The Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project is a historic 100 MW solar project across 24 sites in Minnesota that was selected by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission over other capacity proposals. This was the first time a utility-scale distributed solar project was chosen. The project provides renewable energy, reduces line losses, increases grid reliability, and offsets local peak loads in a cost-effective manner. It demonstrates the advantages of utility-scale distributed solar generation for utilities and ratepayers.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The Solar Trifecta: A Path to Smart Utility-Scale SolarScottMadden, Inc.
What can smart solar do for the grid? Higher penetrations of utility-scale solar are coming. Dive into this article to learn more about the potential for solar to provide more than just energy. To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC ConverterDr. Amarjeet Singh
Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”.
This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab.
The document discusses the growing size and scale of photovoltaic power plants. Large-scale PV plants are now reaching dimensions similar to conventional power plants, with some solar parks exceeding 100 MW in capacity. The world's largest solar power plant under construction in 2015 will have a 579 MW capacity. PV outputs are achieving scales equal to coal power stations, and some propose PV plants exceeding 1 GW in Asia. Large-scale PV plants are becoming an important long-term investment with relatively low risk due to stable electricity generation costs and revenue from government incentives.
The document outlines the benefits of solar energy and AVACOS Solar, a renewable energy developer. Section I introduces AVACOS Solar and solar technology. Section II discusses solar potential in design applications like rooftops and carports. Section III covers the financial analysis, including the Feed-in-Tariff program and projected payback period of 6-9 years. Section IV highlights new technologies that improve roof-top efficiency. The overall objective is to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of going solar.
Large scale solar power alternate book coverNaman Kumar
This book provides a comprehensive guide for engineering large scale solar power systems. It covers all aspects of solar power project development, including solar technologies, system components, feasibility analysis, cost analysis, design, construction, operation and management. The book also discusses concentrated photovoltaic systems, smart grids, solar thermal power, and solar power financing options.
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
Making india non fossil fuel based, Types of Renewable Energy Sources, Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydro Energy
Tidal Energy
Geothermal Energy and
Biomass Energy
Rooftop Solar - Future for India, Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Rooftop Solar System, Hybrid Systems, CAPEX Model (Capital Expenditure Model), OPEX Model (Operating Expenses Model), Inside the Home of the Future
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The Solar Trifecta: A Path to Smart Utility-Scale SolarScottMadden, Inc.
What can smart solar do for the grid? Higher penetrations of utility-scale solar are coming. Dive into this article to learn more about the potential for solar to provide more than just energy. To learn more, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC ConverterDr. Amarjeet Singh
Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”.
This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab.
The document discusses the growing size and scale of photovoltaic power plants. Large-scale PV plants are now reaching dimensions similar to conventional power plants, with some solar parks exceeding 100 MW in capacity. The world's largest solar power plant under construction in 2015 will have a 579 MW capacity. PV outputs are achieving scales equal to coal power stations, and some propose PV plants exceeding 1 GW in Asia. Large-scale PV plants are becoming an important long-term investment with relatively low risk due to stable electricity generation costs and revenue from government incentives.
The document outlines the benefits of solar energy and AVACOS Solar, a renewable energy developer. Section I introduces AVACOS Solar and solar technology. Section II discusses solar potential in design applications like rooftops and carports. Section III covers the financial analysis, including the Feed-in-Tariff program and projected payback period of 6-9 years. Section IV highlights new technologies that improve roof-top efficiency. The overall objective is to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of going solar.
Large scale solar power alternate book coverNaman Kumar
This book provides a comprehensive guide for engineering large scale solar power systems. It covers all aspects of solar power project development, including solar technologies, system components, feasibility analysis, cost analysis, design, construction, operation and management. The book also discusses concentrated photovoltaic systems, smart grids, solar thermal power, and solar power financing options.
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
Making india non fossil fuel based, Types of Renewable Energy Sources, Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydro Energy
Tidal Energy
Geothermal Energy and
Biomass Energy
Rooftop Solar - Future for India, Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Rooftop Solar System, Hybrid Systems, CAPEX Model (Capital Expenditure Model), OPEX Model (Operating Expenses Model), Inside the Home of the Future
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
The document summarizes solar power satellite and microwave transmission technology. It discusses how solar power satellites would work by collecting solar energy in space using photovoltaic cells, transmitting it to Earth via microwave beams, and converting the energy into electricity on Earth using large rectifying antennas. The key components involved are the spacetenna on the satellite that generates microwaves, and the rectenna on Earth that receives the microwaves and converts them to electricity. Several challenges include the large size and costs required, as well as utilizing microwave frequencies that are also used for communication satellites. However, space-based solar power could provide a clean, renewable source of energy globally without limits from weather or time of day.
This project report summarizes a student's work on a solar-based wireless power transmission system. The student conducted their project at CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute under the supervision of Mr. Rajendra Verma. The report provides background on the institute and describes the components of a satellite-based solar power system that includes solar panels, a magnetron to generate microwaves, transmitting and receiving antennas. It discusses using such a system to transmit power from space as a renewable energy source and summarizes the student's experimental results and conclusions.
IRJET-Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Vehicles Charging Sta...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system using solar and wind energy to power an electric vehicle charging station and street lighting system. The system would use photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine to generate electricity, with a multilevel inverter to convert the DC power to AC and connect it to the electric grid. When renewable energy generation is insufficient, power would be drawn from the grid. The document provides background on hybrid renewable energy systems and the advantages they provide over individual solar or wind systems. It also outlines the major components of the proposed system and presents equations to calculate the power generated from the solar panels and wind turbine. The aim is to establish a reliable renewable energy source for the charging station and street lights
This document summarizes a NASA internship report on developing an extendable electrostatic satellite capture arm and reactive satellite simulator. The capture arm uses electrostatic adhesion, which requires only contact and no moving parts, to manipulate satellites. It has a spiralift linear actuator for extension and an electrostatic gripper end effector. Testing showed electrostatic adhesion can manipulate various materials. A reactive satellite simulator was also designed to simulate a tumbling satellite for capture tests. The capture arm and simulator were built and tested to validate electrostatic gripping for potential in-space application.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
This document provides an overview of a technical seminar report on solar roadways. It discusses what solar roadways are, how they work, and their potential advantages. Solar roadways involve replacing existing roads, parking lots, and driveways with strong, durable glass panels that contain solar cells to generate electricity, LEDs to provide road markings and lighting, and heating elements to prevent ice and snow accumulation. The report outlines the various chapters that will be covered, including the construction of prototype solar roadway panels with three layers, and the potential benefits of an intelligent transportation infrastructure powered by solar energy.
Optimal photovoltaic capacity planning for windfarm expansionsrmohanrajan
he hybridization of solar-wind projects is necessary to
harness maximum potential of renewable energy resources. One
of the ways to promote this is through optimizing the usage of land
resources for solar and wind farms. It is acknowledged that the
solar farms don’t necessarily have good wind resources. But the
on-shore wind farms are spread out over large areas, hence
underutilizing the expensive land resource. This land area can be
used to collect solar radiation cast in between the wind turbines to
generate solar power. With the dramatic drop in solar photovoltaic
technology and already existing electrical infrastructure in a wind
farm, it would be economically advantageous to incorporate solar
panels to an existing wind farm. The complementary
characteristics of solar and wind energy resources also aids in
smoothing the load curve, improving the operation economy.
This paper presents a framework to optimize such an upgrade
to maximize the energy harvested from hybrid wind-solar projects.
One major constraint when placing the solar panels between the
wind turbines is the shadowing of the wind turbines on the solar
panels. It is hence required to calculate the area available for the
placement of solar panels which is unaffected by the shadow of the
wind turbines. A case study of Bogampatti wind farm is done to
calculate the area available and maximum energy that can be
extracted
The document discusses incorporating microgrid technology with rooftop solar PV deployment to enhance energy economics. It identifies factors that cause energy losses in the existing distribution system, such as inefficient equipment and conversion losses. A hybrid microgrid is proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and efficiently utilize solar power and storage. Comparisons are presented based on energy savings, payback period calculations, and CO2 emission reductions to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The document discusses wireless power transmission via solar power satellites. It proposes capturing solar power in space using solar arrays on satellites, and transmitting the power to Earth via microwave beams. This would allow power generation 24/7 without limitations from weather or nighttime. Previous experiments demonstrated wireless power transmission of up to 30kW over short distances with over 85% efficiency. Space-based solar power is preferred over ground-based systems as it can generate power continuously without needing energy storage.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
This document summarizes a research paper about generating electricity from trains passing on railway tracks. It describes using a wind turbine placed between tracks to capture wind energy from passing trains. It also describes using a variable capacitor system where the movement of passing trains causes the plates of a capacitor to move closer together, increasing the capacitance and allowing electricity to be drawn off. The system is meant to power remote railway equipment without needing to run power lines to those areas. It provides details on how both the wind turbine and variable capacitor systems would work to generate electricity from train movement and harness otherwise wasted energy.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
Modeling and Implementation of a PV-powered DC Water Pump System for IrrigationKhery Ali
The agriculture sector nowadays relies mostly on conventional energy sources and traditional irrigation ways. Considering some factors such as high costs of fossil fuels and providing new power lines, especially to remote locations and where grid electricity is either inaccessible or expensive, a solar PV powered irrigation system can be a practical choice for irrigating crop fields. In this paper, a PV-powered dc water pump system design for irrigation is presented. A comprehensive comparison between Direct Current (DC) and an Alternative Current (AC) motors powered by PV is carried out in terms of power, current, water discharge and cost. Dominant factors of the system such as the effect of solar radiation on motor power, current, and water discharge are considered in this study. The optimum tilt angle for Duhok city is considered to perform this study. The specifications of PV, DC and AC motors are tested in Matlab Simulink to show the performance of the system components. The results show that DC motor is preferred over AC in term of system complexity, cost and power consumption. In contrast, water discharge of AC pump is slightly higher than the DC pump for the same time. However, overall results demonstrate the superiority of DC motor over AC.
Estimation of Cost Analysis for 4 Kw Grids Connected Solar Photovoltiac PlantIJMER
1) The document discusses the cost analysis for a 4 kW grid-connected solar photovoltaic plant in India. It estimates the costs of the key system components like solar panels, inverter, transformer, and balance of system components.
2) The total estimated cost of the proposed 4 kW PV system is Rs. 15,48,000 (approximately $20,000 USD). This includes the costs of 40 solar panels, a 10 kW inverter, 12 kVA transformer, and balance of system components.
3) The methodology adopted for sizing the system and estimating costs is based on measuring solar radiation data for the site over multiple months. System specifications and potential energy outputs are determined from the
This paper is all about how to install solar power stations in space and collecting solar energy with an efficiency of 95% (as proven). And then by using either microwaves or LASER, sending that energy to the power grids on earth and converting it into electricity.
Comparing the Dynamic Impact of Hybrid Distributed Generation with Single Sou...IJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the natural intermittent properties of some renewable energies, the grid is subjected to instability, insufficient power delivery and fluctuation. When these renewable energies are combined together to address the challenge of power shortage, increasing energy demand, and voltage drop, the grid is subject to different stabilities issues compare to the single energy source. This paper compares the dynamic behavior of single energy with mixed energy sources. The paper compares the impact of DFIG alone, Solar PV alone and Small Hydro power alone with hybrid type under distributed generation concept on transient stability of power system. To investigate this investigation, a DIgSILENT power factory library models was used as a component model for wind Turbine / Solar PV and small hydropower system. The simulation was carried out on single machine infinite system.
Official Document of the Manipur solar policy 2014.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Forecasting Solar Power by LSTM & DBN Techniques using MLIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning techniques like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Deep Belief Networks (DBN) to forecast solar power generation. It analyzes pure datasets on solar panel output, weather, and air pollution to extract features. An Autoencoder-LSTM model is proposed that uses the autoencoder for feature learning and LSTM to incorporate temporal data. The model is trained on extracted features and forecasts are compared to actual data to evaluate performance. Accurate solar power forecasting can improve energy grid stability and reduce operational costs.
RELIABILITY OF INTERCONNECTED GENERATION SYSTEM, in this paper it is describe that how interconnected system is reliable by cost point of view and by performance.
A review of hybrid solar pv and wind energy system paperRanjit Singh
The document provides a review of hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy systems. It discusses how combining solar and wind power can provide more reliable energy generation by offsetting the intermittency of each source. It reviews the challenges of integrating such hybrid systems into electric grids or using them for standalone power, as well as potential solutions like optimal sizing, power electronics configurations, and advanced control systems. The document summarizes research on both grid-connected and standalone hybrid solar-wind systems.
The document summarizes solar power satellite and microwave transmission technology. It discusses how solar power satellites would work by collecting solar energy in space using photovoltaic cells, transmitting it to Earth via microwave beams, and converting the energy into electricity on Earth using large rectifying antennas. The key components involved are the spacetenna on the satellite that generates microwaves, and the rectenna on Earth that receives the microwaves and converts them to electricity. Several challenges include the large size and costs required, as well as utilizing microwave frequencies that are also used for communication satellites. However, space-based solar power could provide a clean, renewable source of energy globally without limits from weather or time of day.
This project report summarizes a student's work on a solar-based wireless power transmission system. The student conducted their project at CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute under the supervision of Mr. Rajendra Verma. The report provides background on the institute and describes the components of a satellite-based solar power system that includes solar panels, a magnetron to generate microwaves, transmitting and receiving antennas. It discusses using such a system to transmit power from space as a renewable energy source and summarizes the student's experimental results and conclusions.
IRJET-Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Vehicles Charging Sta...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system using solar and wind energy to power an electric vehicle charging station and street lighting system. The system would use photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine to generate electricity, with a multilevel inverter to convert the DC power to AC and connect it to the electric grid. When renewable energy generation is insufficient, power would be drawn from the grid. The document provides background on hybrid renewable energy systems and the advantages they provide over individual solar or wind systems. It also outlines the major components of the proposed system and presents equations to calculate the power generated from the solar panels and wind turbine. The aim is to establish a reliable renewable energy source for the charging station and street lights
This document summarizes a NASA internship report on developing an extendable electrostatic satellite capture arm and reactive satellite simulator. The capture arm uses electrostatic adhesion, which requires only contact and no moving parts, to manipulate satellites. It has a spiralift linear actuator for extension and an electrostatic gripper end effector. Testing showed electrostatic adhesion can manipulate various materials. A reactive satellite simulator was also designed to simulate a tumbling satellite for capture tests. The capture arm and simulator were built and tested to validate electrostatic gripping for potential in-space application.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
This document provides an overview of a technical seminar report on solar roadways. It discusses what solar roadways are, how they work, and their potential advantages. Solar roadways involve replacing existing roads, parking lots, and driveways with strong, durable glass panels that contain solar cells to generate electricity, LEDs to provide road markings and lighting, and heating elements to prevent ice and snow accumulation. The report outlines the various chapters that will be covered, including the construction of prototype solar roadway panels with three layers, and the potential benefits of an intelligent transportation infrastructure powered by solar energy.
Optimal photovoltaic capacity planning for windfarm expansionsrmohanrajan
he hybridization of solar-wind projects is necessary to
harness maximum potential of renewable energy resources. One
of the ways to promote this is through optimizing the usage of land
resources for solar and wind farms. It is acknowledged that the
solar farms don’t necessarily have good wind resources. But the
on-shore wind farms are spread out over large areas, hence
underutilizing the expensive land resource. This land area can be
used to collect solar radiation cast in between the wind turbines to
generate solar power. With the dramatic drop in solar photovoltaic
technology and already existing electrical infrastructure in a wind
farm, it would be economically advantageous to incorporate solar
panels to an existing wind farm. The complementary
characteristics of solar and wind energy resources also aids in
smoothing the load curve, improving the operation economy.
This paper presents a framework to optimize such an upgrade
to maximize the energy harvested from hybrid wind-solar projects.
One major constraint when placing the solar panels between the
wind turbines is the shadowing of the wind turbines on the solar
panels. It is hence required to calculate the area available for the
placement of solar panels which is unaffected by the shadow of the
wind turbines. A case study of Bogampatti wind farm is done to
calculate the area available and maximum energy that can be
extracted
The document discusses incorporating microgrid technology with rooftop solar PV deployment to enhance energy economics. It identifies factors that cause energy losses in the existing distribution system, such as inefficient equipment and conversion losses. A hybrid microgrid is proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and efficiently utilize solar power and storage. Comparisons are presented based on energy savings, payback period calculations, and CO2 emission reductions to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The document discusses wireless power transmission via solar power satellites. It proposes capturing solar power in space using solar arrays on satellites, and transmitting the power to Earth via microwave beams. This would allow power generation 24/7 without limitations from weather or nighttime. Previous experiments demonstrated wireless power transmission of up to 30kW over short distances with over 85% efficiency. Space-based solar power is preferred over ground-based systems as it can generate power continuously without needing energy storage.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
This document summarizes a research paper about generating electricity from trains passing on railway tracks. It describes using a wind turbine placed between tracks to capture wind energy from passing trains. It also describes using a variable capacitor system where the movement of passing trains causes the plates of a capacitor to move closer together, increasing the capacitance and allowing electricity to be drawn off. The system is meant to power remote railway equipment without needing to run power lines to those areas. It provides details on how both the wind turbine and variable capacitor systems would work to generate electricity from train movement and harness otherwise wasted energy.
IRJET - Multi-Hybrid Renewable Energy Source based on Solar, Wind and Biogas ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a proposed multi-hybrid renewable energy system combining solar, wind, and biogas sources. It presents a block diagram and simulation of the system, which shows that the sources can supply power proportionally to their capacities to meet the load demand. The system is not affected when faults are applied to the grid. The document also provides background on each renewable source and reviews their use individually and in hybrid configurations to provide sustainable energy. It concludes that a hybrid system integrating multiple sources can reliably power remote areas.
Modeling and Implementation of a PV-powered DC Water Pump System for IrrigationKhery Ali
The agriculture sector nowadays relies mostly on conventional energy sources and traditional irrigation ways. Considering some factors such as high costs of fossil fuels and providing new power lines, especially to remote locations and where grid electricity is either inaccessible or expensive, a solar PV powered irrigation system can be a practical choice for irrigating crop fields. In this paper, a PV-powered dc water pump system design for irrigation is presented. A comprehensive comparison between Direct Current (DC) and an Alternative Current (AC) motors powered by PV is carried out in terms of power, current, water discharge and cost. Dominant factors of the system such as the effect of solar radiation on motor power, current, and water discharge are considered in this study. The optimum tilt angle for Duhok city is considered to perform this study. The specifications of PV, DC and AC motors are tested in Matlab Simulink to show the performance of the system components. The results show that DC motor is preferred over AC in term of system complexity, cost and power consumption. In contrast, water discharge of AC pump is slightly higher than the DC pump for the same time. However, overall results demonstrate the superiority of DC motor over AC.
Estimation of Cost Analysis for 4 Kw Grids Connected Solar Photovoltiac PlantIJMER
1) The document discusses the cost analysis for a 4 kW grid-connected solar photovoltaic plant in India. It estimates the costs of the key system components like solar panels, inverter, transformer, and balance of system components.
2) The total estimated cost of the proposed 4 kW PV system is Rs. 15,48,000 (approximately $20,000 USD). This includes the costs of 40 solar panels, a 10 kW inverter, 12 kVA transformer, and balance of system components.
3) The methodology adopted for sizing the system and estimating costs is based on measuring solar radiation data for the site over multiple months. System specifications and potential energy outputs are determined from the
This paper is all about how to install solar power stations in space and collecting solar energy with an efficiency of 95% (as proven). And then by using either microwaves or LASER, sending that energy to the power grids on earth and converting it into electricity.
Comparing the Dynamic Impact of Hybrid Distributed Generation with Single Sou...IJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the natural intermittent properties of some renewable energies, the grid is subjected to instability, insufficient power delivery and fluctuation. When these renewable energies are combined together to address the challenge of power shortage, increasing energy demand, and voltage drop, the grid is subject to different stabilities issues compare to the single energy source. This paper compares the dynamic behavior of single energy with mixed energy sources. The paper compares the impact of DFIG alone, Solar PV alone and Small Hydro power alone with hybrid type under distributed generation concept on transient stability of power system. To investigate this investigation, a DIgSILENT power factory library models was used as a component model for wind Turbine / Solar PV and small hydropower system. The simulation was carried out on single machine infinite system.
Official Document of the Manipur solar policy 2014.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Forecasting Solar Power by LSTM & DBN Techniques using MLIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning techniques like Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Deep Belief Networks (DBN) to forecast solar power generation. It analyzes pure datasets on solar panel output, weather, and air pollution to extract features. An Autoencoder-LSTM model is proposed that uses the autoencoder for feature learning and LSTM to incorporate temporal data. The model is trained on extracted features and forecasts are compared to actual data to evaluate performance. Accurate solar power forecasting can improve energy grid stability and reduce operational costs.
RELIABILITY OF INTERCONNECTED GENERATION SYSTEM, in this paper it is describe that how interconnected system is reliable by cost point of view and by performance.
This document discusses national and regional power system planning in India. It begins with an introduction to power system planning, including transmission versus distribution planning and long-term versus short-term planning. It then covers various aspects of planning such as generation planning, capacity resource planning, and transmission planning. The document outlines the five electricity regions in India and discusses the economic benefits of regional coordination in planning. It concludes with mentions of integrated resource planning and least cost utility planning strategies.
Grid Management Renewable Energy Balancing Power GenerationBalvinder Singh
Renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature hence; it is therefore a challenging task to integrate renewable energy resources into the power grid.
This document discusses solar power satellites (SPS). It begins by introducing SPS as a renewable energy source that could transmit power to Earth via microwave beams from satellites in geosynchronous orbit. It then discusses the need for alternative energy sources due to increasing demand and environmental issues from fossil fuels. The document outlines the history and concepts behind SPS, including their structure and use of klystron transmitters, beam control systems, and rectennas to convert and transmit power. It notes both advantages such as a constant power supply and disadvantages including high costs. The conclusion states that while large-scale wireless power transmission must still be proven, SPS could help solve energy issues in the coming decades.
Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generators in.pdfHeangsokleap1
This document summarizes a study that integrated solar photovoltaic distributed generators into an IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network based on the site's solar capacity factor. The study used a particle swarm optimization approach to determine optimal placement and sizing of solar PV units to minimize power losses and improve voltage profiles. Load flow analysis using the backward-forward sweep method was performed to analyze the effects on real and reactive power losses and bus voltages. Results were compared to other approaches in literature and showed the capacity factor-based approach provided benefits like reduced losses and improved voltages.
A very interesting and well-written paper co-authored by the Solar Energy Industries Assoc. and the American Wind Energy Assoc. on energy transmission challenges and opportunities.
Evaluation of the photovoltaic generation potential and real time analysis of...Arq Taciana Muller
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the photovoltaic generation potential and real-time analysis of a photovoltaic panel installed on a building in southern Brazil. The study found that the 16.5 m2 photovoltaic panel produced an average of 11.0 kWh per day and had a module efficiency of around 12.6%. Solar radiation and daylight data from 2007-2012 were used to analyze the solar potential and compare to the panel's power generation. The panel was installed at an angle of 24 degrees, which modeling software had indicated would provide the most uniform radiation throughout the year for that location.
This document is a project report on energy dispatch using virtual power plants. It discusses the history of centralized and distributed generation as well as market-based energy dispatch. A virtual power plant is defined as a network of decentralized power sources like solar parks and wind farms that are controlled centrally but owned independently. The report outlines using a virtual power plant for energy dispatch by forecasting generation from distributed energy resources and loads. The objective is to maximize profit from a conventional power plant and virtual power plant by selling energy at optimal prices while staying within generation limits.
This document discusses recommendations for Salt Lake City to regulate and incentivize solar energy development through zoning ordinances and financial incentives. It covers zoning regulations for accessory solar installations and solar farms, as well as incentive programs for residents and businesses, including rebates, financing options, and economic considerations. The recommendations aim to streamline the permitting process and make solar installations more affordable and widespread.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
This document describes an approach to rural electrification using solar DC nano-grids. The nano-grids are sized to provide electricity to small clusters of 20-50 houses located close together through a central solar array and battery storage. Electricity is distributed via low-voltage DC cables to avoid inverter costs. Households pay membership fees to connect efficient LED lights and other appliances. The nano-grid approach aims to provide basic energy access at lowest cost while allowing for future expansion through interconnectivity between clusters. Initial tests in Bangladesh have shown the technical and economic feasibility of the solar DC nano-grid model.
Modeling and Steady State Response Analysis of Interconnected Hybrid Renewable Energy Network with Embedded VSC - MTDC Transmission System for Secure and Efficient Power Delivery
John Lushetsky, Program Manager of the Solar Energy Technologies Program at the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, presented on April 19, 2010 at the GW Solar Institute Second Annual Symposium. more information at http://solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
IRJET- Development and Comparison of an Improved Incremental Conductance Algo...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an improved incremental conductance algorithm for tracking the maximum power point of a solar PV panel. It begins with an abstract that outlines developing an improved incremental conductance algorithm to more effectively track the maximum power point under varying atmospheric conditions. It then provides background on renewable energy sources and maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic systems. The improved incremental conductance algorithm is proposed and validated through simulations to enhance system efficiency under different weather conditions.
Solar Energy Application: A Decade ReviewIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses advancements in solar energy technologies over the past decade. It focuses on solar trackers, solar cell designs, and various solar applications.
2) Solar trackers have been improved, including the development of both uniaxial and biaxial trackers. Biaxial trackers that can adjust for the sun's changing height throughout the day are more effective than uniaxial trackers.
3) Advances have led to more efficient solar cells and their use in a variety of applications like solar dryers, lamps, and floating solar panels. Overall, improvements have helped make solar energy more cost-effective and accessible globally.
By now, we are all familiar with the concept of generating electricity from the sun. The notion is almost an afterthought when we have mobile access to GPS satellites and apps for seemingly anything the mind can imagine. The calculator on my desk, and perhaps on yours, is solar-powered. If your cell phone goes dead on a hiking trip, hook it up to any number of solar phone chargers available on the market and you’re back in
business. Even those GPS satellites are powered by the sun as they whirl through space 12,000 miles above Earth.
IRJET- Solar Energy: Potential and Policies of IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential and policies of solar energy in India. It begins by stating that solar energy is playing an important role in meeting electrical energy demands as conventional fuel sources decline. Photovoltaic installations use solar panels to generate electricity in a cost-effective way from sunlight. However, the use and effectiveness of solar energy systems in India remains limited. The document then reviews India's solar energy policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. It also discusses technological challenges and the need for continued innovation to improve the output and widespread adoption of solar energy systems in India.
Similar to Utility Scale Distributed Solar Generation White Paper (20)
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Executive Summary
In March 2013, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (MN PUC) determined that Minnesota-based utility Xcel Energy
was in need of up to 500 megawatts (MW) of additional capacity to meet its projected demand requirements for the 2017-
2019 timeframe. In response, the MN PUC ordered Xcel to undergo a Competitive Resource Acquisition Process. In this type
of process, interested bidders, including Xcel Energy, submit proposals directly to the MN PUC, and the Commission is charged
with deciding which of the proposals should be developed. In April 2013, five parties submitted proposals, including several
natural gas combustion turbines, a natural gas combined-cycle turbine expansion, short term capacity credits and the Aurora
Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project: a 100 MW solar project from Geronimo Energy that would be built on up to 24 separate
sites of 2 MW to 10 MW and interconnect directly into Xcel Energy’s distribution system. In a hearing process, an Administra-
tive Law Judge (ALJ) made a historic recommendation that the MN PUC require Xcel to adopt the distributed solar project
over and above the other bids. Upholding the judge’s recommendation, the MN PUC ruled on March 26, 2014 in favor of the
distributed solar project and ordered the utility to begin the process of negotiating a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with
Geronimo for their Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project. This landmark decision by the MN PUC not only changed the
solar industry, but it also opened doors for the broader energy industry. This white paper will discuss utility-scale distributed
solar generation, the competitive advantages of utility-scale distributed solar projects, the short and long-term benefits that
utility-scale distributed solar projects offer, and the Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project as a case study.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Background
SOLAR CAPACITY
While many believe variable resources such as wind and solar are only energy resources, solar can also supply a reliable source
of capacity. For summer peaking utilities and Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOS), maximum production of solar en-
ergy is highly correlated to system peak loads. This results in a high percentage of solar nameplate capacity being accreditable
for use in meeting reliability requirements and reserve sharing obligations. The alternative is that solar energy generated at
peak can be netted against peak energy and demand requirements, reducing both the utility’s peak load and the need for
demand resources and associated reserves.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has collected solar irradiance information for decades. This data provides
solar developers and their financing entities with reliable datasets upon which they can base their financial projections of a
project. Unlike wind energy, whose resource is extremely site specific, solar resource is fairly uniform and predictable across a
region. Using NREL data, along with RTO solar capacity accreditation methodologies, Geronimo can design solar systems that
can provide high levels of accredited capacity in most utilities’ service territories.
For the Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project proposal, the project team studied the three previous years of output at
the St. John’s Solar Project (a 400 kilowatt (kW) single-axis tracking project located in Collegeville, MN) and determined that
energy generation in June, July and August over the most typical hours of the Midcontinent Independent System Operator’s
(MISO) coincident peak averaged 71% of nameplate capacity. This performance, if applied to a similarly situated 100 MW (AC)
facility, results in either 71 MW of accredited capacity or a 71 MW reduction to peak load.
Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Generation
WHAT IS UTILITY-SCALE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR GENERATION?
Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Generation (UDSG) is the placement of load-matched utility scale solar facilities that intercon-
nect directly to, or near, distribution substations throughout a utility’s service territory. Distributed solar sites are strategically
selected based on proximity to substations, size, land characteristics and permitting constraints. UDSG offers the best of both
small-scale, residential solar installations and large-scale, utility solar installations: since each site is small and strategically
located, transmission availability is never a concern, and with UDSG’s economies of scale, customers also capture consider-
able cost savings.
HOW AND WHY DOES UTILITY-SCALE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR GENERATION WORK?
UDSG provides local electricity generation at a larger, more cost-effective scale than individual residential solar installations.
Load-matched solar facilities are installed in close proximity to local distribution substations, avoiding transmission and its
associated upgrade costs and line losses, and utilizing easy-to-execute distribution level interconnections. To optimize output,
each location is carefully selected based on land availability and site quality.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
UDSG provides a measure of reliable capacity, which means the project is available to meet peak loads. UDSG delivers a utility-
scale, clean, renewable generation resource that is cost-competitive with natural gas peaking alternatives. Geronimo works
with utilities throughout the development process and manages all aspects of the process, including:
• Developing a strategic plan based on the utility’s long range resource plans.
• Determining sizing needs, both overall and for each site.
• Identifying and targeting multiple solar facility site locations based on substation locations and current load.
• Securing land rights for the selected sites.
• Assisting utility community relations representatives with public relations throughout the development process.
• Permitting the project and obtaining the necessary approvals.
• Identifying and selecting the best technology and equipment for the project.
• Bidding the project out to the industry’s top construction companies.
• Securing a construction team and managing the construction process.
UTILITY-SCALE DISTRIBUTED SOLAR GENERATION: BENEFITS FOR UTILITIES
Distributed solar projects provide many benefits to system operators, utilities and ratepayers. These benefits include a reduc-
tion in line loss, an increase in transmission capacity, a decrease in the potential for total source failure, and a higher level of
reliability and security through geographic and resource diversity. In addition, solar energy provides environmental benefits
that can assist a utility in meeting its emission reduction or renewable energy requirements.
Reduction in Line Loss = Increased Savings
Traditionally, line loss occurs when electrons travel long distances and when power is stepped up and down in voltage during
the delivery process. Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Projects are unique from traditional large-scale utility generation facilities
in that they interconnect a set of geographically dispersed solar facilities directly to utility distribution substations. In doing
so, the solar facilities are able to deliver power and capacity to utility customers without utilization of the high voltage trans-
mission system. This method of delivery reduces line loss and has a significant economic impact because the utility no longer
pays for power that will never be delivered. As an example, the Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project eliminates ap-
proximately 50% of the losses (or 4-6% of generated energy) associated with the delivery process by delivering power directly
to the local community.
BEFORE: Electricity is carried from a power plant to the city
over long distance. As a result of the distance the electricity
must travel, there is 10% line loss.
AFTER: By replacing the power plant and large transmission
lines with small distribution centers that are located closer to
the city, the electricity has a smaller distance to travel, which
reduces line loss to a maximum of 5%.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Increased Transmission Capacity = No Additional Cost
Because Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Generation Projects connect directly to, or near, substations, these projects have the
added benefit of reducing usage of the transmission system. From an overall grid perspective, system operators see an in-
crease in transmission capacity due to the fact that the load it had previously served to the local community has decreased.
This “negative load effect” frees up capacity on the transmission system and increases overall grid resilience in the short-term.
In the long-term, it reduces the need to expand transmission systems because more load can be served with the existing sys-
tem. Finally, by connecting directly to distribution substations, no additional transmission service is necessary, and utilities do
not incur any additional cost.
Decreased Source Failure = Increased Reliability and Security
Large generating facilities offer advantages in the form of economies of scale. However, they also have the disadvantage of
being a potential single point of failure. A utility-scale distributed solar project with multiple locations increases grid reliability
and alleviates the fear of a single point of failure.
Distributed solar projects are less prone to disruptions to the grid and a total loss of generating capabilities: if a weather or
technical issue is affecting a particular solar facility, the other sites will still operate. Conversely, if a large power plant goes
down for weather or technical issues, grid operators are faced with the challenge of replacing upwards of hundreds of mega-
watts of capacity on the system. In fact, this single point of failure scenario became reality during the winter of 2013 - 2014. In
what the media coined as the “Polar Vortex,” several large facilities were inoperable due to harsh weather and unavailability
of natural gas supplies. Some coal plants actually froze and were completely inoperable. This resulted in near brownout condi-
tions in several locations throughout the country. Utilities and system operators scrambled to replace capacity that had been
lost due to single point failure.
100 MW
10 MW
90 MW
100 MW
5 MW 5 MW
100 MW
100 MW
10 MW
90 MW
100 MW
5 MW 5 MW
100 MW
BEFORE: Transmission lines that interconnect several load
sites/ cities inevitably run into transmission capacity issues. Each
time the line breaks to transport electricity to a load site, the
ongoing transmission capacity reduces. For example, if you have
a 100 MW transmission line that interconnects several load sites/
cities, and the first city requires 10 MW of transmission capacity,
there are only 90 MW that will continue onto the next load site/
city. This pattern repeats over the length of the transmission line,
which creates transmission capacity issues.
AFTER: By supplementing load sites/ cities with utility-scale
distributed solar facilities, transmission capacity is maintained.
For example, if you have a 100 MW transmission line that in-
terconnects several load sites/ cities, and the first city requires
10 MW of transmission capacity, you can offset that 10 MW
requirement with distributed solar facilities, and therefore
retain 100% of the transmission line capacity moving forward
along the transmission line.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
By decreasing the risk of single point failure, utility-scale distributed solar projects not only increase the grid’s reliability, but
they also help protect national security. A growing national security threat stems from the Unites States of America’s reliance
on large power generating facilities. As many articles have alluded to, disruptions to key points within our grid can result in
catastrophic failure of the grid. By providing geographically dispersed solar facilities, distributed solar projects help defray
threats to the nation’s grid and power supply.
BEFORE: Electricity is carried from a power plant to the
city over long distance. If the power lines break, you have
100% loss.
AFTER: Electricity is carried from multiple distributed solar facilities
into the city from a shorter distance. If a power line breaks, there is
no single point of failure, and you have a maximum of 5% loss.
The Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project
AURORA’S DESIGN
The Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project (Aurora) was designed as an innovative approach to meet a portion of
Xcel’s stated capacity and energy needs for 2017-2019, to help meet Xcel Energy’s peak capacity obligations in the MISO
Planning Reserve Sharing Pool, and to provide Xcel up to 200,000 megawatt hours (MWh) of primarily on-peak energy each
year. It is a project that has not only captured the attention of international media and energy experts, but has also blazed
a trail for new ways for utilities to diversify their energy portfolio.
Aurora consists of distributed photovoltaic power plants located on up to 24 sites that are located near an Xcel Energy dis-
tribution substations. These distributed solar facilities range in size from 2 MW to 10 MW and will utilize linear axis tracking
devices to maximize availability during Xcel Energy’s MISO coincident peak. In total, the Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar
Project will consist of up to 100 MW of alternating current (AC) distributed solar capacity.
Aurora has been designed with an increased DC to AC inverter ratio in order to maximize output and therefore increase the
available peak capacity rating. Use of a linear axis tracking system will further increase output over the MISO coincident peak.
Aurora will provide an estimated accredited capacity of 71 MW for its 100 MW AC plant.
Each of the solar facilities will interconnect directly to the utility’s distribution feeders or distribution substations across Min-
nesota and will provide energy and capacity for the local distribution network. Distribution facilities will be a short distance
(approximately 0.5 to 3 miles) away from each solar facility, making efficient use of existing distribution equipment. By sizing
each solar facility on an individual basis, Aurora can offset approximately 20 to 40 percent of the existing peak load, depending
upon the load profile of each respective substation.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Aurora’s primary components include a nominal 300 watt photovoltaic module mounted on a linear axis tracking system and
a centralized inverter. The tracking system foundations will utilize a driven pier and are not expected to require concrete. The
balance of the remaining plant components include electrical cables, conduit, step up transformers and metering equipment.
The solar facilities will be fenced and seeded in a low growth seed mix to reduce run-off from existing conditions and improve
water quality.
AURORA’S COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
The Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project was compared against several natural gas combustion turbine and a com-
bined cycle projects in a competitive process before the MN PUC. In comparing the costs and benefits of the various generat-
ing options, Aurora was determined to have the lowest overall levelized cost of energy. In addition, when considering benefits
associated with reduced line losses, avoided transmission, zero fuel costs and zero emissions, the project was also the lowest
cost alternative when modeled in the Strategist production cost model.
Aurora’s unique utility-scale distributed solar generation design offers several key benefits. Distributed solar generation of-
fers the distinct advantage of interconnecting smaller, separate generators, while providing economies of scale to drive down
capital costs. Additionally, Aurora’s design offers distinct benefits, such as:
• Fixed costs over the life of the project
• Reduction in line loss
• An increase in reliability
• Enhancement and ease of interconnection
• Capacity and energy to meet on-peak customer needs
• Increased control and oversight of facilities
• Reduced risk of system failures
• Geographic diversification of generation assets
• Solar Renewable Energy Credits, which offer rights to environmental, social and other non-power qualities
• UDSG projects have no air emissions, displace pollutants emitted by fossil fuel-fired generating resources, offer minimal
environmental impacts and use zero water during operation
One of the key advantages of the Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project is the ability for the utility to have a single
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) for several distributed facilities across its service territory. A single PPA provides off-takers
with several benefits:
1. Financial assurance
2. Product uniformity
3. Administrative ease
In addition, the solar facilities are managed by a single entity and can share maintenance and spare parts inventory.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Aurora provides an additional advantage in that it will supply Renewable Energy Credits (“RECs”) to Xcel Energy, which Xcel
can use to meet its Solar Energy Standards, Renewable Energy Standards or other environmental requirements. Xcel Energy
also has the option to market the Solar Renewable Energy Credits (“S-RECs”) to other utilities that need to meet solar-specific
requirements in Minnesota or other states.
AURORA: TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS
MAR MAY JULY SEPT NOV JAN MAR2013 2014
March, 2013:
The Minnesota Public Utilities
Commission (MN PUC)
concludes that Xcel Energy
needs up to 500 MW of
additional capacity to meet
its demand requirements in
the 2017-2019 timeframe.
Through an order from
the MN PUC a Request for
Proposal (RFP) is issued
through a Competitive
Resource Acquisition Process.
November -
December, 2013:
Each proposal is
separately evaluated by
an Administrative Law
Judge (ALJ) through a
process involving expert
testimony, rebuttals and
briefs
March 2014:
The MN PUC directs Xcel to
negotiate a contract with
Geronimo, finding that Aurora
Utility-Scale Distributed
Solar Project is in the
public interest, is the most
environmentally beneficial,
and is cost-effective.
April, 2013:
Interested parties, including
Xcel Energy, submit their
proposals to fulfill the
identified need. The proposals
included: Geronimo’s Aurora
Utility-Scale Distributed Solar
Project, several natural gas
combustion turbine proposals,
a natural gas combined-cycle
proposal and a proposal for
short-term capacity credits.
December 31, 2013:
The ALJ rules that “the
greatest value to Minnesota
and Xcel’s ratepayers is drawn
from selecting Geronimo’s
solar energy proposal.”
AURORA: HISTORY IN THE MAKING
Aurora was a “first” in the United States for two key reasons. Primarily, solar had never previously competed directly with natu-
ral gas in a competitive resource acquisition process. Additionally, the rulings made in favor of Aurora by both the Administra-
tive Law Judge and the MN PUC mark the first time that solar has competed and won based on economic value and not purely
on environmental benefit.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Beyond Aurora: Replication of the Distributed Solar Model
The Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project can be replicated in nearly any region of the United States. However, each
ISO provides a unique capacity accreditation and market mechanism to balance its generation needs. For instance, some ISOs
may peak at different hours of the day, shifting the time for peak capacity needs. Additionally, the market mechanism for
contracting capacity may be done through auctions, long-term contracts or regulated by a governmental body. Each scenario
requires careful planning to assure that the distributed model created meets the needs of the specific ISO. Geronimo has the
expertise and experience to work with any ISO on the distributed solar generation model.
Conclusion
By strategically locating solar facilities throughout a utility’s territory, Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Generation offers several
key benefits to utilities and rate payers. These include: reduced line loss, increased savings, increased transmission capacity,
decreased source failure, and increased reliability and security. As the nation’s largest distributed solar project, the Aurora
Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project proves that solar energy is cost-competitive with natural gas peaking energy sources and
is the most beneficial for both the utility and its ratepayers.
About Geronimo Energy
Geronimo is a premiere energy development firm in the Midwest. Geronimo is creative and flexible, offering solutions for all
different types of electrical utilities. Founded with deep roots in agriculture with understanding respect for farming princi-
pals, Geronimo ensures that each of our projects benefit the local area for generations to come.
Headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota with satellite offices throughout the Midwest, Geronimo has successfully devel-
oped and built over 240 megawatts (MW) of wind and solar energy and has been awarded over 1,000 MW of wind and solar
power purchase agreements for delivery in 2015 2016. The Geronimo team is fully staffed with competencies in marketing,
wind and solar resource assessment, wind and solar development, land acquisition, real estate title services, environmental
permitting, energy policy, finance, accounting, and sales.
Geronimo Energy has extensive solar development experience in areas such as oversight, engineering and project management.
Geronimo delivers large-scale solar projects and offers on-site/ near-site installations, as well as off-site installations located in
more efficient, lower cost geographical locations. Recently, Geronimo was awarded a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) from
Xcel Energy for the largest solar project in the state of Minnesota, the 100 MW Aurora Utility-Scale Distributed Solar Project,
which is slated for construction in 2016. Geronimo’s ability to deliver solar energy with market-leading cost, creative solutions,
and efficiency is due to our top-notch team of renewable energy development professionals, who together, have a combined
experience in over 100 commercial and utility-scale solar projects throughout 16 states in the United States.
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A U R O R A U T I L I T Y - S C A L E D I S T R I B U T E D S O L A R P R O J E C T
Geronimo is the only developer that has the experience to offer end-to-end development consulting. Geronimo manages all
aspects of:
• Strategic planning
• Site analysis and acquisition
• Permitting
• Technology analysis and selection
• Management of engineering procurement and construction of the project
• Community and public relations
• Regulatory coordination
Geronimo’s Executive Solar Development Team
Nathan Franzen, Director of Solar
For the Aurora project, Nathan managed project origination and development as well as the technical design parameters
required to meet the capacity obligations of the Competitive Resource Acquisition Process. This iterative process required
extensive coordination with Geronimo’s regulatory and strategic planning staff as the project progressed from conceptual
design to final site selection and technical design.
Nathan Franzen came to Geronimo in January of 2013 to initiate its solar development practice. Previously, he was the Direc-
tor of Solar Energy at Westwood Professional Services where he lead the development and creation of its commercial and util-
ity scale solar engineering division. His experience comprises of oversight and project management of over 100 commercial
and utility-scale solar projects in 16 states, including overseeing project development, interconnection studies, engineering,
and construction services.
Nathan has a Masters of Urban and Regional Planning from the Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs in Minneapolis
and actively promotes renewable energy policy and regulatory framework at the local and national level.
Betsy Engelking, Vice President, Policy and Strategy
Betsy Engelking joined Geronimo Energy as Vice President in January 2012 and currently leads the Company’s policy efforts.
Betsy developed the regulatory strategy for the Aurora Project and provided expert testimony in the PUC process. She also
collaborated with a number of legislators and advocates to achieve passage of the 2013 Minnesota Solar Energy legislation.
Previously, Betsy was Director of Resource Planning for Xcel Energy, where she developed and implemented long-range power
supply plans, including compliance with Xcel’s wide-ranging renewable energy requirements. She has also held positions with
Great River Energy and the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission.
With more than 25 years of experience in the energy industry, Betsy’s expertise in energy policy, renewable energy, resource
planning, utility rates and regulation, and energy markets are invaluable to Geronimo. Since the beginning of her career,
Betsy has worked both regionally and nationally to promote the advancement of wind energy and other renewables through
participation with the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC), the National Wind Coordinating
Committee (NWCC), the Great Plains Institute’s Power the Plains collaborative, and through an active role in state and national
policy development. Betsy holds an MBA in finance and economics from the Carlson School of Management at the University
of Minnesota.
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