Land is fundamental for human life. However, in fact, land management in Indonesia still fails to
improve the prosperity of people and farmers. A field fact indicates that currently our farmers own only 0.2 ha
of land on average. Thus, even though they work hard they still remain poor due to their too small land area and
to the lack of capital. In addition, their family members are relatively large in number. On the other side, in
Indonesia there are now approximately 7 million hectares vacant lands that are not used or the utilization of
which is not according to their proper utility. The aforementioned essential condition led the author to assume
that there was something wrong in the implementation of our national agrarian law or land law politic system.
Therefore, in the reformation era nowadays, the government should be brave to initiate some breakthrough for
accelerating an equal distribution of land ownership and control by agrarian reformation. The objective of the
present research was to study and seek the solution of accelerating vacant land control and management, to be
utilized for people welfare as well as for increasing agrarian reformation objects. The tentative results of the
research showed that: 1) The definition of vacant land (tanah terlantar) was still ambiguous, giving a rise to
multiple interpretations and leading to the lack of legal certainty and justice for both land buyers and farmers.
2) The criteria of vacant land still need to be elucidated more clearly by specifying its characteristics and
elements. And 3) It needs to immediately prepare an academic draft of the regulation of vacant land control and
management.To deal with the above, the government has to take the following measures: 1. Issues a proper,
right regulation based on a legislation system in controlling and managing vacant lands, without violating
human rights and based on fairness; 2. Maps vacant lands spreading across the state; 3. Utilizes the vacant
lands, for them to be eligible as an agrarian reformation object. These have to be done as soon as possible in
order to realize people and farmers welfare; and 4. Willingly and capably initiates some breakthroughs in
distributing the lands to those farmers who have a right under a proper, right, and just regulation
Land Policy on Land Control and Ownership Management in Reformation ERAAJHSSR Journal
Land control and ownership management has always been a substantive issue in the history of
the nation of Indonesia. However, in this case, both Old Regime and New Regime have failed to bring about
justice to the people. That is indicated by the discrepancies in land control and ownership in Indonesia today.
After the collapse of New Order, paving the way for so-called Reformation Era, it was demanded that the use,
control, and ownership of land should prioritize public interests or populist economy. To discuss the issue, the
writer conducted a juridical-normative study by legal history and legal politics approaches in relation to the
developments of national agrarian law and land law, particularly relating to land control and ownership
management. From the findings of the study, it could be concluded that agrarian reformation in national land
law should be consistently implemented so as to avoid crisis in the future and to realize the aspiration of Article
33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, especially linked to chances of gaining land asset and access to land.
To successfully realize the aspiration, there are four key prerequisites, namely: 1. Political will of government;
2. Separation of governmental/bureaucratic elites and business elites; 3. Active participation of all communities
in supporting reformation; and 4. Availability of complete, accurate land data. If such prerequisites were met,
we could build an agrarian reformation model suitable to the condition of Indonesia. In addition, we ought to
build a model of land control and ownership management that fits the condition of Indonesia. Of course, such a
model should encourage the realization of social justice
JURIDICAL STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PAWNING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND SEEN FR...indexPub
Objectives study This is Juridical Studies Implementation of Agricultural Land Pawning Viewed from the Perspective of Customary Law in the District Parbuluan. Pawn land agriculture in Sigalingging Village, District Parbuluan, Regency Dairy Still considered as local wisdom society that has accomplished in a way hereditary in a way custom.
Land Policy on Land Control and Ownership Management in Reformation ERAAJHSSR Journal
Land control and ownership management has always been a substantive issue in the history of
the nation of Indonesia. However, in this case, both Old Regime and New Regime have failed to bring about
justice to the people. That is indicated by the discrepancies in land control and ownership in Indonesia today.
After the collapse of New Order, paving the way for so-called Reformation Era, it was demanded that the use,
control, and ownership of land should prioritize public interests or populist economy. To discuss the issue, the
writer conducted a juridical-normative study by legal history and legal politics approaches in relation to the
developments of national agrarian law and land law, particularly relating to land control and ownership
management. From the findings of the study, it could be concluded that agrarian reformation in national land
law should be consistently implemented so as to avoid crisis in the future and to realize the aspiration of Article
33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, especially linked to chances of gaining land asset and access to land.
To successfully realize the aspiration, there are four key prerequisites, namely: 1. Political will of government;
2. Separation of governmental/bureaucratic elites and business elites; 3. Active participation of all communities
in supporting reformation; and 4. Availability of complete, accurate land data. If such prerequisites were met,
we could build an agrarian reformation model suitable to the condition of Indonesia. In addition, we ought to
build a model of land control and ownership management that fits the condition of Indonesia. Of course, such a
model should encourage the realization of social justice
JURIDICAL STUDY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PAWNING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND SEEN FR...indexPub
Objectives study This is Juridical Studies Implementation of Agricultural Land Pawning Viewed from the Perspective of Customary Law in the District Parbuluan. Pawn land agriculture in Sigalingging Village, District Parbuluan, Regency Dairy Still considered as local wisdom society that has accomplished in a way hereditary in a way custom.
Draft National Land Reforms Policy for Discussion Purposes Only by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
By Léna Chiaravalli
In India, the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 gives the right for Government authorities to acquire parcels of land for the implementation of development projects.. In the context of a rapid growth of cities, the process of urbanisation shall accompany the needs of increasing populations. Thus, the Government tends to make use of his eminent domain power –the right to acquire land for a public purpose- very regularly. However, in practice, this process can imply the displacement of the affected landowners, whom are sometimes forced to give away their property in exchange of compensations. These events contributed to feed people’s bitterness for this practice, and the proposed Reforms of the Land Acquisition Act got stalled. Moreover, land acquisition can be extremely costly, and this can compromise the well implementation of related development projects.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms that are key components of good forest and land governance in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land governance systems, these processes and mechanisms include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards, budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Key Components of Indonesia's Forest and Land GovernanceAksi SETAPAK
The Asia Foundation’s SETAPAK program is focused on
improving forest and land governance in Indonesia. Good
forest and land governance will allow Indonesia’s decentralized
governance to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management, protection and distribution of benefits from
natural resources to achieve pro-poor sustainable growth.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms
that are key components of good forest and land governance
in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land
governance systems, these processes and mechanisms
include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land
concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and
palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards,
budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use
and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Land Reforms: Need for Institutional Innovations to tackle growing problem of...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Land is the basis of all economic activity. It is the most important asset in an agrarian economy like India where majority
of the population in rural areas are dependent on agriculture, labour and animal husbandry. This paper deals with an
important form of discrimination in the countryside, the lack of access of Dalit (Scheduled Caste) and Adivasi
(Scheduled Tribe) households to ownership and operational holdings of land in rural India. It includes a study of the
impact of land reforms in India on land holding among Dalit and Adivasi households.
The working paper titled “Social inequality and land holding for dalit in India” discusses the different
dimensions that have a bearing on the issue of inequality in land distribution in India . The SCs and STs who have been
historically out of the main stream development initiatives, partly due to the still continuing socio cultural barriers and
partly due to the inadequacy of the Government programmes in reaching this disadvantage group. However the paper
argues that An Overview of land holding for dalit: Past and Present, Status of land for dalit in India , Historical view of
Land Distribution Pattern and Economic Conditions of Dalits In this context, an attempt has been made in this paper to
examine Dalits‟ access to land in India during pre and post independence periods. And it also an attempt to assess the
impact of land reforms on land ownership by Dalits in India
As the only superpower in the world, the fundamental interest of the United States in the Syrian conflict
is to maintain its superpower status. Guided by this principle, the United States has important interests in Syria:
Toppling or at least the long-term weakening of the Syrian Assad regime; Containing Russian and Iranian
influence in Syria; Fighting terrorism such as ISIS to prevent Syria from becoming a terrorist base; Opposing the
Syrian government’s use of chemical weapons; Supporting Syrian Kurdish forces on the basis of not breaking with
Turkey, etc. Interest is the unity of needs and means to realize them. With the development of the situation in Syria,
the ability of the United States to fulfill its needs is also changing, which leads to the differences of its main
interests in different historical periods of the Syrian conflict, not only in the content of interests, but also in the
priority of interests. In the Syrian conflict, the constant changes in the important interests of the United States
show that the United States is increasingly unable to safeguard its superpower status
The paper focus on entrepreneur skill through business education program to curb restiveness for
sustainable development. Need for entrepreneur skills acquisition were identified, business education program
and functions of entrepreneur were identified and sorted out as the types of entrepreneur in our present society.
Conclusion was drawn which include effort towards creating good initiatives in order to develop our dear
societies as it become the focus in 21st century. Therefore parents and business society should emulate a kind of
economy strategies like China, Germany, and America etc. in order to provide means of surviving strategies
among individuals in the entire nation.
More Related Content
Similar to Vacant Land Policy in Supporting Agrarian Performance in Indonesia
Draft National Land Reforms Policy for Discussion Purposes Only by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India
By Léna Chiaravalli
In India, the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 gives the right for Government authorities to acquire parcels of land for the implementation of development projects.. In the context of a rapid growth of cities, the process of urbanisation shall accompany the needs of increasing populations. Thus, the Government tends to make use of his eminent domain power –the right to acquire land for a public purpose- very regularly. However, in practice, this process can imply the displacement of the affected landowners, whom are sometimes forced to give away their property in exchange of compensations. These events contributed to feed people’s bitterness for this practice, and the proposed Reforms of the Land Acquisition Act got stalled. Moreover, land acquisition can be extremely costly, and this can compromise the well implementation of related development projects.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms that are key components of good forest and land governance in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land governance systems, these processes and mechanisms include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards, budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Key Components of Indonesia's Forest and Land GovernanceAksi SETAPAK
The Asia Foundation’s SETAPAK program is focused on
improving forest and land governance in Indonesia. Good
forest and land governance will allow Indonesia’s decentralized
governance to ensure transparency and accountability in the
management, protection and distribution of benefits from
natural resources to achieve pro-poor sustainable growth.
This briefing paper outlines six processes and mechanisms
that are key components of good forest and land governance
in Indonesia. Embedded in Indonesia’s forest and land
governance systems, these processes and mechanisms
include spatial planning, allocating licenses for land
concessions (such as for logging and mining activities, and
palm oil and timber plantations), environmental safeguards,
budgets for environmental management, monitoring land use
and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations.
Land Reforms: Need for Institutional Innovations to tackle growing problem of...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Land is the basis of all economic activity. It is the most important asset in an agrarian economy like India where majority
of the population in rural areas are dependent on agriculture, labour and animal husbandry. This paper deals with an
important form of discrimination in the countryside, the lack of access of Dalit (Scheduled Caste) and Adivasi
(Scheduled Tribe) households to ownership and operational holdings of land in rural India. It includes a study of the
impact of land reforms in India on land holding among Dalit and Adivasi households.
The working paper titled “Social inequality and land holding for dalit in India” discusses the different
dimensions that have a bearing on the issue of inequality in land distribution in India . The SCs and STs who have been
historically out of the main stream development initiatives, partly due to the still continuing socio cultural barriers and
partly due to the inadequacy of the Government programmes in reaching this disadvantage group. However the paper
argues that An Overview of land holding for dalit: Past and Present, Status of land for dalit in India , Historical view of
Land Distribution Pattern and Economic Conditions of Dalits In this context, an attempt has been made in this paper to
examine Dalits‟ access to land in India during pre and post independence periods. And it also an attempt to assess the
impact of land reforms on land ownership by Dalits in India
As the only superpower in the world, the fundamental interest of the United States in the Syrian conflict
is to maintain its superpower status. Guided by this principle, the United States has important interests in Syria:
Toppling or at least the long-term weakening of the Syrian Assad regime; Containing Russian and Iranian
influence in Syria; Fighting terrorism such as ISIS to prevent Syria from becoming a terrorist base; Opposing the
Syrian government’s use of chemical weapons; Supporting Syrian Kurdish forces on the basis of not breaking with
Turkey, etc. Interest is the unity of needs and means to realize them. With the development of the situation in Syria,
the ability of the United States to fulfill its needs is also changing, which leads to the differences of its main
interests in different historical periods of the Syrian conflict, not only in the content of interests, but also in the
priority of interests. In the Syrian conflict, the constant changes in the important interests of the United States
show that the United States is increasingly unable to safeguard its superpower status
The paper focus on entrepreneur skill through business education program to curb restiveness for
sustainable development. Need for entrepreneur skills acquisition were identified, business education program
and functions of entrepreneur were identified and sorted out as the types of entrepreneur in our present society.
Conclusion was drawn which include effort towards creating good initiatives in order to develop our dear
societies as it become the focus in 21st century. Therefore parents and business society should emulate a kind of
economy strategies like China, Germany, and America etc. in order to provide means of surviving strategies
among individuals in the entire nation.
Non-linguistic symbol is a carrier of language,which carries ideas, positions, attitudes and emotions
that people communicate. Based on the case of business communication and the theoretical framework of
semiotics, this paperprobes intothe influence of nonverbal signs on international business banquets from a
cultural perspective, and then puts forward relevant strategies to promote the smooth communication. The study
finds that nonverbal signs play a significant role in the communication and exchange of international banquets.
Nonverbal signs can be made use of to accurately understand the meaning of the other party, and further foster
the realization of effective communication. The purpose of this study is to aimed to provide correspondent
strategies for language barriers encountered in business banquets and business activities, in an attempt to
provide certain implications for such fields as business discourse research, business communication and
cultural exchanges.
Nawāl al-Sa'dāwī has criticised sharply the discourse of masculine God in her works, either
fiction or non-fiction. The phenomena is interesting to be analyzed since there are no many feminists who have
courageoulsy discuss the problem. By paying attention on her works, this paper is aimed to answer the
question: What are the forms of Nawāl al-Sa'dāwī's criticism on the masculinity in the discourse on God? What
is the positionisation of the criticism in the meaning of discourse on divinity and why did Nawāl Al-Sa'dāwī
criticise? The paper gives meaning to the reading on the deconstruction that emphasizes the plurality and
meaning of the relation between the signifie and signifiant in language. Nawāl al-Sa'dāwī offers a new meaning
which is different, humanistic, and visionary, since the masculinity of discourse on God had been structured by
the ruler as a philosophical basis for the theological justification to structurise the patriarchal point of view to
preserve women's subordination. She has made her deconstruction as a strategy for liberation of women and
establishment of their autonomy as their fundamental condition, a gift from God. This autonomy of women had
been actualised in the early history of mankind through the reconstructive reading on history of ancient Egypt
which has been done by her.
The contending forces generated by friction between the collaborative platform firms in the paid transportation of people’s market, and the regulation present in anti-trust policies in Costa Rica will be discussed in depth as a means of determining the economic impacts that new regulatory bills may cause.The recent entryof developing countries into the collaborative economy has caused social and economic tensions due to the lack of an updated and rejuvenated legal framework which could reconcile the economic and legal differences.The expected results of a new anti-trust policy to regulate collaborative transportation platform firms in Costa Rica are a higher regulated price, a lower quantity supplied of hailing rides, and a loss of efficiency in the sector consequence of the new technical requirements. The case of Uber Company’s entry in Costa Rica is used to depict these economic effects.
The Srebrenica event during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has become one of the most
famous. It has also brought the first verdict of the criminal offense of genocide before the international
body after the Second World War. The purpose of this paper is not to attempt relativization of facts or to
answer the question of whether it was truly genocide in a subjective sense, but rather to comment on
judicial practice in those essential segments related to dubious questions and theses. The purpose is, of
course, to understand the issues in order to understand and classify other terrible events in the recent
war or current or future conflicts and trials more easily and correctly.
This paper examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on firm level equity premium. Following
the concept of macro-based risk factor model, we consider macroeconomic variable set of equity premium
determinant. The macroeconomic variables include interest rate, money supply, industrial production, inflation
and foreign direct investment. The macroeconomic variables are not in control of the firm's management. These
are the external factors which affect the company as well as the overall market returns. The Macro-based
Multifactor Model is estimated for the whole sample. It is found that the market premium and the selected five
macroeconomic factors significantly affect the firm level equity premium of non-financial firms. Increase in
market premium, money supply, foreign direct investment and industrial production positively affect the firm
level equity premium while increase in interest rate and inflation negatively affects the firm level equity
premium. These findings are beneficial for the common shareholders, institutional investors and policy makers
to find more specific insight about the relationship between macroeconomic variables and equity premium of
non-financial sectors.
The paper focus on entrepreneur skill through business education program to curb restiveness for
sustainable development. Need for entrepreneur skills acquisition were identified, business education program
and functions of entrepreneur were identified and sorted out as the types of entrepreneur in our present society.
Conclusion was drawn which include effort towards creating good initiatives in order to develop our dear
societies as it become the focus in 21st century. Therefore parents and business society should emulate a kind of
economy strategies like China, Germany, and America etc. in order to provide means of surviving strategies
among individuals in the entire nation.
In this Article the historical survey of puppet art in Pakistan are explained. The survey starts from
1947 to till now. The roots of this art are traced back to the Indus valley civilization, to the Sub Continent, and
eventually to the areas which are now known as Pakistan. Same like India there is no clear history of Puppet
art in Pakistan. This research concludes the details of the history after independence. Underlying research has
strived to explore the significance and the importance of the puppetry as art form and some extent for the sake
of education in Pakistan. This art is subject to decline because of lack of interest of the people in it. This
research explains to know the brief history about puppets stories its reasons and the struggle of the artist to
make this term so prominent. The research also counts the positive aspects of the puppetry that despite all the
odds is still alive and working in our society. Besides this many organizations are also contributing to this field
of art. It proves that the puppetry is in the cultural roots of the people of this region. If a nation is alive then its
art and culture is also alive. Underlying research contributes towards creating awareness for this art and
entertainment form.
Based on John Bailey’s theory of Cultural Adaptation, this research mainly focuses on the differences
between Chinese and the United States’ diet culture, analyzes the background and causes of differences between
Chinese and Western diet cultures, and further expounds the long-standing exchanges and collisions between
Chinese and Western diet culture differences so as to reveal the development status and existing problems of
international business activities under the diet culture differences. The study is aimed to provide certain references
for the elimination of cultural barrier in international business communication and thus promote the smooth
development of international market.
In Indonesia, forest fires become a problem every year during the annual dry season, when fires
are lit to clear and/or prepare land for agriculture. The smoke from the fires creates a haze that affects not only
the area where land is being cleared but also neighboring countries since it travels with the wind. This study
explores media framing related to haze that blanketed parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, through a
qualitative content analysis of the news stories published in 2017 in three leading English newspapers from the
three countries: The Jakarta Post (Indonesia), The Straits Times (Singapore) and The Star (Malaysia). A
theoretical framework from Semetko & Valkernburg (2000) who suggest five media framing (conflict,
responsibility, economic consequences, human interest, and morality) is used in the analysis. The research
questions: What were the main frames used in the three newspapers from the three countries? The results
indicate that responsibility was the most visible frame in the three newspapers. Alleged land clearance by
plantation companies and individuals was the main theme associated with the responsibility frame
and more, the discourse of as a vehicle through which messages are communicated in film
is taking centre stage. Its use necessitates an understanding not only of the vocabulary, but also of the content.
Cameroon filmmakers exploit language to expound and portray how the society is still constantly faced with the
problem of power manifestation and most especially, the marginalisation of women. Limits are set as to where
and what a woman can say in the presence of men. Considered a cultural marginalization, a woman’s words
are not to be heard in public spaces where men are. As such, language in traditional settings, sets limitations
for the woman in almost all aspects of life. Through a semiotic reading of Victor Viyouh’s Ninah’s Dowry and
circumscribed by feminist criticism, this paper attempts to portray the role of the sign in promoting male
domination in Cameroon. The woman is constructed by words and images as the weaker sex and subjected to
the men
The purpose of this study was to describe the use of newspapers as a source for English
Language Acquisition. Its aim was to investigate the extent of which newspapers can affect and enhance the
learning of English language. The Technical English curricular aims to extent learners’ English language
proficiency in order to meet their needs, in everyday life including for knowledge acquisition purposes, and for
workplace use. Effectiveness learning entails learning beyond the classroom. In this regard, newspaper may be
a good resource that can be used to promote and enhance English language learning. This study explored
whether newspaper as an alternative to the textbook able to arouse learners’ interests in learning English.
Newspaper as a tool for language learning.
This study was conducted in Institute Latihan Perindustrian Kuala Lumpur (ILPKL) to obtain students’
views on using the newspapers and to access the effects of its use on their learning. The quantitative modes used
for the data collections. The findings of the study indicated that the use of newspapers did indeed have positive
effect on learners. For the benefit of learners, it is therefore hoped that there, would be greater usage of
newspaper as source for English language acquisition in the classroom.
The goal of this work is to address, from the conceptual framework of theories on “deliberative
democracy”, the role played by the Judicial Power, being an integral part of the State, as the institutionalized
field of deliberation for making collective decisions.
In order to do this I will start by analyzing, from a legal-institutional perspective, the way in which the
National Constitution of Argentina distributes the functions of the State and how it divides the competences to
decide on the Public Thing. Furthermore, I will analyze which are the degrees of deliberation and of citizen
participation (direct or indirect) in each portion of the constituted power. Then, I will develop my intuition about
the way Justice operates as an institutional form of citizen participation within a Social State of Law, comparing
such proposal with the opinion of authors that highlight the countermajoritarian nature of the Judicial Power. I
will present some representative cases of the intervention of the Judicial Power in the making of
institutionalized public decisions, generated by the action of minorities with little or no political representation
and in which, after a deliberative practice, government measures that gave a positive response to the proposals
of the actors were ordered.
As an anticipation of my opinion, I will say that in our current Argentinian constitutional system there
is a paradox in which the Judicial Power (being, due to its origin, the least democratic of the powers) allows for
the development of procedural discursive practices, enabling the Public Decision Making to be the product of
the deliberation between parties (citizens and governments) on a level of equality and freedom of speech in
which arguments are exchanged in a rational way and in a previously regulated framework within a formalized
procedure.
This qualitative case study focused on developing a better understanding of a major utility
company’s knowledge management/customer service information and communications as well as practices
that were implemented during a catastrophic hurricane. The data collection and analysis procedure
revealed a gap when a comparison of the actual knowledge management practices that were used and not
used in the utility company’s customer response during the hurricane. Organizational practices of highperforming knowledge-management companies were used to analyze and compare their practices to utility
company. Findings from the analysis resulted in the establishment of a Balanced Scorecard framework for
recommended best practices and action steps with the potential to set new strategies and trajectories for
allorganizations.
The current work presents a literature review about life skills, which have been studied for a
long time; however, it was until 1993 when the World Health Organization (WHO) placed them among the 10
basic abilities which allow the individual to develop correctly in various contexts. From that year, a series of
actions were taken to standardize a common language around them and have derived in several promotion and
research around this topic. In many countries of Latin America and Spain, the teaching of life skills have been
incorporated into the basic education and shown good results since its implementation. Regarding higher
education, this proposal can prove promising in view of acknowledging that universities at present do not only
form specialists in a given discipline, but also promote integral development. It isconcluded that teaching life
skills in higher education can aid in the students’ integral development.
The services of local government legislators and customary court judges are often associated with
self-abnegation. However, most of these officials use their positions as money making ventures and material and
financial considerations have been the principal catalyst in the quest for such offices. It is because of these
recurrent occurrences in developing countries in general and Cameroon in particular that the study revisits the
situation in West Cameroon. It contends that most of these officials used their offices in amassing wealth as the
quest for increases in allowances and privileges became the common characteristic. Where these perceived
gains were not forthcoming, legislators and judges resorted to corrupt practices and their decisions/judgements
were often based on material and financial considerations. When some of them found it difficult to raise money
from services offered to their constituents, they simply abandoned their duties for personal businesses or juicy
opportunities elsewhere. The study concludes that legislation which warrants only selfless and dedicated
individuals to seek for these positions is needed. Again, it holds that local communities should be empowered to
sanction recalcitrant officials with little or no interference from central authorities. In this way, the engaging of
unpatriotic citizens in the management local government affairs will be checked.
The need to deepen the study of nationality formation and consolidation processes in Cuba, has
found in the Masonic fraternity an unobjectionable source of information, closely linked to the deepest roots of
nationalist thought and feeling. Masonic researches have become vital in unraveling the historical fabric that
gave way to the beginning of struggles for the Island independence.
The present research, as part of a doctoral thesis project -in the initial phase-, aims to elucidate the importance
this subject refers to researchers from Cuba and the world. It also pretends to focus on Freemasonry in
Guantánamo province, as an effort to explain the main factors that contribute to the social reproduction of
Masonic fraternity from a sociological perspective which is an insufficiently studied subject into the Cuban
context. The relationships that underlie the fraternal group's behavior and cohesion will be revealed by using
the prosopographic method, the theory of social networks and the analysis of socialization forms.
The article traces the genealogy of the concept of Nature and landscape from the romanticism to
the second industrial revolution. This archeology of ideas aims to dissect Nature as a subject of discourse in
order to propose it as an “empty container” filled with fantasy and which has been instrumentalized by
(sometimes) conservative power axes. The ongoing ecological crisis demands a set of new theoretical
approaches towards what is that thing “out there” that we call Nature since the romantic paradigm only gives
away a passive and contemplative image that serves to economic exploitation and aesthetical consumerism.
Through the lens of eco-criticism, the aim is to dismantle and deconstruct the fantasy of Nature by proposing
different entry points from interdisciplinarity and critical studies.
Using a theoretical concept by combining linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism – the
structure of our language; a set of specific selected words influence man’s perception of the world and language
use determines thought and action, data was collected and analysed qualitatively. The aim of the paper is to
illustrate the pertinence of culture in language use and actions with emphasis to explore the contextual symbolic
meanings of specific words in Africa nation states’ quest for peace. Specifically, in this paper we examine
carefully selected and uttered lexis and their significant meanings in Cameroon, South Africa and Uganda. The
results of the study confirmed that words have unique significance in relation to the culture, history and identity
of a particular African people. Words used in the Cameroon context, ‘all is well’, are mostly words of hope and
assurance in a war-free nation. The interpretation of some words, ‘Rhodes must fall’, generate disputes and
lead to violent actions in the search for peaceful and prosperous co-existence in an apartheid ridden country
like South Africa. Certain words of greetings, ‘you still exist’, though a total recall of pain and torture in a
period of turbulence and massacre in Uganda, portray gratitude and delightedness among citizens.
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Vacant Land Policy in Supporting Agrarian Performance in Indonesia
1. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 1
Vacant Land Policy in Supporting Agrarian Performance in
Indonesia
Darwin Ginting1
Abstract: Land is fundamental for human life. However, in fact, land management in Indonesia still fails to
improve the prosperity of people and farmers. A field fact indicates that currently our farmers own only 0.2 ha
of land on average. Thus, even though they work hard they still remain poor due to their too small land area and
to the lack of capital. In addition, their family members are relatively large in number. On the other side, in
Indonesia there are now approximately 7 million hectares vacant lands that are not used or the utilization of
which is not according to their proper utility. The aforementioned essential condition led the author to assume
that there was something wrong in the implementation of our national agrarian law or land law politic system.
Therefore, in the reformation era nowadays, the government should be brave to initiate some breakthrough for
accelerating an equal distribution of land ownership and control by agrarian reformation. The objective of the
present research was to study and seek the solution of accelerating vacant land control and management, to be
utilized for people welfare as well as for increasing agrarian reformation objects. The tentative results of the
research showed that: 1) The definition of vacant land (tanah terlantar) was still ambiguous, giving a rise to
multiple interpretations and leading to the lack of legal certainty and justice for both land buyers and farmers.
2) The criteria of vacant land still need to be elucidated more clearly by specifying its characteristics and
elements. And 3) It needs to immediately prepare an academic draft of the regulation of vacant land control and
management.To deal with the above, the government has to take the following measures: 1. Issues a proper,
right regulation based on a legislation system in controlling and managing vacant lands, without violating
human rights and based on fairness; 2. Maps vacant lands spreading across the state; 3. Utilizes the vacant
lands, for them to be eligible as an agrarian reformation object. These have to be done as soon as possible in
order to realize people and farmers welfare; and 4. Willingly and capably initiates some breakthroughs in
distributing the lands to those farmers who have a right under a proper, right, and just regulation
Keywords: 1. Policy, Vacant Land, Agrarian Reformation
I. Introduction
The basic concept of vacant land is a social function principle as it is known in agrarian law literature.
Indonesian Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA 1960) states that some land rights (titles) shall be revoked if the landsare
abandoned. The owners of such lands have to use their lands according to their allocation and purpose. If the
obligation is not fulfilled, the lands shall be supposed as being abandoned, and a further identification process is
needed.
During the second term of Susilo Bambang Yodhoyono presidency, the government took some measures of
identifying vacant lands, finding out around 9 million hectares. Why are there so much vacant lands in
Indonesia? Whereas, the farmers are lacking of lands, having on average 0.17 ha per household2
. It means that
even though they work hard they still remain poor due to their too small land area and to the lack of capital and
1
Head of Bandung Law College’s Magister Program. Lecturer of Agrarian Law and National Law Land at
Bandung Law College and at Bandung Law College’s Magister Program and Parahyangan University of
Bandung’s Postgraduate School.
2
Republic of Indonesia Resident Staff Office, Agrarian Reformation National Strategy (Implementation of
Agrarian Reformasi). Jakarta, 2016, p. 18.
2. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 2
technology. Why are farmers often used as the barometer of the even distribution of land control and ownership?
The answer is that, seen from Indonesian history, farmers have always been the backbone in agrarian sector.
From colonial era to nowadays, most farmers have not been benefitting from independence, i.e., free of
oppression and poverty, though our founding fathers had put a priority on the improvement of their welfare.
In line with it, nearly all formerly colonized states in the world, including Indonesia, chose landreform as part of
their agrarian reformation, as an attempt to prosper their farmers.3
According to agrarian law theories on land-controlling state principle, governments are authorized to regulate
the allocation, use, utilization, and maintenance of the quality of lands and their environment. Moreover, they
have an authority of deciding what rights may be granted to legal subjects and how transfers of land rights can
be made and what procedure to apply. State’s land control right includes how the state supervises the
implementation by stakeholders. If the control of land possession and ownership is not proceeding as expected,
it may bring about an accumulation of land assets in certain groups and the lands maybe not utilized according
to their allocation, which can be categorized as vacant lands. Therefore, it is necessary to study what are the
causes of the still vast vacant lands, while discrepancy in land ownership among farmers is increasingly evident.
Why doesit take place and what is the solution? To carry out such study, references are needed as a material for
revealing the meaning, characteristics, and elements of vacant lands, so there is a legal certainty and can finally
be made as an object of agrarian reformation.
II. Land and Agrarian Law
Nowadays, land has multiple dimensions 4
, among others juridical, economical, sociological,
magicreligious, politic, and strategic. Therefore, agrarian sector is more complex now. Though land can
generally be made as a selling-buying object but, in the opinion of those Indonesians who are still not influenced
by western thinking conception, land should not be made as a business object, given that the object is God’s
endowment to the nation and thus should be cultivated in the interest of public welfare.5
In Simpronius era6
, 133
BC, there was a motto: laws have to protect ignorant people (lex succurit ingnoranti principle). On the other
side, according to our land law, lands have to be granted to proletarians.
Land is, according to law, defined as earth mass surface. It is understandable. The problem is, up to the depth of
which does the owner has sovereignty? This is not specified in customary law, because commonly lands are only
used for planting crops. Then, how does the government manage and utilize them? This is where agrarian law
theories on land-controlling state apply. Thus, the government has authority to regulate comprehensively the
utilizations of lands.
Natural resources, plus space above them, are broadly the scope that Agrarian Law deals with. That is, land
objects and all their aspects are the substance of Agrarian Law.
National Agrarian Law is based on customary laws. It means that, as far as the customs are not in contradiction
with national interests, they can be made as a sustainable source of law. Customary law allows both collective
and individual land controls. In customary law, collective control of land is called hak ulayat. Individual
interests have to be set aside if public interest demands so. It is in line with the Pancasilabased rule of law
concept, where individual interests are protected as long as they are not in contradiction to public interests. That
is meant by ‘lands with social function.’
The concept is different from the land law conception adopted by continental European countries which adores
ownership right, though there has been later a shift in its absoluteness value. On the other side, in communist
countries individual rights are not recognized.6
Indonesia national agrarian law recognizes several principles that were dug up from customary law and
synergized with the development of national law after the 1998 reformation, namely: nationality, democracy,
even distribution, togetherness, legal certainty, and transparency.
Agrarian policies should be synergized with the policies in other sectors. This is a consequence of the rapidly
growing development of land dimensions. As a result, land management approaches no longer use only
economic aspect approach, but also pay attention to other aspects that are connected with lands as described in
the introduction of this paper.
3
Achmad Sodiki, Agrarian Law Politic, Konstitusi Press, Jakarta, 2013, p. 130.
4
Darwin Ginting, A Juridical Study of the Acceleration of Land Acquisition for Infrastructure Development,
Sinergi Mandiri, Bandung, 2016, p. 23.
5
TAP MPR RI No. IX/MPR/2001 concerning Agrarian Reformation and Natural Resources Management
6
Loc. Cit, Achmad Sodiki, p. 24.
3. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 3
III. Agrarian Reformation
According to Ida Nurlinda, agrarian reformation is an attempt of the government to rearrange the
existence of agrarian resources relating to their legal subjects8
. Therefore, its emphasis is on the sustainable
regulation of the relations between agrarian subjects and all agrarian objects.
Th7
us, the reformation includes the substances of landreform in its broad meaning. Meanwhile, the essence
of landreform is restructuring the control, ownership, and utilization of lands. In the current concept, reformation
concept should pay attention to the development of direct and indirect aspects on the interest of development in a
broad meaning.
According to Maria, agrarian reformation is essentially an instrument in realizing the provisions of the
Constitution, especially article 33, paragraph (3). That is, as long as there is injustice in land asset controls,
agrarian reformation must be continued. Therefore, for the goal of agrarian reformation to be successfully
accomplished, the Pancasila values shoud affect the policies of agrarian reformation.
According to Joyo Winoto8
, people have to afford a land asset or be aided by the government to own a land
asset. Last but not the least, however, people ought to have capacity or access to optimizing the utilization of the
land asset. In the future, the revitalization of the institution should involve the participation of local
communities, so that they are not marginalized forever. It is very relevant with the Jokowi cabinet’s
NAWACITA agenda which makes agrarian reformation program as a priority in reducing poverty, especially in
farmer communities.
From the description above, the goal or aspiration to accomplish in utilizing lands should be accelerating the
improvement of welfare expected by modern state concept9
.
It is here that cooperation between the central government and regional governments is needed in collecting
data of those farmers who need lands and in realizing the mapping of vacant lands to be made as the objects of
agrarian reformation.
In operating the agrarian reformation, it needs to heed its principles of honoring human rights, justice, social
function, prevention of land conflicts-disputes, and transparency. Its implementation should be in line with the
challenges encountered, so that the current challenges could be successfully responded, synergized with the
requirement of reformation era. The agrarian reformation concept has actually been legally provided for in MPR
Decree number IX/MPR/2001, and its derivative was contained in Government Regulation (PP) No. 11 of 2010.
The arrangement of land assets that meet the criteria of vacant land has to apply distribution and redistribution
norms10
currently being prepared by the government, because PP No. 224 of 1961 is alreadyunsuitable with the
demands of reformation era.
One of the realizations of land law politic is the control and utilization of vacant lands which are part of
agrarian reformation. All policy in agrarian sector should consider economic aspect, closely relating to welfare.
That is, in the current context,each policy should be able to recognize the existing realities of community,
instead of looking back to the time of the law enactment. A weakness of our legislation policy is that it often
does not take legal certainty, justice, and people welfare aspects into account. Agrarian reformation concept has
to be capable of enhancing the welfare of people, particularly farmers. Therefore, vacant lands must soon be
made as an object of agrarian reformation. The problem is that now the government should prepare its regulation
as soon as possible, so that the measure of agrarian reformation can be successfully realized.
IV. Barriers Faced in Regulating Vacant Lands for
Supporting Agrarian Reformation and Their
Solution
The philosophical basis of vacant lands regulation is justifiable because the state has a right on the
lands, as declared in Article 1 paragraph (1) of UUPA and Article 1 paragraph (2) of UUPA. Thus, the
government hasan authority to manage and utilize the lands provided that it is intended to prosper the people by
taking human rights, justice, and legal certainty into account. That is, the government has an authority to
optimize the utility and use of the lands.
In case there are vacant lands, the government may take necessary actions with regard to their controlling and
utilization. In practicing its power, the government has some authorities for managing natural resources by an
7
Ida Nurlinda, Agrarian Reformation Principle: Legal Perspective, 1st Edition, Jakarta, PT. Raja Grafindo
Persada, 2009, p. 77.
8
Joyo Winoto, Agrarian Reformation and Social Justice, a paper for 50th
Dies Natalis of UNPAD, September
10th
2007, p. 7.
9
Rames Mishra, The Welfare State in Crisis, Helferster Whea Isheaf, 1984, p. 180.
10
Arie Sukanti Hutagalung, Land Redistribution Program in Indonesia: A Facility toward Land Control and
Ownership Problem Solving, Jakarta, C.V. Rajawali, 1985, p. 57.
4. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 4
instrument of ‘state’s control of lands’ theory. The theory in administrative law11
is a derivative of the theory of
sovereignty state developed by Jean Bodin. According to Bodin, state sovereignty contains the elements of being
original, supreme, eternal, and indivisible.
The head of Regional Office has an authority to represent Minister of Agrarian and Layout Affairs in
identifying and verifying whether a right of land meets the elements of vacant land. If it does, the Head of
Regional Office of Agrarian and Layout Affairs (ATR) will issue a notification several times to the owner of the
land. If the procedural stages have been applied to the owner or one who controls the land but the latter did not
respond, Minister of ATR, representing the central government, will declare that the land is a vacant land.
The meaning of vacant lands as formulated in some legislations:
1. According to UUPA
In the literature of land law there is no found the definition of vacant lands. However, there are some
articles in UUPA on the revocation of a land right because of being intentionally abandoned.
However, resulting from the 1998 monetary crisis, lots of developers’ lands that had acquired a location
permit were not worked at all. Due to the crisis, there was economic turmoil nationally, and thus the
government, in a bid to overcome the crisis, pursued a policy of controlling the vacant lands by issuing
Government Regulation (PP) Number 36 of 1998.
2. According to Government Regulation (PP) Number 36 of 1998
The regulation was made in the course of economic crisis that hit Indonesia and led to the collapse of people
economy and massal employment termination, and hence uncontrollable unemployment. In such condition, lots
of developers’ lands had acquired a location permit but was not worked, particularly in Java Island. As a
response, the government managed to utilize optimally the wastelands, particularly in Java Land, by giving them
to the farmers and the unemployment to be cultivated. This is in line with the considerations of the Government
Regulation.
According to the provisions of the Government Regulation, “the objects of vacant lands are right of ownership
(hak milik—HM), Right of Cultivation (Hak Guna Usaha—HGU), and Right of Building (hak guna bangunan-
HGB) as recognized in UUPA, and right of utilization as recognized in the Government Regulation number 40
of 1996. Its formulation is the same as intended by UUPA.
3. According to Government Regulation (PP) number 11 of 2010
This regulation replaces PP no 36 of 1998, because the latter could not be applied, whereas the impact of the
1998 monetary crisis has made social, economic, and people welfare discrepancies worsen. The scope of its
objects was widened by adding those lands which were made as collateral in a legal institution, but its meaning
is the same as one provided in UUPA.
Thus, the deliberateness factor is an absolute requirement, while the variables of economic incapacity and
objects being made as collateral legally and being in dispute are exempted.
Broadly, the controlling actions were conducted as follows: 1. Stage One, identification and research was
chaired by the Head of Agrarian Office; 2. Stage Two, notification was given three times in intervals of 1 year;
and 3. Stage Three, declaration as vacant land, conducted by Minister of ATR.
There is neither literature that describes the substance of vacant lands, nor obvious juridical meaning of vacant
lands. To understand vacant land, one should seek its characteristics morphologically as well as its elements and
criteria. One of its characteristic is, for example, that it can be seen by bare eyes that the object has turned into
being shrub. And the elements or criteria of an object (land) are, for example, there is a legal subject as the
owner, the object and status is obvious, a time period of 3 years, and there is intentional action.
From the criteria above, the government can declare that the object is vacant land and then it can map
quantitatively the amount of vacant lands.
The action of controlling vacant lands is a measure that the government took to optimize the use and utilization
of lands, to support cultivating farmers (yeomen) for them to posses their own land, so that they are finally
capable of enhancing their social and economic welfare, on condition that the land cannot be transferred to
anyone, exempt for the reason of inheritance. This has to necessarily be regulated in the coming agrarian
reformation regulation.
The result of data collection should be accessible for public in conformity with the provisions of Law of Public
Openness12
, so as to prevent any deviation or misuse of the objects which may trigger new conflicts. The
11
See: Yudha Bhakti Ardhiwisastra, Immunity of State Sovereign in Foreign Court Forum, Lumni, Bandung,
1999, p. 41.
12
Maria S.W. Sumardjono, Agrarian Regulation and Agrarian Justice Spirit, STPN Press, Yogyakarta, 2018, p.
83.
5. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 5
material of the Government Regulation above is closely related to the substance of human rights and
horizontally connected to other laws, so that its principles ideally should be accommodated in the coming Draft
Agrarian Law.
Vacant lands should necessarily be handled, not only for the interest of farmers but also because they are closely
related to land acquirements for the construction of infrastructures, given the increasingly limited availability of
land on one side and the progressive needs of land for development on the other side. This is particularly true for
the construction of infrastructures seriously done by Jokowi administration that needs huge lands, being
spreading across Indonesia. According to the author, for the vacant land data collection to undergo less barriers,
the main objects of vacant lands should be the lands under control of the state or under control of or owned by
ministries, provincial and regency/municipal regional governments and state/region-owned enterprises
(BUMN/D). For if it is connected to private lands or legal persons’ lands then there will potentially be legal
resistance, consuming much time and energy. And even it may induce unrest in people and in those investors
who have put direct investment. This should be considered in order for the implementation of the controlling and
cultivation of vacant lands not to be contra-productive.
In juridical term, every right of land grants authority to the right holder to use the land, but the authority is
limited so that it will not interrupt others’ interest and public interest. This provision reminds us that all lands
have a social function. That is, if a public interest demands, personal right should give way.
The measures of controlling vacant lands were faced with some constraints, namely: 1. Discrepancy in
perceptions on vacant lands in the identification in the field, e.g., a land was planted with crops, not garden
plants. It means that physically the land is not vacant but not in conformity with the characteristic and goal of
the right; 2. Limited budget of identification, causing the identification was limited to simply recording, not
achieving the stage of assessment; 3. Weak coordination with relevant agencies, e.g., coordination is still poor,
so that the functions of controlling, guidance, and extension to the right holders have not been optimal; 4.
Complicated mechanism. In achieving controlling mechanism, for example, the complicated mechanism is
shown in the description of the impractical controlling stages; and 5. Too long time period of notification of a
vacant land.
If reviewed further, the controlling actions above involve preventive and repressive actions. That is, if a land is
supposed as a vacant land then the government will issue a notification for the land to be utilized in accordance
with its allocation. After being notified by the government, the owner or one who controls the land should utilize
it productively and according to its allocation, hence avoiding from being declared as a vacant land. However, if
the owner fails to respond the summation by Minister of ATR, the land would be categorized as a vacant land
and the right of the owner is revoked and the land becomes under control of the state. If the land turns to be
vacant due to economic factor, then the government should proactively give a way out, e.g., by providing some
fund needed for utilizing the land. In any case, a preventive measure is better than a repressive one.
V. Conclusion
In a bid to accelerate the realization of land law politics the government has, on a basis of the
instrument of state’s land controlling right, been determined to optimize land uses and utilizations. Therefore, it
needs to issue the Government Regulation above. The Regulation is intended to seek both preventive and
repressive measures on vacant lands that the owners are intentionally abandoning.
The objects of controlling are those lands that are controlled and owned by individuals and by BUMN/D.
The scope of the objects of vacant lands is deemed as too wide, so the government should bravely prioritize
identifying vacant lands under the control of the government, e.g., lands owned by ministries, provincial and
regency/municipal governments, and BUMN/D, which are not potential to face a lawsuit, and thus the goal of
determining some vacant lands will be achieved faster, which can be immediately made as the object of agrarian
reformation in attempt to enhance the prosperity of farmers and general public.
The concept of vacant lands more appropriately used to clarify the physical condition of a parcel of land is:
being not used according to its allocation, and not maintained well. The concept puts a greater emphasis on the
act of the holder of land right (title) who intentionally wastes the land so it becomes wasted (vacant). In
determining a vacant land, certain elements should be fulfilled by inspecting both its physical condition and
criteria.
In answering or explaining the constraints faced with during controlling vacant lands there are juridical and
non-juridical barriers. A barrier which is juridical in character is: non-applicable legislations, leading to the
multiple perceptions particularly on the definition of vacant land, and thus it needs to determine the
characteristics and elements or criteria of a vacant land.
Meanwhile, the solution of the non-juridical barriers described above should be sought, e.g., by simplifying
procedures, etc.
6. International Journal of Arts and Social Science www.ijassjournal.com
Volume 1 Issue 3, September-October 2018.
Darwin Ginting Page 6
The solution for overcoming the constraint in short term is that the government ought to prepare a detailed
technical guidance, so it would not lead to multiple interpretations by public officers in doing their duties, and in
the end there would be no conflict in the field.
In the future or in long term, the provision of the substance of vacant land principles should be regulated in
Draft National Agrarian Law, so it can support the implementation of the mapping and utilization of vacant
lands across Nusantara (Indonesia’s Archipelago).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1.] Achmad Sodiki, Agrarian Law Politic, Konstitusi Press, Jakarta, 2013
[2.] Arie Sukanti Hutagalung, Land Redistribution Program in Indonesia: A Facility toward Land Control
and Ownership Problem Solving, Jakarta, C.V. Rajawali, 1985
[3.] Boedi Jarsono, Toward the Improvement of National Land Law in Relation to TAP MPR RI
IX/MPR/2001, Jakarta, Universitas Trisdakti, 2003
[4.] Darwin Ginting, A Juridical Study of the Acceleration of Land Acquisition for Infrastructure
Development, Sinergi Mandiri, Bandung, 2016
[5.] Ida Nurlinda, Agrarian Reformation Principle: Legal Perspective, 1st Edition, Jakarta, PT. Raja
Grafindo Persada, 2009
[6.] Joyo Winoto, Agrarian Reformation and Social Justice, a paper for 50th
Dies Natalis of UNPAD,
September 10th
2007
[7.] Maria S.W. Sumardjono, Land in the Perspective of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, PT.
Kompas Media Nusantara, 2008
[8.] __________ Agrarian Regulation and Agrarian Justice Spirit, STPN Press, Yogyakarta, 2018
[9.] Yudha Bhakti Ardhiwisastra, Immunity of State Sovereign in Foreign Court Forum, lumni, Bandung,
1999
[10.]Republic of Indonesia Resident Staff Office, Agrarian Reformation National Strategy (Implementation of
Agrarian Reformasi). Jakarta, 2016
[11.]Rames Mishra, The Welfare State in Crisis, Helferster Whea Isheaf, 1984
Others:
TAP MPR RI No. IX/MPR/2001 concerning Agrarian Reformation and Natural Resources Management Basic
Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960