most serious diseases caused by infectious organisms and the vaccine developed for them...

1. VACCINES AGAINST INFECTIOUS
DISEASES:
KANISHK PATEL
301901010

2. VACCINATION:
• Vaccination is the administration of agent-
specific, but relatively harmless, antigenic
components that in vaccinated individuals can
induce protective immunity against the
corresponding infectious agent/disease.

3. TERMINOLOGIES:
• DISEASE: A pathological condition of body
parts or tissue.
• INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• INFECTION: Is the colonization of a host
organisms by parasite species.
• INFECTIVITY: The ability of an organism to
enter, survive and multiply in the host.
• INFECTIOUSNESS OF DISEASE

4. • HOST: An organism infected by another
organism.
• VIRULENCE: The relative ability of an agent to
cause rapid and sever disease in host.
• VIRULENCE FACTORS: The properties of
pathogens that enable them to escape various
host defense mechanisms and cause disease.

5. INFECTIOUS DISEASES: leading cause of
death worldwide…

7. WORLD MORTALITY DUE TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES…

8. TB..
• TB is the leading infectious cause of death
worldwide, killing 1.5 million each year (including
251 000 people with HIV).
• In 2019, an estimated 10 million people fell ill
with tuberculosis(TB) worldwide. 5.7 million men,
3.2 million women and 1.1 million children and
estimated killed 1.5 million.
• the most vulnerable are women, children, and
those with HIV/AIDS.
• Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing
countries.

9. Get the Facts
• 4109DEATHS DAILY
TB is the leading infectious killer in the world
• 6-30MONTHS
TB therapy last from six months to longer than two
years
• 78%UNTREATED
About 1 in 5 cases of TB around the world go
untreated
• $16.7TrillionDOLLARS
TB could cost the world $16.7 trillion by 2030
• 1MillionCHILDREN
A million children get sick with TB each year.

10. • Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) WHO estimates that there
were 484 000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin – the
most effective first-line drug, of which 78% had MDR-TB.
• By the end of 2018, 90 countries reported having
introduced bedaquiline and 57 countries reported having
introduced delamanid, in an effort to improve the
effectiveness of MDR-TB treatment regimens.
• Globally, TB incidence is falling at about 2% per year.
• An estimated 58 million lives were saved through TB
diagnosis and treatment between 2000 and 2018.
• Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health
targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.

12. VACCINE:
• BCG or Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine.
• The BCG vaccine is prepared from a weakened strain
of Mycobacterium bovis, a bacteria closely related to M.
tuberculosis, which causes the disease.
• The bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is used as part of
national vaccination programs in countries with many cases of TB.
It does, however, prevent some serious TB complications in
children, such as TB meningitis. The vaccine is generally not used in
adults.
• 2005, when it was decided that TB rates in the general population
had fallen to such a low level that universal BCG vaccination was no
longer needed.

13. • The BCG vaccine contains live bacteria that
have been weakened (attenuated), so that
they stimulate the immune system but do not
cause disease in healthy people.
• Microorganisms can be attenuated or disabled
so that they lose their ability to cause
significant disease (pathogenicity) but retain
their capacity for transient growth within an
inoculated host.
• The vaccine is given just under the skin
(intradermally), usually in the left upper arm.

14. • The development of new TB vaccines has been identified as
a priority for WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research.
• The TB vaccine candidate pipeline includes various vaccine
platforms including whole cell vaccines, adjuvanted
proteins, and recombinant subunit vector vaccines.
• Candidate vaccines are being developed for prevention of
TB disease in adolescents and adults, for early life
immunization as BCG replacement, as BCG boosters, for
vaccination of TB patients after treatment to prevent
disease recurrence, or as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to
drug therapy intended to reduce treatment duration.
• Dosage: 0.1 ml at birth

15. HEPATITIS B: caused by HBV
• Affecting 325 million people globally. It is a root
causes of liver cancer, leading to 1.34 million
deaths every year.
• Hepatitis B causes chronic infection that may not
show symptoms for a long period, sometimes
years or decades AND puts people at high risk of
death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• More than 70% of liver cancer cases are due to
late testing and treatment of viral Hepatitis B
infection.

16. • Hepatitis B prevalence is highest in the WHO
Western Pacific Region and the WHO African
Region, where 6.2% and 6.1% of the adult
population is infected respectively.
• In the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, the
WHO South-East Asia Region and the WHO
European Region, an estimated 3.3%, 2.0% and
1.6% of the general population is infected,
respectively.
• And in the WHO Region of the Americas, 0.7% of
the population is infected.

17. • hepatitis B is most commonly spread from mother to
child at birth (prenatal transmission), or through
horizontal transmission (exposure to infected blood).
• The hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body for at
least 7 days.
• The incubation period of the hepatitis B virus is 75 days
on average.
• The virus may be detected within 30 to 60 days after
infection and can persist and develop into chronic
hepatitis B.

18. • Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B infection
focuses on the detection of the hepatitis B
surface antigen HBsAg.
• Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated
with medicines.
• WHO recommends the use of oral treatments
- tenofovir or entecavir.

20. VACCINE:
• In 1963, the American physician/geneticist Baruch
Blumberg discovered what he called the "Australia Antigen" (now
called HBsAg) in the serum of an Australian people. In 1968, this
protein was found to be part of the virus that causes "serum
hepatitis" (hepatitis B) by virologist Alfred Prince
• The American microbiologist/vaccinologist Maurice
Hilleman at Merck hypothesized that he could make an HBV vaccine
by injecting patients with hepatitis B surface protein. In theory, this
would be very safe, as these excess surface proteins lacked
infectious viral DNA.
• The vaccine was approved in 1981 as sub-unit vaccine (plasma
derived vaccine)

21. • The plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine was withdrawn
from the marketplace in 1986..
• when Pablo DT Valenzuela, Research Director
of Chiron Corporation, succeeded in making the
antigen in yeast and invented the world's first
recombinant vaccine (recombinant DNA vaccine).
• The recombinant vaccine was developed by inserting
the HBV gene that codes for the surface protein into
the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• This allows the yeast to produce only the noninfectious
surface protein, without any danger of introducing
actual viral DNA into the final product.

22. • Monovalent hepatitis B vaccine
• Combination hepatitis B vaccine…
• Hepatitis A and B combinations - This combines hepatitis B
and A antigens in formulations that are suitable for
paediatric or adult use.
• Hepatitis B combined with DTP, Hib and/or IPV - Hepatitis B
has been combined with acellular or whole cell pertussis
antigens diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type
b (Hib) and/or inactivated poliomyelitis (IPV) in multiple
vaccine preparations with four to six diseases being
prevented from a single vaccine product.
• These vaccines are given by the intramuscular route (0.5
ml)

23. Brand names
• The common brands available are.:
• Recombivax HB (Merck),
• Engerix-B (GSK),
• Elovac B (Human Biologicals Institute, a division
of Indian Immunologicals Limited),
• Genevac B (Serum Institute),
• Shanvac B, Heplisav-B…etc.
• Twinrix (GSK) is a vaccine against hepatitis A and
hepatitis B.
• Pediarix is a vaccine
against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B,
and poliomyelitis..

24. DOSAGE:

26. Whooping Cough (Pertussis).:
• is one of the most contagious diseases around. Caused by a
bacterium (Bordetella pertussis).
• Worldwide, pertussis has an estimated incidence of 16.3 million
cases and causes nearly 138,000 deaths per year IN 1990s.
• In 2019, the cases reduced to 17,500 annually reported by CDC.
• In low-income countries, the case-fatality rate among infants may
be as high as 4%.
• The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase
"100-day cough".
• Can cause uncontrollable, violent coughing which makes it hard to
breathe, eat, or drink.
• Pertussis can be extremely serious in babies and young children,
causing pneumonia, convulsions, brain damage, or death. In teens
and adults, it can cause weight loss, loss of bladder control, passing
out, and rib fractures from severe coughing.

27. • The time between exposure and the
development of symptoms is on average 7–14
days (range 6–20 days)
• Prevention is mainly by vaccination with
the pertussis vaccine.
• Those treated with antibiotics are no longer
infectious after five days.
• Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
or Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole.

28. VACCINE:
• The first vaccine against pertussis was developed in the
1930s by pediatrician Leila Denmark.
• It included whole-cell killed Bordetella
pertussis bacteria.
• Pertussis vaccine is usually administered as a
component of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)
vaccines.
• In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering, Loney
Gordon, and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole-cell
pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
to generate the first DTP combination vaccine. (DTwP)

29. This whole-cell DTP vaccine (DTwP) has been replaced
with acellular DTP vaccine.. (DTaP) and (TDaP)

30. • New acellular pertussis vaccines were developed in the
1980s, which included only a few selected pertussis
antigens.
• They became a part of DTaP vaccines for children.
• New ‘acellular’ vaccines are being formulated which use
purified antigens of the bacteria which have been shown to
induce protective immunity. These so-called protective
antigens which are candidates for inclusion in new pertussis
vaccines include pertussis toxin (in a toxoided form),
filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae and a 69 kDa
membrane protein.
• In 2005, two new vaccine products were licensed for use in
adolescents and adults that combine the tetanus and
diphtheria toxoids with acellular pertussis vaccine. (TDaP)
• These (TDaP) vaccines contain reduced amounts of
pertussis antigens compared to DTaP vaccines.

32. DOSES:
• It is recommended that children receive 5 doses of DTaP,
usually at the following ages:
• 2 months
• 4 months
• 6 months
• 15–18 months
• 4–6 years
• Tdap is only for children 7 years and older, adolescents, and adults.
• Adolescents should receive a single dose of Tdap, preferably at age
11 or 12 years.
• Pregnant women should get a dose of Tdap during every pregnancy,
to protect the newborn from pertussis. Infants are most at risk for
severe, life-threatening complications from pertussis.
• Adults who have never received Tdap should get a dose of Tdap.

33. • In the 1920s, diphtheria was a common cause
of death in children and adolescents. At its
peak, about 150,000 cases of diphtheria.
• Now we see fewer than two cases a year.
• DIPHTHERIA (D) can lead to difficulty
breathing, heart failure, paralysis, or death.
• TETANUS (T) causes painful stiffening of the
muscles. Tetanus can lead to serious health
problems, including being unable to open the
mouth, having trouble swallowing and
breathing, or death.

34. • Brand names (DPwT, DTaP, TDaP)
• Certiva®
• Daptacel®
• Infanrix®
• Tripedia®
• Brand names of combination products
• Kinrix® (containing Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis,
Polio Vaccine)------DTaP-IPV
• Pediarix® (containing Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular
Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Polio Vaccine)------ DTaP-HepB-IPV
• Pentacel® (containing Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular
Pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Polio Vaccine)------DTaP-
IPV/Hib
• Quadracel® (containing Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular
Pertussis, Polio Vaccine)------DTaP-IPV
• These vaccines are given by the intramuscular route (0.5 ml)

35. CORONA VIRUS:
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is
an infectious disease caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-
CoV-2).

37. • RT-PCR
• Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on
respiratory samples obtained by various
methods, including a nasopharyngeal
swab or sputum sample. Results are generally
available within a few hours to 2 days.
• Molecular tests can only help diagnose current
cases of COVID-19. They cannot tell whether
someone has had the infection and since
recovered.
• It amplifies the viruses genetic material and
detects the viruses RNA which helps us to know
whether the person is currently infected or not.

38. • Serological tests
• These tests detect antibodies that the body
produces to fight the virus.
• The antibodies exist in blood and tissues
throughout the body. A serological test usually
requires a blood sample.
• Serological tests are particularly useful for
detecting cases of infection with mild or no
symptoms.
• it tells you who’s been infected and who should
be immune to the virus or it tells you that if you
are earlier infected with the virus or not or

39. MEDICATION:
• Several existing medications are being
evaluated for the treatment of
COVID-19, including remdesivir, chloroquine, h
ydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and
lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon
beta.
• CONVALESCENT PLASMA THERAPY