering approach is selected as a communication platform between industrial
designers and engineers. Value engineering is based on function analysis to optimize
function and cost ratio in particular situations. Value Engineering is an effective problem
solving technique. Value engineering is essentially a process which uses function analysis,
team- work and creativity to improve Value [1]. Value Engineering is not just "good
engineering." It is not a suggestion program and it is not routine project or plan review. It is
not typical cost reduction in that it doesn't "cheapen" the product or service, nor does it "cut
corners."
Value Engineering simply answers the question "what else will accomplish the purpose of
the product, service, or process we are studying?". VE technique is applicable to all type of
sectors. Initially, VE technique was introduced in manufacturing industries. This technique
is then expanded to all type of business or economic sector, which includes construction,
service, government, agriculture, education and healthcare [2].
5. 5
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Value Engineering……………………………………………………..9
1.1 UNDERSTANDING VALUE ENGINEERING:............................................................................................................................9
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:............................................................................................................................................10
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF VALUE ENGINEERING:.............................................................................................................................11
1.4 Working of Value Engineering:.............................................................................................................................12
2. Methodology of Value Engineering……………………………………………………13
2.1 THEPHASES OF VALUE ENGINEERING:...........................................................................................................................13
2.2 IMPACTOF EIGHTPHASES WITH COSTCYCLE:.................................................................................................................16
3. Case Studies......................................................................................................................17
3.1 CASESTUDYON A MEDICAL INSTRUMENT:....................................................................................................................17
3.2 CASESTUDYON A FLUSH VALVE:..................................................................................................................................21
4. FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………..25
8. 8
Abbreviations and Nomenclature:
VE: Value Engineering.
PDC: Pressure Die Casting.
CNC: Computer Numeric Control.
MM: Millimeters.
MIN: Minutes.
GM: Grams.
KG: Kilograms.
CFV: Conical Flush Valve.
9. 9
1. INTRODUCTIONTO VALUE ENGINEERING
1.1. Understanding Value Engineering:
Value analysis is "A Systematic and objective evaluation of the value of a goods or
service, focusing on analysis of function relative to the cost of manufacturing or providing
the items or service". Value analysis refers to the analysis of an existing product, service or
administrative process.
Value engineering is "Value analysis conducted at the design engineering stage of the
product development process." Value engineering refers to the same analysis applied to the
products, services or administrative processes that are under design and have not been. [3]
Value Engineering is not just "good engineering." It is not a suggestion program and it is
not routine project or plan review. It is not typical cost reduction in that it doesn't
"cheapen" the product or service, nor does it "cut corners." Value Engineering simply
answers the question "what else will accomplish the purpose of the product, service, or
process we are studying?" It stands to reason that any technique so useful should be
applied to every product, and at each stage of the normal day-to-day development of a
highway product.
10. 10
1.2 Historical Background:
During World War II, many manufacturers were forced to use substitute materials and
designs as a result of critical material shortages. When the General Electric Company
found that many of the substitutes were providing equal or better performance at less
cost, it launched an effort (in 1947) to improve product efficiency by intentionally and
systematically developing less costly alternatives. Lawrence D. Miles, a staff engineer
for General Electric, led this effort. Miles combined a number of ideas and techniques to
develop a successful methodological approach for ensuring value in a product.
The concept quickly spread through private industry as the possibilities for large returns
from relatively modest investments were recognized. This methodology was originally
termed value analysis or value control. In 1957, the Navy’s Bureau of Ships became the
first Department of Defense organization to establish a formal VE program. Miles and
another General Electric employee, Raymond Fountain, set up the Bureau of Ships
program to help reduce the cost of ship construction, which had nearly doubled since the
end of World War II. The Bureau of Ships asked that the technique be called “Value
Engineering” and staffed the office with people under the general engineer position
description. [4]
The mandatory VE provisions in most Department of Defense contracts encourage
contractor participation and thereby realize the full benefits from cost reduction
opportunities and innovations. These contract provisions provide the basis for the
contractor to obtain a share of the savings that result from an approved VE effort. Before
this development, submitting a cost-reduction change led to a commensurate decrease in
the size of the contract and usually reduced profit by a proportional amount. The VE
provisions changed this paradigm by providing the contractor with an incentive to submit
proposals to reduce cost.
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1.3 Objectives of Value Engineering:
The main objective of VE is to improve value, and VE techniques can overcome many of
the roadblocks to achieving good value. They can save money; reduce time; and improve
quality, reliability, maintainability, and performance. It can also make contributions to
improve human factors, such as attitudes, creativity, and teamwork.
Value engineering can also extend the use of financial, manpower, and material resources
by eliminating unnecessary or excessive costs without sacrificing quality or performance.
Decision making can be improved by using the team approach.
Mathematical Representation of VE:
Three basic elements provide a measure of value to the user: function, quality, and cost.
These elements can be interpreted by the following relationship:
Where:
Function = the specific work that a design/item must perform.
Quality = the owner’s or user’s needs, desires, and expectations.
Cost = the life cycle cost of the product.
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1.4 Working of Value Engineering:
The following figure shows the flowchart of working procedure of VE.
Figure 1: Working of Value Engineering.
The procedure shown above is revised several times based upon magnitude of the project.
Generally, most projects require four iterations. After each revision or iteration the value of
the process increases, the figure below shows the importance and function of these iterations:
Figure 2: Importance of four iterations of VE.
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2. METHODOLOGYOF VALUE ENGINEERING.
2.1 The Phases of Value Engineering:
There are eight phases in value implementation of VE, as shown in below figure:
Figure 3: Sequential Phases of VE.
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Detailed explanation of eight phases of VE:
1. Orientation Phase:
In the orientation phase, the project is selected and those who are going to work the problem
are familiarized with it.
2. Information Phase:
The team is made familiar with the present state of the project. All team members
participated in a functional analysis of the project as a whole, and then of its component parts,
to determine the true needs of the project. Areas of high cost or low worth are identified.
3. Functional Phase:
‘Function’ can be defined, as the use demanded of a part of a product and the esteem value
that it provides. These functions therefore make the product work effectively or contribute to
the ‘salability’ of the product. Functional analysis outlines the basic function of a product
using a verb and a noun such as ‘boil water’ as in the case of our kettle.
4. Creative Phase:
This step requires a certain amount of creative thinking by the team. A technique that is
useful for this type of analysis is brainstorming. This stage is concerned with developing
alternative, more cost effective ways of achieving the basic function. All rules of
brainstorming are allowed, and criticism needs to be avoided as it could cease the flow of
ideas. Simply list down all ideas, not regarding whether they sound apparently ridiculous.
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5. Evaluation Phase:
In this phase of the workshop, the VA team judges the ideas developed during the creative
phase. The VA team ranks the ideas. Ideas found to be irrelevant or not worthy of additional
study are disregarded; those ideas that represent the greatest potential for cost savings and
improvements are selected for development. A weighted evaluation is applied in some cases
to account for project impacts other than costs (both capital and life cycle). Ideally, the VA
team would like to evaluate all attractive ideas but time constraints often limit the number of
ideas that can be developed during the workshop. As a result, the team focuses on the higher.
This phase is designed so that the most significant ideas are isolated and prioritized.
6. Development Phase:
In the development phase, final recommendations are developed from the alternatives
selected during the analysis phase. Detailed technical and economic testing is conducted and
the probability of successful implementation is assessed.
7. Presentation Phase:
The presentation phase is actually presenting the best alternative (or alternatives) to those
who have the authority to implement the proposed solutions that are acceptable. It includes
preparing a formal VECP or value engineering proposal (VEP) that contains the information
needed to reach a decision and implement the proposal.
8. Implementation and Follow Up:
During the implementation and follow-up phase, management must assure that approved
recommendations are converted into actions. Until this is done, savings to offset the cost of
the study will not be realized.
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2.2Impact of eight phases with cost cycle:
In the cost cycle, the resistance line (represents savings) gradually increases with the
implantation of VE. The line representing costs that is acceptance line, decreases with
implementation.
The below figure shows the position of the lines after each and every phase:
Figure 4: Potential savings from VE.
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3. CASE STUDIES:
3.1 Case Studyon a Medical Instrument:
In this paper we have considered a medical instrument manufacturing company, Aadarsh
Instruments, located in Ambala, for analysis which runs export business of medical
microscope. This firm is producing different types of microscopes which they export to
various countries around the globe. All of the products manufactured here are conforming to
the international standards. It is an ISO certified company. [5]
One of their models SL250 has a component named Focus Adjustment Knob for Slit Lamp in
microscope. This microscope has found application in the field of eye inspection. Value
Engineering is applied to the Focus Adjustment Knob.
The steps used for this purpose are as follows:-
1. Product selection plan
2. Gather information of product
3. Functional analysis
4. Creativity Worksheet
5. Evaluation sheet
6. Cost analysis
7. Result
Steps followed during the analysis are given below:
1. Plan for Product Selection
Product selected is Focus Adjustment Knob for Slit Lamp in microscope which is used to
adjust the focus of lens for magnification purpose. The present specifications of this part and
its material used are costlier than the average industry cost. Value of this product can be
increased by maintaining its functions and reducing its cost or keeping the cost constant and
increasing the functionality of the product.
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2. Obtain Product Information:
Product specifications are:
Material – Aluminum Bronze Alloy
Diameter of base plate –30 mm
Thickness of plate--3 mm
Cost of the scrap is - 293/Kg
Pieces Produced annually – 8000
Process used – C.N.C. indexing milling
Cycle time—2.5 min
Anodizing—2/min
Material cost—65 gm
Total Present cost – ` 29.99/piece
3. Functional Analysis of Present Functions:
Name Basic Function
Verb
Basic Function
Noun
Secondary Function
Noun
Focus Adjustment
Knob
Index Lens Fix
Table 1: Function Analysis.
4. Develop Alternate Design or Methods:
During brainstorming these ideas were listed:-
i. Change design
ii. Change material
iii. Use plastic
iv. Make it lighter
v. Change the production process
vi. Use nylon indexing unit
5. Evaluation Phase
For judging the ideas, the following designs were considered:
A. Function
B. Cost
C. Maintainability
D. Quality
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Each of these design criteria was given a weight age factor. This was carried out as follows:
each of the above criteria was compared with others, and depending on their relative
importance, three categories were formed, viz. major, medium, and minor. A score of 3, 2
and 1 respectively was assigned to each of the levels. The details are as given in the
Table 2 and Table 3:
Weight age analysis Points
Major difference 3
Medium difference 2
Minor difference 1
Table 2: Weight Assignment.
Table 3: Paired Comparisons.
From the above paired comparison we get the following result:
Table 4: Attributes.
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The above ideas were discussed and the best feasible ideas were separated which were:-
a. Change the material to steel
b. Use Nylon unit
c. Use existing material
Table 5: Feasibility Ranking
Table 6: Cost Evaluation.
7. Result:
The total savings after the implementation of value engineering are given below:
Cost before analysis – ` 29.99/-
Total Cost of nylon knob –` 18.40/-
Saving per product – ` 11.59/-
Percentage saving per product – 38.64 %
Annual Demand of the product – 8000
Total Annual Saving – ` 92,720/-
Value Improvement - 62.98 %
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3.2 Case Studyon a Flush Valve:
We are discussing a Bath Fitting product named CONC. FLUSH VALVE manufactured in
LIDER. A flush valve is an important part inside the tank of the toilet that moves the water
into the bowl. Its manufacturing is difficult as its design is very intricate. [6]
Figure 5: Conical Flush Valve.
1. Functional Analysis Worksheet:
Table 7: Functional Analysis
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4. Creativity Worksheet:
I. Change the material to Aluminum.
II. Change the material to Aluminum alloy.
III. Change the material to Plastic.
IV. Change the material to Polypropylene.
V. Make it through Forging.
VI. Make the design simpler.
VII. Make it in wood.
VIII. Make threads on the inner side.
5. Decision Matrix:
Objectives are:
B1=Cost
B2=Reliability
B3=Performance
Alternatives are:
C1= Use Zamak (Aluminum Alloy)
C2= Use Plastic
C3= Use Polypropylene
Objective B1 B2 B3
Weightage 0.5 0.25 0.25 Value
C1 42.84 21.5 21.25 84.75
C2 45.90 18.25 17.75 81
C3 44.86 19.25 18.25 81.5
Table 9: Decision Matrix.
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6. Finding and Recommendation:
Push Button is a manufactured item. At present it is made from brass. The material is costly
and hence the cost of the part made out from it is also costly. It is recommended that the
Push Button should be made in the factory without changing the design of it through
pressure die casting process. The proposed Push Button is to be made from Zamak (an
aluminum alloy) which is cheaper than brass and with the use of PDC process; the excessive
cost of machining is also eliminated.
Calculation of saving:
Table 10: Cost Evaluation.
7. Result:
The total saving which can be incurred per annum by the implementation of above
recommendation is Rs. 2, 80,000/-.
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4. FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS:
VE can frequently offer substantial benefits, particularly when one or more of the following
applies:
High cost;
Deficiencies in performance, reliability, or productivity;
Multiple product applications; or
Executive management interest.
VE can also be used to measure the merit and the risk of a new or changed process (before a
problem is identified) as well as:
Eliminating or controlling potential process failures;
Identifying process parameters that need additional or improved controls to prevent
failures in process;
Confirming which elements of a process are robust; and
Improving product safety, quality, cost, and schedule.
Value engineering methodology is a powerful tool for resolving system failures and
designing improvements in performance of any process, product, service or organization. Its
application results in significant improvements to quality and reliability by focusing the
team’s attention on the functions that are contributing most to the problems, and the most
likely causes of these problems. Then, the team develops ways to improve these root causes
of the problems, and ways to fix the problems that have occurred along with means to prevent
their reoccurrence.
The Value Engineering process and procedures are generally well defined and well-
understood at all levels in the industry. VE is recognized as an effective way to improve the
performance of a product with reduction in cost. The quality (qualifications and experience)
of the team leader and specialists is a key ingredient to the success of the VE program. It is
more effective and influential on the performance, quality, and cost of a product when done
relatively early in the production schedule.
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In the first case study discussed above we have used the concept of Value Engineering to
analysis the focus adjustment knob of microscope and with the critical evaluation of it we
were able to increase the value of the product by substituting another material in place of the
one that is currently in use. The various advantages have been observed in terms of cost
reduction, increase in overall production, reduction in manpower, and reduction in scrap. In
future we can alter the design of the product and integrate this technique with various other
prevailing industrial engineering tools which will bring down the cost by substantial margin
and thereby increasing the value of the product.
In the other case study, discussed we have seen how the VE is used for the cost reduction
without the change in the product design & its value. A proper decision matrix is prepared for
choosing the appropriate alternative from the feasible choices available.
In Future we can make the changes in the design so that the Value of the product can even be
enhanced. Various other Industrial Engineering tools can be even made use in further
improvement.
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References
1. Miles, L.D., Techniques Of Value Analysis And Engineering, Mcgraw-
Hill,1972.
2. Value Management: Surviving In The Millennium Via Diligence Rewarded
Management Accounting, Mcdowell, T. 1996.
3. Adapted from information in Army Pamphlet 11-3, “Value Engineering” , and
DoD Handbook 4245.8-H, “Value Engineering,” March 1986.
4. Cooper, R. and Slagmulder, R., Target Costing and Value Engineering Productivity
Press, Portland, or, USA (1997).
5. Function-Oriented Creative Group Problem Solving. Creativity and Innovation
Management. Fong, P. S. W. 1999.
6. Younker, D.L, Value Engineering: Analysis and Methodology, New York, Marcel
Dekker (2003).
7. Title 41 USC, Section 432, “Value Engineering” (available online at Cornell
University Law School’s Legal Information Institute). W. F. Kilmer, 2002.