V terminology guide

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Expert Reference Series of White Papers
vTerminology:
A Guide to Key
VirtualizationTerminology

Copyright ©2013 Global Knowledge Training LLC. All rights reserved. 2
vTerminology:A Guide to Key
VirtualizationTerminology
John A. Davis, VMware Certified Instructor (VCI), VCP5-DV, VCP5-DT,
VCAP5-DCA, VCAP5-DCD, VCP-vCloud, VCAP-CID
Introduction
One of the most important steps in mastering a new technology is learning the associated terminology or
vocabulary. In the Information Technology (IT) field, this can be a very challenging step, as much of the terminol-
ogy is often used inconsistently.This white paper defines the terminology associated with IT virtualization. It is
mainly vendor-agnostic, but it does provide some vendor-specific terms, product names, and feature names used
by VMware, Citrix, and Microsoft.
Commonly used core definitions are provided first and are followed by definitions related to storage and net-
works. Finally, definitions are provided that are specific to VMware, Citrix, and Microsoft.
Core Definitions
This section defines many of the most commonly used terms in the virtualization vocabulary.These are consid-
ered core, high-level terms.These are straight forward, commonly accepted definitions.
Virtual Machine (VM) – A set of virtual hardware devices, including virtual CPU, virtual RAM, virtual I/O de-
vices, and other virtual hardware devices. Software that resembles and behaves like a traditional, physical server
and runs a traditional operating system (OS), such as Windows or Linux.
Many products and technologies today provide a platform on which VMs can be built and run.Although these
technologies may have many fundamental differences, they tend to share these characteristics:
• Many VMs can run on each physical host concurrently.
• VMs running on the same host are isolated from one another.
• The OS installed in the VM is unaware that it is running in a VM.
• Administrators and users in one VM cannot access the underlying host OS or the guest OS of other VMs
running on the same host.
Virtual Server – A VM running a server OS such as a Windows Server or a Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server.A
virtual server typically runs one server-based application.

Virtual Desktop – A VM that is running a desktop OS, such as Windows 7 or Red Hat Enterprise Desktop.A
virtual desktop typically has one direct, concurrent user.
VM Template – An object that represents the “golden image“ of a particular virtual server build or virtual
desktop build, typically including a well-configured OS and applications.Administrators can quickly deploy new
VMs by automatically copying the template to create the new VM.
VM Guest OS – The OS that runs in a VM.
Virtual Hardware Device (Virtual Device) – A software component that resembles and behaves like a spe-
cific hardware device.The guest OS and software applications in the VM behave as though the virtual hardware
device is actually a physical hardware device.A VM is a set of virtual hardware devices that correspond to the
set of devices found in traditional, physical servers, such as virtual CPUs, virtual RAM, virtual storage adapters,
and virtual Ethernet adapters.
Virtual Network Interface Card (vNIC) – Software that resembles and behaves like a traditional Ethernet
Adapter. It has a MAC address, and it receives and sends Ethernet packets.
Virtual SCSI Adapter – Software that resembles and behaves like a traditional SCSI adapter. It can generate
SCSI commands and attach multiple virtual disks.
Virtual CPU (vCPU) – Software that resembles and behaves like a traditional, physical CPU. Depending on the
underlying technology, vCPUs could be software-emulated or software-modified:
• Software Emulated – A process that resembles and behaves like a specific model of a physical CPU
that, in some cases, could be different than the model of underlying physical CPU in the host hardware.
• Software Modified – A process that provides a filtered, indirect connection to the underlying host
CPU.Typically, the vCPU provides subsets of the instruction and feature sets that are available on the
host CPU.The vCPU traps and modifies privileged commands but sends other commands directly to the
hardware.
Virtual Disk – Resembles and behaves like a physical disk. It may be a file, a set of files, software, or some oth-
er entity, but to a VM, it appears to be a SCSI disk. For example, in Microsoft Hyper-V, virtual disks are referred to
as VHD files with the file extension .vhd.
Virtual Ethernet Switch (vSwitch) – Software that resembles and behaves like a physical Ethernet switch.
It allows vNICS from multiple VMs to connect to virtual ports. It allows physical NICs to connect to virtual ports
and serve as uplinks to the physical network.A vSwitch maintains a MAC address table and routes traffic to
specific ports, rather than repeating traffic to all ports. It may include other features commonly found in physical
Ethernet switches, such as VLANs.

Virtual Network – A network provided by virtual switches. It may be an extension of a traditional network
that is built on physical switches and VLANs, or, it may be an isolated network formed strictly from virtual
switches.
Virtual Infrastructure – A collection of VMs, virtual networks and storage, and other virtual items that
can deploy and run business applications, as an alternative to running applications directly on physical infra-
structure. It allows IT personnel to install software applications in traditional OSs, such as Windows and Linux,
without needing to know details of the underlying physical infrastructure.The OSs and applications run in VMs,
in virtual networks, and on virtual storage.
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) – A set of virtual desktops running on virtual infrastructure.VDI often
involves detailed optimization at the physical infrastructure, virtual infrastructure, desktop OS, and application
levels to allow close to native performance.VDI management software automatically brokers and connects users
to their virtual desktops.VDI management software also automatically provisions virtual desktop pools from VM
templates.
Cloud – A complex system that provides a set of services to consumers, without requiring the consumer to
understand any of the underlying complexities of the system.Although this definition is simple, it is a highly
accepted definition of the term, even when used to describe non-IT clouds. For example, some people consider
electricity, water, and cable television services to be provided by clouds.
Clouds provide some IT-based service, often utilizing virtual infrastructure. Businesses can use privately owned
clouds, externally owned clouds, or both external and private clouds (hybrid clouds).Types of IT-based clouds
include:
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – IaaS provides virtual infrastructure as a service where consum-
ers can easily implement and utilize VMs without needing to understand, manage, or own the underly-
ing physical infrastructure. Examples of public IaaS providers are Hosting.com (http://hosting.com) and
RackSpace (http://rackspace.com)
• Software as a Service (SaaS) – Provides software applications as a service where consumers can
easily use applications without needing to understand, manage, or own the underlying server operating
systems, software applications, databases, or infrastructure. Examples of public SaaS are Google Apps
(http://www.google.com/apps) and Salesforce CRM (http://www.salesforce.com/crm/).
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) – Provides a software development platform as a service where con-
sumers can easily build applications on a provided platform without any need to understand, manage,
or own the underlying infrastructure. It allows developers to easily create applications that are easily
portable. Examples of public PaaS are Microsoft Azure (http://www.windowsazure.com/en-us/) and
Force.com (http://force.com).

Hypervisor – A thin OS designed solely to provide virtualization. It drives physical hardware, executes VMs,
and dynamically shares the underlying hardware with the associated virtual hardware. It is not intended to serve
directly as a general-purpose OS, but instead provides the platform on which VMs can run.
Paravirtualized – A software component that is aware that it is running in a VM. For example, a paravirtual-
ized virtual device driver runs in a VM that communicates with the underlying host OS.Typically, a paravirtual-
ized driver is optimized to share queues, buffers, or other data items with the underlying host OS to improve
throughput and reduce latency.
For another example, Citrix XenServer runs paravirtualized OSs in VMs where the guest OS is modified to work
very efficiently with the underlying hypervisor.
P2V (Physical to Virtual) – The migration of a traditional server, such as a specific Windows 2008 sever, from
physical server hardware to a VM.
Clone – Typically refers to the action of copying one VM or VM template to create a new VM. During a clone
operation, the VM files are typically copied, renamed, and modified to customize the new VM.
VM Snapshot – A point-in-time capture of the state of a VM. Snapshots allow the user to revert the VM to a
previously captured state.A primary use is to undo changes that were made in a VM but are no longer wanted.
VM Migration – The movement of VMs from one resource to another, such as from host to host or datastore
to datastore.
Live VM Migration – Occurs while the VM is running.
Cold VM Migration – Occurs while the VM is shut down.
Resource Contention – A state where a VM is competing for a scarce resource with other VMs or overhead
processes. For example, if the memory capacity of a host is currently fully utilized, and some VMs attempt to
demand more memory, then memory contention occurs and some VMs may begin to swap to disk.
Highly Available (HA) – A system or component that has some automatic protection in case of disruption.
The protection may allow a small amount of unplanned downtime, but it will automatically correct the issue
within a pre-determined time interval.
VM High Availability (VM HA) – Ensures that a VM is automatically made available, although the host on
which it runs fails.VM HA may require an automatic reboot of the VM on another host.

Fault-Tolerant – A system or component that has automatic, state-full protection in case of failure. For ex-
ample, some software applications are designed to replicate state to multiple servers and databases to provide
a fault-tolerant application.The failure of a server does not result in any loss of state of the application or any
disruption to the end user.
Fault-Tolerant VM – A VM that continues to run state-fully even if host hardware fails.This may be achieved
by synchronizing the execution and state of multiple VMs running on multiple hosts.
Provisioned Over-Commitment – A measurement, usually in percentages, by which the amount of provi-
sioned virtual hardware is greater than the actual physical resources. For example, if a set of thin provisioned
virtual disks is configured for a total of 3 TB, but the datastore where they reside is only 2 TB, then the over-
commitment is 150 percent.
Over-Committed – A state where the actual, attempted resource usage exceeds the capacity of the actual
hardware resources. For example, if a set of VMs stored in the same datastore generate more I/O than the un-
derlying LUN can accommodate, then the datastore is over-committed.
Local VMs – VMs executed directly on a client system, such as the user’s PC. Some virtualization products, such
as VMware Workstation and Microsoft Virtual PC, are designed solely for running local VMs. Some VDI products
allow virtual desktops to run remotely in the datacenter, but also allow the user to check out a virtual desktop,
execute the virtual desktop locally on a client system, and check in the virtual desktop upon completion.
Thin Client – A client device that has a very lean implementation of Windows or Linux and is mainly intended
to allow the user to connect to a remote virtual desktop rather than to run applications natively.
Zero Client – A client device that is even leaner than a thin client.Typically, a zero client runs an embedded,
proprietary OS and has no local disk. It is used to connect to remote virtual desktops.
Virtual Machine Manager (VMM, also called a virtual machine monitor) – A process that controls the
execution of a VM and brokers its use of virtual hardware with the underlying host. It notifies the host when the
VM needs to access the physical resources.
CPU Hardware-Assisted Virtualization – Features that are commonly provided on modern CPUs, allowing
the host to offload some of the virtualization work to the CPU to improve performance.
• Intel-VT and AMD-V – Features that provide hardware assist for the virtual CPUs by allowing the
VMM to execute on the CPU at a level just below Ring 0, making its execution more efficient.
• Intel EPT and AMD-RVI – Features that provide hardware assist for the virtual CPUs by allowing
the translation of guest OS virtual memory pages to be cached on the CPU.These features improve the
translation time and minimize the frequency in which the VM’s guest OS must perform translations.

Virtualized Application – A packaged software application that runs in a virtualized, runtime environment,
where the application perceives that it is natively installed. For example, a virtualized Windows-based appli-
cation accesses a virtual Windows registry and virtual file system that are created at runtime by the runtime
environment by overlaying modifications in the package on the native registry and file system.
Virtual Appliance – A pre-built VM containing pre-installed software that can be easily implemented.Typi-
cally, the appliance is downloaded from a website as an OVF file, deployed into the virtual infrastructure, and
easily configured using the console of the VM and a web browser. Most virtual appliances allow very simple
implementation, relieving the customer of a complex installation and configuration.
Open VM Format (OVF) – A specification that can be used to export and import VMs from one virtual envi-
ronment to another.Typically, virtual appliances are stored in the OVF format.
Storage-Specific Definitions
This section provides the definitions of storage-related terms.
Raw LUN – An iSCSI or Fiber LUN that is connected entirely to a single VM, allowing the guest OS to access the
entire LUN.A Raw LUN is one in which the host did not format the LUN with its own file system. For example, in
vSphere, LUNs that are not formatted with VMFS are considered to be Raw LUNs when attached directly to VMs.
Thick-Provisioned Virtual Disk – A virtual disk file in which disk space is pre-allocated.
Thin-Provisioned Virtual Disk – A virtual disk file in which disk space is not pre-allocated, but instead
increases on demand up to a pre-configured maximum.This is called dynamically expanding disks in Hyper V.
Linked Clones – A set of virtual disks that service a set of related VMs, such that each virtual disk shares the
same base disk file, but utilizes its own delta file. Runtime changes for each virtual disk are made only to the
delta file associated with the virtual disk, not to the shared base disk file.VMware vCloud uses the term fast
provisioning for the same purpose, and Citrix XenServer uses the term fast clone.
Datastore or Storage Repository – Datastores, also called storage repositories, are file system partitions
or shares that are accessible by the host server and commonly used for storing VMs.They are typically shared by
multiple hosts and VMs for storing virtual disks, but can also hold other files, such as ISO files and templates.
Network-Specific Definitions
This section provides the definitions of network-related terms.
Virtual Switch Port – A port on a virtual switch where virtual Ethernet adapters or physical uplinks may be
attached. During their creation, virtual switches are typically configured with a specific number of virtual ports.

Virtual Switch Port Group – A group of ports on a virtual switch that are configured as a single entity,
where each setting on the port group is automatically applied to each port in the group. Some vSwitch imple-
mentations require that VMs must be connected to port groups. Common port group settings include VLAN and
security settings.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) – A logical network that can be configured within a physical network.
The IEEE 802.1q network standard provides the full definition of VLANs. Many physical Ethernet switches and
most virtual switches support VLANs.VLANs typically are assigned a unique IP subnet and are assigned a VLAN
number between 0 and 4095.
Private Virtual Local Area Network (PVLAN) – Frequently, conceptually identified as a VLAN within a
VLAN, where a standard VLAN can be extended or subdivided into thousands of PVLANs. PVLANs allow network
administrators to easily create protected, sub-networks that share the same IP subnet.
VMware-Specific Definitions
The following are terms, feature names, or product names that unique to VMware. For more details, visit VM-
ware’s website:
http://www.vmware.com/products/datacenter-virtualization/vsphere/overview.html
VMware vSphere – A suite of products that provide reliable virtual infrastructure suitable for business-critical
applications.
VMware VMotion – A feature of VMware vSphere that provides live VM migrations from host to host.
VMware Storage VMotion – A feature of VMware vSphere that provides live VM migrations from datastore
to datastore.
VMware vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) – A feature in vSphere that provides auto-
mated resource control. Its main function is to provide automatic load-balancing based on CPU and RAM usage
in a cluster of ESXi hosts by utilizing VMotion.
VMware vSphere Storage DRS – A feature in VMware vSphere that provides automated storage resource
control. Its main function is to provide automatic balancing of disk space utilization within a cluster of datas-
tores by utilizing Storage VMotion. It can also be used to automatically balance the I/Os in a cluster of data-
stores.
vSphere High Availability (HA) – A feature of vSphere that provides automatic VM high availability against
potential ESXi host failures.Whenever an ESXi host in a cluster fails, vSphere HA restarts the failed VMs on
surviving ESXi hosts in the cluster.

VMware Tools – A software application that should be installed in VMware-based VMs. It provides the latest
virtual device drivers. It also runs paravirtualized services that communicate to the ESXi host to allow features
such as time synchronization and heart beats.
VMware VMFS (Virtual Machine Files System) – A file system designed to efficiently allow shared access
from multiple ESXi servers, while supporting very large files.A VMFS datastore is a disk partition formatted
with VMFS or a set of VMFS-formatted partitions (VMFS Extents) that are spanned to form a single VMFS.VMFS
datastores are typically used to store VMs that run on VMware ESXi.
Citrix-Specific Definitions
The following are terms, feature names, or product names that unique to Citrix. For more details, visit Citrix’s
website: http://www.citrix.com/products/xenserver/overview.html
Citrix XenServer – A product that provides reliable virtual infrastructure suitable for business-critical
applications.
Citrix XenDesktop – A suite of applications that provides virtual desktops.
Citrix XenApp – Allows multiple users to share a single desktop remotely.
Citrix XenMotion – A feature of Citrix XenServer that provides live VM migrations from host to host.
Citrix XenServer Storage Motion – A feature of Citrix XenServer that provides live VM migrations from
datastore to datastore.
Citrix XenServer Tools – A software application that should be installed in XenServer-based VMs. It provides
the latest virtual devices drivers.
Microsoft-Specific Definitions
The following are terms, feature names, or product names that unique to Microsoft. For more details, visit Micro-
soft’s website:
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/server-virtualization.aspx?EP=200072479
Microsoft Hyper – A hypervisor in a Windows server that can run multiple Windows-based VMs.
Quick Migration – A feature of Microsoft Hyper-V that provides planned and unplanned migrations of VMs
from host to host, requiring about 60 seconds of downtime.The VM is suspended during the migration.

Live Migration – A feature of Microsoft Hyper-V that provides live VM migrations from host to host, requiring
no downtime.
Quick Storage Migration – A feature of Microsoft Hyper-V that provides migrations of VMs from datastore
to datastore, requiring about 60 seconds of downtime.The VM is suspended during the migration.
Storage Live Migration – A feature of Microsoft Hyper-V that provides live VM migrations from datastore to
datastore, requiring no downtime..
Summary
IT professionals should strive to learn the proper meanings of terms used in the IT virtualization vocabulary and
ensure that they and their colleagues share the same definitions.
Learn More
To learn more about how you can improve productivity, enhance efficiency, and sharpen your competitive edge,
Global Knowledge suggests the following courses:
Citrix
Microsoft
VMware
Virtualization
Visit www.globalknowledge.com or call 1-800-COURSES (1-800-268-7737) to speak with a Global
Knowledge training advisor.
About the Author
John A. Davis has been a VMware Certified Instructor (VCI) and VMware Certified Professional (VCP) since 2004,
when only a dozen or so VCIs existed in the U.S. He has traveled to many cities in the U.S.., Canada, Singapore,
Japan,Australia, and New Zealand to teach. He splits his time between teaching and delivering professional
consulting services that are 100 percent focused on VMware technology.

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