Us.2.Caribbean
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The document summarizes the geography, climate, economy, religion, society, and history of the British Caribbean islands from the 16th to 18th centuries. It describes the tropical climate and agriculture including the lucrative sugar industry that drove settlement and slavery. It outlines the colonial political structures established by the British in islands like the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Barbados and the importance of the sugar economy and triangular slave trade that developed between Britain, Africa and the Americas.
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The document summarizes the key characteristics of the three regions that comprised England's 13 colonies in North America: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. New England relied heavily on fishing and shipbuilding. The Middle Colonies had excellent ports and a diverse population. The South focused on plantation agriculture using slave labor and grew cash crops like tobacco.
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1) Early contact between Europeans and West Africans involved small trading stations along the coast where goods like gold, ivory, and spices were exchanged. Slavery began as Europeans sought labor for colonies in the Americas.
2) The triangular slave trade emerged, transporting over 60,000 Africans per year in cramped conditions on ships to be sold into slavery in the Americas. This generated huge profits but caused massive social disruption in Africa.
3) The slave trade had long lasting effects on African societies through population loss, wars, weakened communities, and cultural diffusion as Africans worked to preserve their identity under slavery. Abolition movements in Europe and America ended the Atlantic slave trade by the 1800s.
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The Atlantic Proletariat”U.S. Labor and Work - 201Week 2P.docx
The “Atlantic Proletariat”
U.S. Labor and Work - 201
Week 2
Prof. Brucher
What does “Proletariat” mean?
From the Latin proletarius: a person having no wealth or property and only served the state by producing offspring.
By the mid-17th century “proletarian” and “proletariat” were used in English to describe common workers.
Today, these terms are used to describe the working class in broad terms.
Why call it the“Atlantic Proletariat”?
Social historians argue that a wide-ranging group of workers provided the labor necessary for colonial expansion in the Atlantic economy of the Americas from the time of contact between European, African, and Native American Peoples.
Who were the Atlantic Proletariat?
Indentured Servants
Slaves
Dispossessed commoners
Transported felons
Religious radicals
Urban laborers
Soldiers
Sailors
Pirates
Native Americans
Why focus on workers?
Of course, we can look at other factors when studying the Atlantic economy:
Technological advancement and knowledge driving exploration (better sailing ships, navigation methods, etc.).
Agricultural advancement (cultivating crops).
Political developments fuelling expansion and trade (see textbook chapter 1!).
Religious motivations (Spanish, Portuguese, and French Catholic missionaries, English religious dissenters, etc.).
Why focus on workers?
Ordinary workers did the labor that was essential to the rise of the Atlantic economy from the 16th through 19th centuries, which in turn fueled the growth of the modern global economy.
At the same time, many members of the Atlantic Proletariat tried to resist or adapt to conditions that were often brutal, violent, and inhumane.
Processes that help create the Atlantic Proletariat
Expropriation: The seizure of common property used by the many (ordinary people) and put in the hands of the few (governments/kingdoms, colonial corporations). Examples:
Spanish conquistadors seizing lands in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and South America to create enconmiendas controlled by wealthy Spanish landlords under the Spanish crown.
Wealthy lords enclosing the commons (shared agricultural lands used by poor communities) in Great Britain.
English corporations like the Virginia Company that set up agricultural colonies on the east coast, claiming property for themselves and the English crown.
Processes that help create the Atlantic Proletariat
Exploitation: The act of mistreating someone to benefit from their labor. The work involved in expropriation was particularly exploitative:
Encomiendas: Native Americans forced to work for the Spanish landlords, clearing land and harvesting crops. African slaves later imported to the Spanish colonies.
Enclosing the commons: Poor people kicked people off the land, forcing them to become tenant farmers, move to the cities for work, or become indentured servants in America. Poor people also imprisoned and forced to work; many sent to work as sailors or to work in the Americas.
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查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径但认证只是个体行为不是所有留学生都操作所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单就有了使用价值。乌龟和王八贼头贼脑的倒也逗人喜爱日上三竿时山娃总爱窜进自家瓜棚里跟小伙伴们坐着聊天聊着聊着便忍不住往瓜田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡水
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American Airlines permits passengers to change/correct names on their AAdvantage account. Also, you can request a name change both online via a web portal and offline over the phone. For further information on how to change your name on American Airlines Advantage, get in touch with the airline’s customer service. Also, you can reach out to a consolidation desk at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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- 1. Caribbean Islands Blair, Carroll, Evon, and Kelsey
- 3. Areas of Sugar Cultivation 1505-1763 Britain, Spain, Dutch, France , Danish
- 11. Works Cited “ History of the West Indies.” History World . Bamber Gascoigne. Diditon. 2 October 2008. < http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=235&HistoryID=aa23 >. “ Nation Master – Encyclopedia: Treaty of Madrid (1670).” NationMaster . 2 October 2008. < http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Treaty-of-Madrid-(1670) >. “ The Caribbean: 1600s, 1700s, 1800s.” Made in Atlantis . 2006. Atlantis International. 2 October 2008. < http://madeinatlantis.com/caribbean_travel/caribbean.htm >. “ Caribbean Islands - History.” Tropical Rainforest Conservation- mongabay.com . Rhett A. Butler. USPTO. 2 October 2008. < http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/caribbeanislands/HISTORY.html >. “ Barbados.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. < http://www.country-studies.com/caribbean - islands/barbados.html >. “ British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, and Montserrat.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. < http://www.country studies.com/caribbean-islands/british-virgin-islands,-anguilla-and-montserrat.html>. “ History of the Bahamas.” BahamasGateway.com. 2000. BahamasGateway.com. 2 October 2008. < http://www.bahamasgateway.com/bahamas_History.htm >. “ History of the Bahamas.” The Islands of the Bahamas. 2008. Geographia. 2 October 2008. < http://www.geographyia.com/bahamas/bahistory.htm >. “ Jamaica – History.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. <http://www.country- studies.com/caribbean-islands/jamaica history.html>. “ Political Traditions.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. <http://www.country- studies.com/caribbean-islands/political traditions.html>. “ The European Settlements.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. <http://country- studies.com/caribbean-islands/the european-settlements.html>. “ The Leeward Islands.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. < http://www.country- studies.com/caribbean-islands/the-leeward islands.html>. “ The Windward Islands and Barbados.” Country Studies. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 2 October 2008. < http://www.country- studies.com/caribbean islands/the-windward-islands-and-barbados.html>. David Plane. “Biography of Robert Venables.” British Civil Wars and Commonwealth . 25 June 2008. Creative Commons License. 6 October 2008. < http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/venables.htm > Lapsansly-Werner, Emma, Peter Levy, Randy Roberts, Alan Taylor. United States History . Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008. Wilkinson, Jerry. “History of the Bahamas.” Keys Historeum. Jerry Wilkinson. Keys History. 2 October 2008. < http://www.keyshistory.org/bahamas.html >. The Nystrom Atlas of United States History . Chicago, Illinois: Nystrom Herff Jones Education Division, 2000.