Following the 2008 "Re-imaging Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil symposium, Penn IUR solicited manuscripts on environmental and energy challenges and their effect on the redesign of urban environments.
Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect in the 19th century who is considered the founder of landscape architecture in the United States. He co-designed many urban parks, including New York City's Central Park and Boston's Emerald Necklace. Olmsted believed that integrating natural landscapes into cities would improve urban living conditions and bring aesthetic beauty. He designed parks to provide open spaces for public use and contemplation of nature, regardless of class.
Leon Krier is an influential architect and urban planner born in 1946 in Luxembourg. He is known for criticizing modernist architecture and advocating for traditional European city models. His most notable projects include the new town of Poundbury in the UK and master plans for Cayalá, Guatemala. Krier argues for reconstructing the rational order and typology of traditional architecture and cities. He believes modernist planning has led to detrimental zoning laws and suburban sprawl. Krier's writings have greatly influenced the New Urbanism movement.
This document provides a brief history of urban planning from the late 19th century to today. It describes how planning emerged in response to health and social crises in cities during the Industrial Revolution. Early influences included Marxism, the Romantic and Progressive movements, and public health reformers seeking to address overcrowding, pollution and disease through parks, infrastructure and zoning. Notable figures who shaped early planning ideas and projects included Frederick Law Olmsted, Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, though their utopian visions did not always match reality. Zoning and master plans became common planning tools in the 20th century, though zoning often exacerbated social inequities and sprawl remains a challenge
Forces that shaped Frank Lloyd Wright, coming directly from the root.Shimon Mily
All the influences, or forces, affected everything Wright learned during his years of apprenticeship and formed the philosophical basis for his vision of merging his architecture with nature, the developed landscape, the visual and fine arts, and the large environment of community as he conceived, defined and refined continuously his principles for organic architecture during the 70 years of professional life.
Jane jacobs death and life the great american citiesDedy Ruzwardy
This chapter critiques current city planning principles and introduces new opposing principles. It discusses three historical models of city planning - the City Garden, inspired by Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities which aimed to remedy overcrowding and poor conditions in cities; the Radiant City, Le Corbusier's model of clustered skyscrapers in parks; and the City Beautiful movement exemplified by the 1893 World's Fair, which promoted grand monuments and beautification. While the Garden City influenced later models like the Radiant City, the Decentrists criticized its high densities, preferring garden suburbs instead. Robert Moses applied the Radiant City model to New York through expressways but faced opposition from Jane Jacobs.
Critical regionalism is an architectural approach that counters placelessness in modern architecture by giving a sense of place and meaning through contextual forces. It values a building's response to its particular context, emphasizing topography, climate, and light over visual scenography. Critical regionalism adopts modern architecture for its progressive qualities but also values local responses. It differs from regionalism by consciously partaking in the universal rather than striving for direct correspondence with vernacular forms.
The exhibit "The City Lost and Found: Capturing New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, 1960-1980" curated by Greg Foster-Rice explores changes in those three cities over two decades through photographs, artworks, and urban planning materials. It examines the relationship between the cities and their residents and how artists responded to shifts in infrastructure and politics. The exhibit presents pieces like Mierle Laderman Ukeles' documentation of sanitation workers and Romare Bearden's "The Block II" to depict each city's character while also showing activism through works by Garry Winogrand and Leonard Freed. Foster-Rice aimed to display the pieces as objects from the time period to immerse viewers
This document summarizes the original urban design principles behind the neighborhood concepts developed by Clarence Stein/Henry Wright and Clarence Perry in the 1920s. Both aimed to address problems of the time like traffic and crowded living conditions. Stein/Wright's "Radburn model" featured superblocks with houses around a central green, separated vehicle/pedestrian access, and a road hierarchy. Perry's "Neighborhood Unit" centered on an elementary school and parks. While their ideas helped shape planning, subsequent developments distorted the original principles around neighborhood size, boundaries and facilities.
Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect in the 19th century who is considered the founder of landscape architecture in the United States. He co-designed many urban parks, including New York City's Central Park and Boston's Emerald Necklace. Olmsted believed that integrating natural landscapes into cities would improve urban living conditions and bring aesthetic beauty. He designed parks to provide open spaces for public use and contemplation of nature, regardless of class.
Leon Krier is an influential architect and urban planner born in 1946 in Luxembourg. He is known for criticizing modernist architecture and advocating for traditional European city models. His most notable projects include the new town of Poundbury in the UK and master plans for Cayalá, Guatemala. Krier argues for reconstructing the rational order and typology of traditional architecture and cities. He believes modernist planning has led to detrimental zoning laws and suburban sprawl. Krier's writings have greatly influenced the New Urbanism movement.
This document provides a brief history of urban planning from the late 19th century to today. It describes how planning emerged in response to health and social crises in cities during the Industrial Revolution. Early influences included Marxism, the Romantic and Progressive movements, and public health reformers seeking to address overcrowding, pollution and disease through parks, infrastructure and zoning. Notable figures who shaped early planning ideas and projects included Frederick Law Olmsted, Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright, though their utopian visions did not always match reality. Zoning and master plans became common planning tools in the 20th century, though zoning often exacerbated social inequities and sprawl remains a challenge
Forces that shaped Frank Lloyd Wright, coming directly from the root.Shimon Mily
All the influences, or forces, affected everything Wright learned during his years of apprenticeship and formed the philosophical basis for his vision of merging his architecture with nature, the developed landscape, the visual and fine arts, and the large environment of community as he conceived, defined and refined continuously his principles for organic architecture during the 70 years of professional life.
Jane jacobs death and life the great american citiesDedy Ruzwardy
This chapter critiques current city planning principles and introduces new opposing principles. It discusses three historical models of city planning - the City Garden, inspired by Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities which aimed to remedy overcrowding and poor conditions in cities; the Radiant City, Le Corbusier's model of clustered skyscrapers in parks; and the City Beautiful movement exemplified by the 1893 World's Fair, which promoted grand monuments and beautification. While the Garden City influenced later models like the Radiant City, the Decentrists criticized its high densities, preferring garden suburbs instead. Robert Moses applied the Radiant City model to New York through expressways but faced opposition from Jane Jacobs.
Critical regionalism is an architectural approach that counters placelessness in modern architecture by giving a sense of place and meaning through contextual forces. It values a building's response to its particular context, emphasizing topography, climate, and light over visual scenography. Critical regionalism adopts modern architecture for its progressive qualities but also values local responses. It differs from regionalism by consciously partaking in the universal rather than striving for direct correspondence with vernacular forms.
The exhibit "The City Lost and Found: Capturing New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, 1960-1980" curated by Greg Foster-Rice explores changes in those three cities over two decades through photographs, artworks, and urban planning materials. It examines the relationship between the cities and their residents and how artists responded to shifts in infrastructure and politics. The exhibit presents pieces like Mierle Laderman Ukeles' documentation of sanitation workers and Romare Bearden's "The Block II" to depict each city's character while also showing activism through works by Garry Winogrand and Leonard Freed. Foster-Rice aimed to display the pieces as objects from the time period to immerse viewers
This document summarizes the original urban design principles behind the neighborhood concepts developed by Clarence Stein/Henry Wright and Clarence Perry in the 1920s. Both aimed to address problems of the time like traffic and crowded living conditions. Stein/Wright's "Radburn model" featured superblocks with houses around a central green, separated vehicle/pedestrian access, and a road hierarchy. Perry's "Neighborhood Unit" centered on an elementary school and parks. While their ideas helped shape planning, subsequent developments distorted the original principles around neighborhood size, boundaries and facilities.
A City With A Sense. Back To Kevin Lynch S The Image Of The CityJoshua Gorinson
- Three influential books on cities were published in the early 1960s: The Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, Townscape by Gordon Cullen, and The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs.
- Kevin Lynch was an academic who sought to understand how people perceive and experience cities through empirical research. His most famous book, The Image of the City, was influenced by his time living in Florence in the early 1950s.
- Gordon Cullen saw cities from an artistic perspective and emphasized small-scale urban design. Townscape was a collection of his sketches and ideas from his time with the Architectural Review.
- Jane Jacobs was a critic of urban renewal projects in New York and advocated for
This document provides summaries of 18 influential books related to the development of urban planning as a field from 1909 to 1962. It describes the key ideas and impacts of each book, including foundational works on city planning techniques, the rise of suburbs, new conceptual approaches to urban design, and the growth of planning as a professional discipline and area of academic study. Many of the books discussed still shape planning practice and thinking today.
The document discusses several key theories and thinkers in post-war city planning, beginning with three main conceptions: 1) town planning as physical planning, 2) design as central to town planning, and 3) the production of "master" or "blueprint" plans. It then profiles several influential planners and their ideas, including Clarence Perry and the neighborhood unit, Lewis Mumford and the organic city, Kevin Lynch and the elements of urban form, Jane Jacobs and bottom-up community planning, Clarence Stein and the expansion of the neighborhood concept, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City decentralized plan.
Architects have significantly influenced urban planning throughout history. Notable architects mentioned include Rem Koolhaas, Le Corbusier, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Daniel Burnham, Jan Gehl, Camillo Sitte, Raj Rewal, Fredrick Law Olmsted, Arata Isozaki, Massimiliano Fuksas, Norman Foster, Jaime Lerner, Robert Moses, Catherine Bauer Wurster, Rahul Mehrotra, Gordon Cullen, and Jean Nouvel. These architects brought innovative design solutions and a creative vision to shaping the built environment of cities and towns. Today, architects continue to play an important role in urban planning by working to create livable, sustainable,
The document discusses urban design theories and the metabolist movement in Japan. Some key points:
- The metabolist movement emerged in post-war Japan to address the need for efficient residential and urban housing. Metabolists rejected traditional architecture and envisioned cities with large, flexible structures that facilitate organic growth.
- Notable metabolist projects included Kisho Kurokawa's capsule tower and Kenzo Tange's plans for redeveloping cities like Tokyo that integrated the sea and sky into urban habitats.
- The metabolist movement was influenced by teams like Team X and sought to situate futuristic concepts in the context of Japan's reconstruction and rapid economic growth in the 1960s.
-
Urban design is a problem-solving activity that shapes the physical form of cities at all scales. It considers how to create an appropriate physical framework for human activities in cities. The scope of urban design has expanded in response to changes in culture, politics, society and the environment. It draws from theories in urban planning, architecture, and human perception and behavior. Key figures like Jacobs, Lynch, and Rossi influenced urban design to consider aspects like density, land use, collective memory, and the user experience within the built environment. Urban design aims to thoughtfully structure urban form.
This document summarizes an academic article about how theories of everyday life have influenced the fields of architecture and architectural history. It discusses how architects have long sought to establish their profession by differentiating architectural works from ordinary or vernacular buildings. Theories of everyday life, beginning with Henri Lefebvre's work, have helped architectural thinkers examine everyday spaces and critique trends toward commercialization and standardization in the built environment. However, theories of the everyday have also reinforced dichotomous thinking about architecture and landscapes. The document argues for an alternative perspective grounded in the materiality and bodily experiences of everyday spaces.
Cities and Memory - Construction of Social Spaces and the Mnemonics of the Bu...Hunter Reinhardt
This document provides a summary of a research paper titled "Cities and Memory: Construction of Social Space and the Mnemonics of the Built Environment" by Hunter Reinhardt. The paper examines how cities imbue physical spaces with cultural and social meaning through architecture and monuments. It analyzes three books that look at this topic through different lenses: social geography, architectural history, and archaeology. The summary focuses on Dolores Hayden's book "The Power of Place" which argues urban landscapes can convey public history when they incorporate marginalized groups. It describes Hayden's case study of memorializing "Grandma" Biddy Mason, an influential African American leader in late 19th century LA. The summary concisely
This document provides biographical information on several architects important to Shreveport's architectural history, including Edward Fairfax Neild Sr., Theodore A. Flaxman, William B. Wiener Jr., William B. Wiener, Samuel G. Wiener, Richard Joseph Neutra, John F. Staub, and William B. Wiener. It describes their educational backgrounds, key architectural works, and influences. It highlights Shreveport buildings designed by these architects as well as some of their broader contributions to architecture.
Urban planning has evolved over 6000 years, beginning with the earliest planned cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ancient cities like Babylon and Miletus established grid patterns and central marketplaces. The Romans advanced regional planning through their road networks. In medieval times, cities were walled and compact. The Renaissance and Baroque eras emphasized beauty. The Industrial Revolution led to congestion and pollution. Reformers like Howard and Geddes proposed concepts like garden cities. In the 20th century, Burnham advocated master plans while advocacy planning represented specific groups. Post-war growth saw renewal and regional planning. Contemporary planning focuses on private development, the environment, and citizen participation. Different nations have contributed approaches like France's regional planning and
The Architects' Revolutionary Council (ARC) was a radical student group formed in 1974 at the Architectural Association in London. They staged dramatic protests and published inflammatory manifestos calling for the destruction of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the establishment of community-focused architecture. ARC was led by former GLC planner Brian Anson and students from the UK and abroad. They vocally opposed what they saw as the oppression of working-class communities by architects and planners imposing middle-class values. Through posters, journals, and disruptions of events, ARC strongly criticized the RIBA and major development projects, seeking to recruit architects to prioritize community needs over wealthy clients. While gaining media attention, ARC
Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist best known for his analysis of postmodernism. In his seminal work "Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", Jameson argues that postmodernism emerges from late stage capitalism and is characterized by the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism. He uses Ernest Mandel's designation of late capitalism or multinational capitalism as the economic stage that gives rise to postmodernism and its cultural trends and stylistic features. Jameson examines how postmodernism manifests in various cultural domains including architecture, literature, music and more.
The document discusses the history and theories of urban planning from 1880-1945. It describes two main traditions - the Anglo-American tradition and the European tradition. For the Anglo-American tradition, influential thinkers included Ebenezer Howard who proposed garden cities, Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker who developed the garden city concept further, and Clarence Perry who developed the neighborhood unit concept. The European tradition was influenced by thinkers such as the Spanish engineer Soria Y Mata who proposed developing linear cities along transportation axes. The document provides details on the concepts and diagrams developed by these early urban planning theorists.
The document discusses Jane Jacobs' critique of modernist planning principles and her ideas about cities from her influential book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities." It provides context on Jacobs' background and experience that informed her urban theories. The book argued for urban density and diversity, rejecting the conventional views that saw old neighborhoods as blighted and in need of demolition. Instead, Jacobs emphasized the importance of sidewalks, parks, and neighborhoods in making cities safe and vibrant. The document outlines some of her key principles for street design and the natural surveillance needed to support urban life.
The Chicago School of Architecture emerged in the late 19th century in response to Chicago's rapid growth as an industrial center following the 1871 fire. Architects developed new construction techniques like the steel skeleton frame, allowing taller buildings. They also rejected historical styles, seeking forms more reflective of modern life. The Chicago School produced innovations in both skyscrapers and residential design, anticipating modern architecture worldwide. Significant surviving examples illustrate the evolution of these styles.
http://www.understandingrace.org/images/482x270/society/post_war_economic_boom.jpg
http://afflictor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/800px-NewYorkCityManhattanRockefellerCenter.jpg
In this week’s lecture and readings we learn about the modern skyscraper as well as the horizontal growth of the suburban areas. In Le Corbusier book A Contemporary City, it gives us a brief overview of his life. We know that he is a founding father to the modernist movement known as the International style, and that he also entered a competition to plan a “contemporary city of 3 million people,” that did not end up winning. Although he did not win, in this book he describes the leading factors that would contribute to his plan of a contemporary city. Of these factors was this topic of skyscrapers. He states, “The skyscrapers are designed purely for business purposes,” he later discusses how skyscrapers are also capable of housing employees, businesses and hotel sections. We also learned that skyscrapers have essential characteristics that define what a modern skyscraper and how there were certain technological requirements that were needed in order to develop a skyscraper. With regards to the development of skyscrapers, zoning properties were quickly established, which ultimately came to the influence of the aesthetic and visual properties of the city as a whole.
In Widogers publication on The "Solar Eye" of Vision Emergence of the Skyscraper-Viewer in the Discourse on Heights in New York City, 1890-1920 we learned how Alvin Coburn, a photographer, takes his camera upon Madison Square in 1921 from the vantage point of the metropolitan life tower, and creates the first abstraction of a city viewed from above. It is also important because he also discusses how modern skyscrapers correspond to the urban transformation in New York City between the period 1890 and 1920. This then brings about the observation on how periods of social upheaval affect individualism and mass identity, which in turn conditions the way artists and writers define their artistic vision in relation to daily life in the city. He also states that, “The tower on Madison Square Garden and the Metropolitan Life Tower had similar features: they were not fully fledged skyscrapers but rather towers constructed either beside or on top of a block-shaped building.” The author also capitalizes on how this metropolitan lifestyle can alter ones behavior due to the environment that surrounds them.
Post World War Two was the beginning of the housing boom. “The transition from a war to peacetime economy was centered on the mass consumerism, ”According to the lecture. The scarce shortage of material forced designers to develop new ways of building. This then lead to large scale housing production where some of these housing parts were sometimes made up of refashioned tank and airplane parts. This allowed for houses to be produced more efficiently and in bulk. During this transition time between wartime to pe.
History of Urban Planning- Introduction to urban planningarananeust
Urban planning emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1900s. It draws on engineering, architecture, and social and political concerns to regulate land use and development. The goal is to balance economic, environmental, social, and aesthetic factors. Early examples of planning date back to ancient civilizations like China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia which had orderly street grids and specialized quarters. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, rulers embarked on ambitious city redesign projects to showcase their power. The industrial revolution led to rapid urban growth which necessitated modern urban planning approaches.
Jacobs had no professional training in the field of city planning, nor did she hold the title of planner. Instead, she relied on her observations and common sense to show why certain places work, and what can be done to improve those that do not
The document discusses how modern architecture and urban planning emerged in the early 20th century. It suggests that modernist architects like Le Corbusier may have had neurological conditions like autism that influenced their designs. Their brains processed visual stimuli differently and they disliked chaotic urban environments. This helped shape Le Corbusier's vision of isolated towers and highways with no crowds, which was easier for those with autism to process visually. Recent research indicates people with autism can experience hypersensitivity to complex visual scenes, and modernism simplified designs in a way that addressed this.
The document discusses challenges with financing energy efficiency projects. It notes that two key challenges are a lack of quality data and low consumer engagement. It describes different models for direct financing to consumers and indirect financing of larger projects. Open energy data initiatives could help address data issues and allow better assessment of risks. Improving consumer engagement on energy use would also help promote direct financing options.
The document summarizes a paper that proposes a new method for commercial mortgage lenders to explicitly factor energy risk and building energy efficiency into mortgage underwriting. It finds that standard underwriting does not account for risks from volatile energy prices, which can significantly impact building cash flows. The authors develop a model to simulate cash flows under different energy price scenarios and incorporate these risks into loan valuations. The results show loan valuations are 8.5% lower when accounting for energy, with larger reductions for larger buildings and loans. The paper concludes this method can help lenders more accurately price loans based on location-specific energy risks and efficiency levels.
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A City With A Sense. Back To Kevin Lynch S The Image Of The CityJoshua Gorinson
- Three influential books on cities were published in the early 1960s: The Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, Townscape by Gordon Cullen, and The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs.
- Kevin Lynch was an academic who sought to understand how people perceive and experience cities through empirical research. His most famous book, The Image of the City, was influenced by his time living in Florence in the early 1950s.
- Gordon Cullen saw cities from an artistic perspective and emphasized small-scale urban design. Townscape was a collection of his sketches and ideas from his time with the Architectural Review.
- Jane Jacobs was a critic of urban renewal projects in New York and advocated for
This document provides summaries of 18 influential books related to the development of urban planning as a field from 1909 to 1962. It describes the key ideas and impacts of each book, including foundational works on city planning techniques, the rise of suburbs, new conceptual approaches to urban design, and the growth of planning as a professional discipline and area of academic study. Many of the books discussed still shape planning practice and thinking today.
The document discusses several key theories and thinkers in post-war city planning, beginning with three main conceptions: 1) town planning as physical planning, 2) design as central to town planning, and 3) the production of "master" or "blueprint" plans. It then profiles several influential planners and their ideas, including Clarence Perry and the neighborhood unit, Lewis Mumford and the organic city, Kevin Lynch and the elements of urban form, Jane Jacobs and bottom-up community planning, Clarence Stein and the expansion of the neighborhood concept, and Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City decentralized plan.
Architects have significantly influenced urban planning throughout history. Notable architects mentioned include Rem Koolhaas, Le Corbusier, Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Daniel Burnham, Jan Gehl, Camillo Sitte, Raj Rewal, Fredrick Law Olmsted, Arata Isozaki, Massimiliano Fuksas, Norman Foster, Jaime Lerner, Robert Moses, Catherine Bauer Wurster, Rahul Mehrotra, Gordon Cullen, and Jean Nouvel. These architects brought innovative design solutions and a creative vision to shaping the built environment of cities and towns. Today, architects continue to play an important role in urban planning by working to create livable, sustainable,
The document discusses urban design theories and the metabolist movement in Japan. Some key points:
- The metabolist movement emerged in post-war Japan to address the need for efficient residential and urban housing. Metabolists rejected traditional architecture and envisioned cities with large, flexible structures that facilitate organic growth.
- Notable metabolist projects included Kisho Kurokawa's capsule tower and Kenzo Tange's plans for redeveloping cities like Tokyo that integrated the sea and sky into urban habitats.
- The metabolist movement was influenced by teams like Team X and sought to situate futuristic concepts in the context of Japan's reconstruction and rapid economic growth in the 1960s.
-
Urban design is a problem-solving activity that shapes the physical form of cities at all scales. It considers how to create an appropriate physical framework for human activities in cities. The scope of urban design has expanded in response to changes in culture, politics, society and the environment. It draws from theories in urban planning, architecture, and human perception and behavior. Key figures like Jacobs, Lynch, and Rossi influenced urban design to consider aspects like density, land use, collective memory, and the user experience within the built environment. Urban design aims to thoughtfully structure urban form.
This document summarizes an academic article about how theories of everyday life have influenced the fields of architecture and architectural history. It discusses how architects have long sought to establish their profession by differentiating architectural works from ordinary or vernacular buildings. Theories of everyday life, beginning with Henri Lefebvre's work, have helped architectural thinkers examine everyday spaces and critique trends toward commercialization and standardization in the built environment. However, theories of the everyday have also reinforced dichotomous thinking about architecture and landscapes. The document argues for an alternative perspective grounded in the materiality and bodily experiences of everyday spaces.
Cities and Memory - Construction of Social Spaces and the Mnemonics of the Bu...Hunter Reinhardt
This document provides a summary of a research paper titled "Cities and Memory: Construction of Social Space and the Mnemonics of the Built Environment" by Hunter Reinhardt. The paper examines how cities imbue physical spaces with cultural and social meaning through architecture and monuments. It analyzes three books that look at this topic through different lenses: social geography, architectural history, and archaeology. The summary focuses on Dolores Hayden's book "The Power of Place" which argues urban landscapes can convey public history when they incorporate marginalized groups. It describes Hayden's case study of memorializing "Grandma" Biddy Mason, an influential African American leader in late 19th century LA. The summary concisely
This document provides biographical information on several architects important to Shreveport's architectural history, including Edward Fairfax Neild Sr., Theodore A. Flaxman, William B. Wiener Jr., William B. Wiener, Samuel G. Wiener, Richard Joseph Neutra, John F. Staub, and William B. Wiener. It describes their educational backgrounds, key architectural works, and influences. It highlights Shreveport buildings designed by these architects as well as some of their broader contributions to architecture.
Urban planning has evolved over 6000 years, beginning with the earliest planned cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Ancient cities like Babylon and Miletus established grid patterns and central marketplaces. The Romans advanced regional planning through their road networks. In medieval times, cities were walled and compact. The Renaissance and Baroque eras emphasized beauty. The Industrial Revolution led to congestion and pollution. Reformers like Howard and Geddes proposed concepts like garden cities. In the 20th century, Burnham advocated master plans while advocacy planning represented specific groups. Post-war growth saw renewal and regional planning. Contemporary planning focuses on private development, the environment, and citizen participation. Different nations have contributed approaches like France's regional planning and
The Architects' Revolutionary Council (ARC) was a radical student group formed in 1974 at the Architectural Association in London. They staged dramatic protests and published inflammatory manifestos calling for the destruction of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the establishment of community-focused architecture. ARC was led by former GLC planner Brian Anson and students from the UK and abroad. They vocally opposed what they saw as the oppression of working-class communities by architects and planners imposing middle-class values. Through posters, journals, and disruptions of events, ARC strongly criticized the RIBA and major development projects, seeking to recruit architects to prioritize community needs over wealthy clients. While gaining media attention, ARC
Fredric Jameson is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist best known for his analysis of postmodernism. In his seminal work "Postmodernism, Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism", Jameson argues that postmodernism emerges from late stage capitalism and is characterized by the spatialization of culture under the pressure of organized capitalism. He uses Ernest Mandel's designation of late capitalism or multinational capitalism as the economic stage that gives rise to postmodernism and its cultural trends and stylistic features. Jameson examines how postmodernism manifests in various cultural domains including architecture, literature, music and more.
The document discusses the history and theories of urban planning from 1880-1945. It describes two main traditions - the Anglo-American tradition and the European tradition. For the Anglo-American tradition, influential thinkers included Ebenezer Howard who proposed garden cities, Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker who developed the garden city concept further, and Clarence Perry who developed the neighborhood unit concept. The European tradition was influenced by thinkers such as the Spanish engineer Soria Y Mata who proposed developing linear cities along transportation axes. The document provides details on the concepts and diagrams developed by these early urban planning theorists.
The document discusses Jane Jacobs' critique of modernist planning principles and her ideas about cities from her influential book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities." It provides context on Jacobs' background and experience that informed her urban theories. The book argued for urban density and diversity, rejecting the conventional views that saw old neighborhoods as blighted and in need of demolition. Instead, Jacobs emphasized the importance of sidewalks, parks, and neighborhoods in making cities safe and vibrant. The document outlines some of her key principles for street design and the natural surveillance needed to support urban life.
The Chicago School of Architecture emerged in the late 19th century in response to Chicago's rapid growth as an industrial center following the 1871 fire. Architects developed new construction techniques like the steel skeleton frame, allowing taller buildings. They also rejected historical styles, seeking forms more reflective of modern life. The Chicago School produced innovations in both skyscrapers and residential design, anticipating modern architecture worldwide. Significant surviving examples illustrate the evolution of these styles.
http://www.understandingrace.org/images/482x270/society/post_war_economic_boom.jpg
http://afflictor.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/800px-NewYorkCityManhattanRockefellerCenter.jpg
In this week’s lecture and readings we learn about the modern skyscraper as well as the horizontal growth of the suburban areas. In Le Corbusier book A Contemporary City, it gives us a brief overview of his life. We know that he is a founding father to the modernist movement known as the International style, and that he also entered a competition to plan a “contemporary city of 3 million people,” that did not end up winning. Although he did not win, in this book he describes the leading factors that would contribute to his plan of a contemporary city. Of these factors was this topic of skyscrapers. He states, “The skyscrapers are designed purely for business purposes,” he later discusses how skyscrapers are also capable of housing employees, businesses and hotel sections. We also learned that skyscrapers have essential characteristics that define what a modern skyscraper and how there were certain technological requirements that were needed in order to develop a skyscraper. With regards to the development of skyscrapers, zoning properties were quickly established, which ultimately came to the influence of the aesthetic and visual properties of the city as a whole.
In Widogers publication on The "Solar Eye" of Vision Emergence of the Skyscraper-Viewer in the Discourse on Heights in New York City, 1890-1920 we learned how Alvin Coburn, a photographer, takes his camera upon Madison Square in 1921 from the vantage point of the metropolitan life tower, and creates the first abstraction of a city viewed from above. It is also important because he also discusses how modern skyscrapers correspond to the urban transformation in New York City between the period 1890 and 1920. This then brings about the observation on how periods of social upheaval affect individualism and mass identity, which in turn conditions the way artists and writers define their artistic vision in relation to daily life in the city. He also states that, “The tower on Madison Square Garden and the Metropolitan Life Tower had similar features: they were not fully fledged skyscrapers but rather towers constructed either beside or on top of a block-shaped building.” The author also capitalizes on how this metropolitan lifestyle can alter ones behavior due to the environment that surrounds them.
Post World War Two was the beginning of the housing boom. “The transition from a war to peacetime economy was centered on the mass consumerism, ”According to the lecture. The scarce shortage of material forced designers to develop new ways of building. This then lead to large scale housing production where some of these housing parts were sometimes made up of refashioned tank and airplane parts. This allowed for houses to be produced more efficiently and in bulk. During this transition time between wartime to pe.
History of Urban Planning- Introduction to urban planningarananeust
Urban planning emerged as an academic discipline in the early 1900s. It draws on engineering, architecture, and social and political concerns to regulate land use and development. The goal is to balance economic, environmental, social, and aesthetic factors. Early examples of planning date back to ancient civilizations like China, India, Egypt and Mesopotamia which had orderly street grids and specialized quarters. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, rulers embarked on ambitious city redesign projects to showcase their power. The industrial revolution led to rapid urban growth which necessitated modern urban planning approaches.
Jacobs had no professional training in the field of city planning, nor did she hold the title of planner. Instead, she relied on her observations and common sense to show why certain places work, and what can be done to improve those that do not
The document discusses how modern architecture and urban planning emerged in the early 20th century. It suggests that modernist architects like Le Corbusier may have had neurological conditions like autism that influenced their designs. Their brains processed visual stimuli differently and they disliked chaotic urban environments. This helped shape Le Corbusier's vision of isolated towers and highways with no crowds, which was easier for those with autism to process visually. Recent research indicates people with autism can experience hypersensitivity to complex visual scenes, and modernism simplified designs in a way that addressed this.
Similar to Urban Design and the New Environmentalists (20)
The document discusses challenges with financing energy efficiency projects. It notes that two key challenges are a lack of quality data and low consumer engagement. It describes different models for direct financing to consumers and indirect financing of larger projects. Open energy data initiatives could help address data issues and allow better assessment of risks. Improving consumer engagement on energy use would also help promote direct financing options.
The document summarizes a paper that proposes a new method for commercial mortgage lenders to explicitly factor energy risk and building energy efficiency into mortgage underwriting. It finds that standard underwriting does not account for risks from volatile energy prices, which can significantly impact building cash flows. The authors develop a model to simulate cash flows under different energy price scenarios and incorporate these risks into loan valuations. The results show loan valuations are 8.5% lower when accounting for energy, with larger reductions for larger buildings and loans. The paper concludes this method can help lenders more accurately price loans based on location-specific energy risks and efficiency levels.
This document summarizes the top 10 conceptual hurdles to greater investment in energy efficiency. It discusses issues such as how construction lending differs from lending on stabilized properties, the different risk cultures across real estate asset classes, the fallacy that if there is no market data the value is zero, focusing on low hanging fruit improvements over deep retrofits, timing efficiency upgrades with capital expenditure cycles, and only considering cost savings without other potential benefits. It also addresses issues like the simple payback fallacy of not including reversion, incentives needed for renewable energy similar to subsidies for fossil fuels, greater emotional impact of potential losses over gains, and how complex credit issues have been solved before through mechanisms like credit enhancement.
This document discusses the shift from Keynesian economics to neoliberalism in urban politics and policy in the United States and Britain between 1976-2000. It argues that neoliberalism undermined cities' governing capacity and launched a new trajectory of political development that proceeded through two logics: neoliberalization by default through events like financial crises, and neoliberalization by design through targeted policy changes imposed by national elites. It provides examples of neoliberalization by design in London Docklands and neoliberalization by default through financial collapse and ideological shifts in Philadelphia.
This document discusses human capital-centered regional economic development and analyzes Philadelphia's biosciences sector as a case study. It outlines several analytical approaches used to understand regional occupational clusters and gaps, including occupational cluster analysis, industry/occupation cluster analysis, and gap analysis. These techniques help identify regional strengths and opportunities but require strong institutions to effectively translate analysis into coherent policy. The case of Philadelphia's early 2000s efforts shows how analytical results may be irrelevant without such institutions, due in part to challenges of regional governance and ambiguity around workforce development goals.
Penn Roundtable on Anchor Institutions
Institute for Urban Research
University of Pennsylvania
Researched by:
Penn IUR Consultant
Matthew Kwatinetz, Managing Partner
QBL Partners
By Trey Popp
Penn Praxis has a plan for adding 500 acres of open green space to Philadelphia in the next four years. Their approach, informed by novel research by Penn scholars in areas ranging from real-estate economics to criminology, is a new way of imagining urban parkland.
June 15, 2011
Susan Covino's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Audrey Zibelman's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Michael Smith's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Matthew Summy's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Doug Laub's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Brewster McCracken's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Wayne Gardner's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
June 15, 2011
Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Jon Wellinghoff's presentation from America’s Sustainable Future: How U.S. Cities Are Making Energy Work, an invitational conference of public-private partnership efforts from U.S. cities pursuing innovative energy management and smart grid initiatives. The assembled leaders in industry, research and policy-making will explore the diverse energy strategies emerging in Philadelphia and across the United States.
“We’re really looking forward to both learning from the great examples set by other cities represented in the conference, and showing off the groundbreaking work happening right here in Philadelphia,” says Laurie Actman, Viridity Energy’s director of strategic partnerships and public policy.
“With smart ideas and smart policy, we should be able to build support for smart grid projects and microgrids at the federal, state and local level.”"Energy technology is changing at such a rapid pace, it's crucial to examine who's doing it right in smart grid and microgrid projects all around the country," says Eugenie Birch, Penn IUR co-director.
"With the right policy moves—which we'll be exploring at the conference—Philadelphia can be a national leader in energy innovation," noted Susan Wachter, Penn IUR co-director.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Urban Design and the New Environmentalists
1. Working
paper
Urban
Design
and
the
New
Environmentalists:
The
Legacy
of
the
Rockefeller
Foundation’s
Urban
Design
Research
Initiatives
Peter
L.
Laurence
Abstract:
History
of
Urban
Design
and
role
of
the
Rockefeller
Foundation.
I
the
late
1950s,
three
pioneering
scientists
undertook
controversial
projects
that
n
would
prove
essential
to
understanding
our
world
today,
shaping
our
T
environmental
consciousness:
Charles
Keeling
began
measuring
atmospheric
CO2
concentrations;
Rachel
Carson
started
writing
Silent
Spring;
and
M.
King
Hubbert
AF
published
his
prediction
of
the
depletion
of
U.S.
oil
reserves.
In
the
same
years,
architects,
city
planners,
and
landscape
architects
were
re-‐imagining
their
approach
to
the
environment:
Kevin
Lynch
pursued
basic
research
into
human
perception
of
R
the
built
environment;
Jane
Jacobs
began
writing
The
Death
and
Life
of
Great
American
Cities;
and
Ian
McHarg
reinvented
the
field
of
landscape
architecture,
D
starting
a
decade-‐long
effort
to
define
a
new
approach
to
designing
with
nature.
Although
the
scientists
would
independently
contribute
to
a
new
consciousness,
these
figures
were
part
of
a
shared
effort:
all
opposed
the
prevailing
“urban
renewal”
approach
to
the
redevelopment
of
cities
in
favor
of
a
more
“environmental”
approach;
all
were
part
of
a
remarkable
Rockefeller
Foundation
research
initiative
that
helped
to
define
the
new
field
of
urban
design;
and
all
met
in
October
1958
at
a
Foundation-‐sponsored
Urban
Design
conference
hosted
by
the
University
of
Pennsylvania.
Although
from
different
fields
and
backgrounds,
at
that
2. Working
paper
conference
they
discussed
urban
design
in
the
context
of
environment,
and,
to
indicate
their
shared
concerns,
collectively
described
themselves
as
“environmentalists.”
This
publication,
the
2008
Penn-‐Rockefeller
anniversary
conference,
and,
more
significantly,
the
urban-‐environmental
consciousness
of
its
participants,
all
owe
something
to
the
legacy
of
that
time
and
those
events.
The
Origins
of
Urban
Design
and
the
Impact
of
the
Rockefeller
Foundation’s
Urban
Design
Research
Initiative
T
“Urban,”
in
the
early
1950s,
was
an
idea
not
unlike
what
“sustainable”
is
today.
It
AF
reflected
a
new
consciousness
about
the
environment,
and
one
that
was
similarly
borne
of
crisis.
After
World
War
II
there
was
a
great
shortage
of
housing,
and
cities,
neglected
since
the
Great
Depression
due
to
financial
hardships
and
wartime
R
material
rationing,
were
in
need
of
rebuilding.
With
a
population
boom
and
a
suburban
building
boom
on
the
horizon,
the
U.S.
Housing
Act
of
1949
provided
for
D
the
demolition
of
slums
and
new
construction
in
the
form
of
“urban
redevelopment,”
and
it
was
around
this
time
that
the
term
“urban
design”
came
into
use.
With
the
passage
of
the
Housing
Act
of
1954,
which
broadened
the
parameters
for
demolition
beyond
slums,
“urban
redevelopment”
became
“urban
renewal,”
and
the
newly
coined
term
“urban
design”
gained
increasing
currency.
The
neologism
modernized
the
existing
city
design
practice
known
as
“civic
design,”
which
in
turn
had
updated
the
practice
known
as
“civic
art”
around
the
turn
of
the
century,
and
indicated
renewed
purpose.
Like
“sustainable”
design,
“urban”
design
sought
to
3. Working
paper
align
the
design
fields
with
larger
trends
and
new
concerns.
A
new
era
was
in
the
making.
As
Lewis
Mumford
wrote
in
opening
his
introduction
to
Clarence
Stein’s
notable
postwar
memoir-‐manifesto
Toward
New
Towns
for
America
(1951),
“Except
for
colonial
times,
hardly
a
beginning
has
been
made,
up
to
now,
on
the
history
of
American
city
development
and
urban
design.”1
Apart
from
Lewis
Mumford’s
prescient
use
of
the
term,
some
of
the
earliest
references
to
“urban
design”
are
found
in
the
archives
of
the
Rockefeller
Foundation.
In
1952,
Foundation
directors
became
interested
in
the
future
of
the
American
city,
and
soon
inaugurated
a
research
initiative
that
would
contribute
T
significantly
to
defining
and
shaping
the
new
field
of
urban
design.2
AF
The
instigator
was
Wallace
K.
Harrison.
Architect
of
Rockefeller
Center
and
long-‐time
friend
of
Nelson
Rockefeller,
Harrison
was
a
newly
appointed
executive
of
the
Rockefeller
Foundation.
At
the
height
of
his
career,
his
portrait,
surrounded
by
R
images
of
his
masterworks
in
the
background,
adorned
the
cover
of
Time
in
November
1952.
From
Rockefeller
Center
to
his
latest
undertaking,
the
not-‐yet-‐
D
public
Lincoln
Center
redevelopment
project,
he
was
intimate
with
city
redevelopment
practices
from
the
era
of
Civic
Design
to
the
new
era
of
Urban
Renewal.
Perhaps
with
a
sense
of
the
disparity
between
postwar
redevelopment
ambitions
and
the
knowledge
needed
to
undertake
it,
he
suggested
that
the
Foundation
support
research
in
city
design
and
redevelopment.
He
recommended
MIT
as
a
good
place
for
this,
being
newly
acquainted
with
Portland
architect-‐
engineer
Pietro
Belluschi,
a
Lincoln
Center
master-‐plan
team
member
and
new
Dean
of
the
MIT
School
of
Architecture
and
City
Planning.
With
the
added
support
of
4. Working
paper
former
MIT
president
and
Foundation
Trustee
Karl
Compton,
a
grant
initiative
that
would
help
define
a
new
field
was
launched.
The
Rockefeller
Foundation’s
support
of
city
planning
and
design
research
was
not
unprecedented.
In
1929,
the
Foundation
had
made
a
large
grant
that
established
the
first
City
Planning
degree
program
at
Harvard
Graduate
School
of
Design.3
However,
after
World
War
II,
city
planning
was
still
regarded
as
a
relatively
new
and
inexperienced
field,
and
one
that
was
necessary
but
insufficient
to
the
complex
task
of
renovating
cities.
As
Foundation
Humanities
Division
directors
established
early
in
their
conversations
with
MIT
faculty,
by
1953,
most
city
T
planning
programs
were
still
in
their
infancy,
having
been
founded
since
the
War’s
AF
end,
and,
in
general,
did
not
adequately
address
aesthetic
and
humanistic
concerns.
As
amateur
urbanist
and
MIT
Dean
of
Humanities
and
Social
Sciences
John
Burchard
Ely
observed,
postwar
city
planning
had
neglected
“aesthetic
elements
to
R
concentrate
largely
on
technical
ones
of
communication,
hygiene,
and
economics.”4
For
this
reason,
he
had
supported
the
creation
of
a
new
MIT
Center
for
Urban
and
D
Regional
Studies
in
1952,
as
“a
means
of
bringing
together
architecture
and
city
planning,”
as
well
as
the
phenomenologically-‐oriented
research
of
MIT
professors
and
Center
for
Urban
and
Regional
Studies
affiliates
Kevin
Lynch
and
Gyorgy
Kepes,
who
were
studying
“the
visual
aspects
of
the
physical
environment.”5
Since
little
systematic
research
had
been
done
on
“the
three-‐dimensional
urban
environment,”
all
agreed
that
their
work
was
a
good
starting
point
toward
understanding
the
implications
of
urban
redevelopment
and
renewal
practices.
5. Working
paper
Following
an
initial
research
proposal
in
1953,
which
matter-‐of-‐factly
used
the
term
‘urban
design’
without
explanation,
the
Rockefeller
Foundation
awarded
its
first
urban
design
research
grant
to
Lynch
and
Kepes
in
1954.
On
this
occasion,
Foundation
directors
described
the
significance
of
the
new
field,
recognizing
its
potential
for
synthesizing
architectural
design
with
city
planning
objectives.
They
wrote,
“The
Division
of
Humanities
has
no
intention
of
entering
the
general
field
of
city
planning.
Urban
design,
however,
is
one
of
the
fields
in
which
the
arts
have
most
direct
impact
on
the
quality
of
human
life.
In
view
of
the
relative
neglect
of
aesthetic
T
aspects
in
connection
with
city
planning
during
the
last
few
decades,
an
effort
to
AF
restore
the
balance
in
thinking
in
connection
with
city
design
seems
well
justified
under
the
Foundation’s
program
in
the
arts.”6
This
conception
of
urban
design,
as
articulated
by
Rockefeller
Foundation
R
directors,
was
not
only
timely,
but
prescient.
As
a
synthesizing
practice,
urban
design
responded
to
the
new
“urban”
national
legislative
agenda
and
echoed
the
D
contemporaneous
interest
in
integrating
architecture
and
the
arts.
From
the
standpoint
of
the
design
professions,
this
formulation
also
anticipated
the
interpretation
of
urban
design
as
a
synthesis
of
architecture,
city
planning,
and
landscape
architecture,
as
articulated
by
GSD
Dean
José
Luis
Sert
a
few
years
later
at
the
1956
“Harvard
Urban
Design
Conference.”
Over
the
next
ten
or
so
years,
the
Foundation’s
urban
design
research
program,
which
developed
between
1952
and
1965,
remained
an
inclusive
and
groundbreaking
endeavor,
supporting
research
that
produced
some
of
the
seminal
6. Working
paper
works
of
the
new
field.
Lynch
and
Kepes’
research
was
published
in
part
as
The
Image
of
the
City
(1960).
A
grant
to
Christopher
Tunnard
at
Yale
resulted
in
a
1958
conference
“Civilizing
the
American
Roadscape”
and
the
National
Book
Award-‐
winning
Man-Made
America:
Chaos
or
Control
(1963),
a
multi-‐scaled
analysis
of
the
built
environment
that
critiqued
urban
sprawl.
A
series
of
grants
to
the
University
of
Pennsylvania
starting
in
1956
resulted
in
the
historic
1958
“Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism,”
discussed
below;
E.
A.
Gutkind’s
eight-‐volume
International
History
of
City
Development
(1964-‐72);
Ian
Nairn’s
The
American
Landscape:
A
Critical
View
(1965);
Ed
Bacon’s
The
Design
of
Cities
(1967);
and
support
of
Ian
T
McHarg’s
rebuilding
of
the
Landscape
Architecture
department
at
Penn,
leading
to
AF
his
field-‐changing
book
Design
with
Nature
(1969).
Although
not
typically
associated
with
the
field
of
urban
design,
in
part
because
she
did
not
like
or
use
the
term,
was
Jane
Jacobs’
The
Death
and
Life
of
Great
American
Cities
(1961),
which
was
in
many
R
ways
the
urban
counterpart
to
McHarg’s
environmental
design,
and
one
of
the
most
significant
outcomes
of
the
Foundation’s
urban
design
grant
initiative.7
D
The
1958
Penn-Rockefeller
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism
The
1958
University
of
Pennsylvania
“Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism”
unfolded
from
a
conversation
between
Jane
Jacobs
and
Rockefeller
Foundation
Humanities
director
Chadbourne
Gilpatric
in
the
summer
of
1958.
7. Working
paper
Gilpatric,
who
by
then
had
become
the
champion
of
the
Foundation’s
urban
design
research
initiative,
was
impressed
by
Jacobs
recent
articles
on
cities
and
urban
redevelopment,
and
sought
her
opinion
on
Penn
grant
proposals
that
he
was
reviewing
at
the
time.
She
expressed
enthusiastic
approval
of
Ian
McHarg’s
idea
for
a
book
about
“civic
design
and
related
landscape
architecture,”
and
general
support
for
the
Penn
faculty
and
the
emerging
Philadelphia
School,
which
she
knew
quite
well,
since
the
city
was
part
of
her
beat
as
associate
editor
for
Architectural
Forum.
Penn,
she
believed,
was
perhaps
the
“most
productive
and
influential
center
at
present
in
the
United
States,”
due
not
only
to
the
individual
strengths
of
faculty
like
T
William
L.C.
Wheaton
and
Louis
Kahn,
but
because
of
a
shared
“concern
with
the
AF
importance
of
the
community
as
well
as
the
usual
physical
and
economic
considerations.”8
When
the
opportunity
presented
itself,
Jacobs
recommended
that
the
R
Rockefeller
Foundation
“find
and
give
opportunities
for
observation
and
writing
to
some
first-‐rate
architectural
critics
who
could
develop
helpful
new
ideas
for
the
D
planning
of
cities.”9
Like
her
colleague
and
boss,
Architectural
Forum
editor
Douglas
Haskell,
Jacobs
was
concerned
by
the
lack
of
critical
writing
on
architecture
and
urban
design
in
the
American
professional
and
public
press.
The
idea
struck
a
chord
with
Gilpatric,
who
had
a
personal
interest
not
only
in
cities,
but
in
literary
criticism.
In
the
following
weeks,
he
proposed
to
William
Wheaton,
Director
of
Penn’s
new
Institute
for
Urban
Studies,
that
the
School
of
Fine
Arts
host
a
conference
on
the
subject,
and
discussed
with
Jacobs
her
grant
proposal
for
a
book
on
cities.
In
October
1958,
Foundation
grants
underwrote
the
related
Penn
“Conference
on
8. Working
paper
Urban
Design
Criticism”
and
Jane
Jacobs’
leave
from
Architectural
Forum
to
write
the
manuscript
that
became
The
Death
and
Life
of
Great
American
Cities.
By
1958,
the
transformations
underway
in
U.S.
cities
had
outpaced
the
professional
capacity
to
adequately
follow
or
understand
them.
The
Supreme
Court
case
Berman
v.
Parker,
which
upheld
the
power
of
eminent
domain
for
urban
renewal,
and
the
Highway
Act
of
1956
contributed
to
exponential
annual
increases
in
numbers
of
renewal
projects.
As
Penn
conference
co-‐organizer
David
Crane
put
it,
“Urban
design
has
become
everybody’s
business
and
yet
it
is
nobody’s
business.”10
The
purpose
of
the
Penn
conference,
which
was
preliminarily
titled
the
T
“Conference
on
Criticism
in
Urban
Design,”
was
therefore
to
stimulate
reflection
and
AF
criticism
of
the
redevelopment
process
and
projects.
As
Crane
recalled
in
the
conference
working
paper,
“The
idea
of
this
conference
came
out
when
a
Rockefeller
Foundation
official
noted
that
a
certain
well-‐known
urban
renewal
scheme
had
been
R
published
widely
without
critical
commentary
of
any
kind.”
Alluding
to
Gilpatric’s
broader
interests
in
cultural
criticism,
he
continued,
“Further
reflection
on
this
D
circumstance
showed
that
there
is
even
more
to
be
done
in
the
arts
of
urban
redevelopment
than
the
Foundation
had
previously
observed
in
its
efforts
to
stimulate
better
criticism
and
review
in
music
and
literature.”11
As
William
Wheaton
wrote
in
the
initial
grant
proposal,
“the
low
state
of
urban
design
in
America
today”
was
a
reflection
of
the
lack
of
value
for
design
by
the
public
and
elected
officials,
as
well
as
“inadequate
standards
and
knowledge
on
the
part
of
the
professions
directly
concerned
with
city
building,
particularly
architects,
landscape
architects,
and
city
planners.”12
A
greater
“quality
and
quantity”
of
writing
about
urban
design
and
9. Working
paper
redevelopment
was
therefore
needed,
and
this
aimed
across
the
spectrum
of
authorship
and
readership,
from
theory
to
practice,
professional
to
layman,
scholarly
journal
to
public
press.
A
“contemporary
theory
of
urban
design”
needed
development,
even
as
critical
writing
concerning
urban
design
needed
to
engage
the
public,
practicing
professions,
and
the
civic
and
business
leaders
who
made
“daily
decisions
regarding
the
man-‐made
environment.”13
Recognizing
the
problems
of
urban
redevelopment
was
not
the
same
as
solving
them,
however.
Developing
urban
design
theory
and
criticism
was
a
challenge
when
the
very
term
“urban
design”
remained
a
matter
for
discussion.
As
T
Crane
observed
in
the
conference
working
paper,
“Urban
design
is
a
new
phrase,
at
AF
least
too
new
or
too
ambiguous
for
any
metropolitan
classified
directories
to
list
any
practitioners
of
the
art.
The
phrase
has
been
used
in
a
rather
timid
reawakening
of
professional
interests
in
the
conscious
esthetic
choices
in
city
development.”14
R
Although
Crane
had
been
thinking
about
the
term
for
some
years—he
had
studied
city
planning
with
Wheaton
at
Harvard,
worked
as
an
assistant
on
Lynch
and
Kepes’
D
early
Foundation-‐sponsored
research
at
MIT,
and
had
returned
to
Harvard
to
lecture
on
urban
design
in
early
1956—at
Penn,
as
elsewhere,
the
terms
“civic
design”
and
“townscape”
were
still
used.15
Despite
Wheaton
and
Crane’s
objections,
Penn’s
new
Civic
Design
program,
founded
in
1956,
was
given
the
more
familiar
term
by
Dean
G.
Holmes
Perkins,
likely
because
of
the
influence
of
Clarence
Stein
and
Gordon
Stephenson
(director
of
the
oldest
Civic
Design
program,
established
at
University
of
Liverpool
in
1909),
years
earlier,
before
the
emergence
of
a
more
“American
urban
design.”
Crane,
who
later
directed
the
Penn
program,
was
keen
to
10. Working
paper
establish
it
as
“the
progenitor
of
graduate
programs
in
‘urban
design’”
because
of
these
internal
terminological
debates.16
For
Wheaton
and
Crane,
however,
urban
design
was
the
appropriate
shorthand
for
“design
of
the
urban
environment.”17
The
term
reflected
a
new
consciousness
among
the
“environmental
professions,”
with
their
horizons
raised
above
the
civic
center
to
the
larger
man-‐made
environment,
“the
whole
of
the
human
settlement…
as
a
connected
fabric.”18
From
an
understanding
of
the
“environmentalism”
of
urban
design
it
followed
that
the
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism
required
the
participation
not
only
of
the
“environmental
professions”—architects,
city
planners,
and
T
landscape
architects—but
the
architectural
and
cultural
critics
who
would
engage
AF
the
public
in
the
critical
process.
Representing
practice
and
the
academy
were
Louis
Kahn,
I.
M.
Pei,
Gordon
Stephenson,
G.
Holmes
Perkins,
Arthur
C.
Holden,
Kevin
Lynch,
Catherine
Bauer
Wurster,
William
Wheaton,
David
Crane,
and
Ian
McHarg.
R
Among
the
critics
were
Lewis
Mumford,
Jane
Jacobs,
Grady
Clay,
J.
B.
Jackson,
Leslie
Cheek,
Eric
Larrabee,
Fritz
Gutheim,
Edward
Weeks,
and
Chadbourne
Gilpatric.
D
Other
participants
with
interest
or
experience
in
civic
and
urban
design
who
were
invited
and
considered
for
the
conference,
but
who
did
not
attend,
included
Walter
Gropius,
Joseph
Hudnut,
John
Burchard,
Victor
Gruen,
and
Holly
Whyte.
In
an
effort
to
keep
the
participants
focused
(Jane
Jacobs,
a
veteran
of
the
Harvard
Urban
Design
conference,
was
skeptical
about
how
much
a
conference
could
accomplish),
the
three-‐day
affair
was
held
at
the
Westchester
Country
Club,
conveniently
located
near
New
York
City,
where
meals,
tea,
and
cocktails
were
provided,
and
the
program
ran
from
morning
to
evening.
The
talks
were
11. Working
paper
organized
into
three
primary
groups—Philosophical
Views;
Efforts,
Inhibitions,
and
Failings
in
the
Urban
Design
Press;
and
Idea
and
Form
in
Urban
Design
Criticism.
Talks
on
criticism
and
the
press
included
Chadbourne
Gilpatric’s
“The
Meaning
of
Depth
in
Criticism,”
Gordon
Stephenson’s
“Design
and
City
Planning
as
Seen
in
the
Press,”
Frederick
Gutheim’s
“Efforts
of
the
Working
Press,”
Grady
Clay’s
“Form
and
Method
in
Design
Criticism,”
Catherine
Bauer’s
“Professional
Introspection
and
Extroversion,”
and
Jane
Jacobs’
“Inhibiting
Factors
in
Criticism.”
Talks
on
urbanism,
the
city,
and
environment
included
Louis
Kahn’s
“Ideas
of
the
City,”
Clay’s
“Ruminations
on
European
Townscapes,”
Bauer’s
“Asian
Vernaculars
in
Urban
T
Design,”
Arthur
Holden’s
“Sonnets
for
My
City,”
Kevin
Lynch’s
“Idea-‐Building
and
the
AF
Instruments
of
Communication,”
J.
B.
Jackson’s
“
Ecology
and
Values
in
Environment,”
and
Ian
McHarg’s
“New
and
Old
Attitudes
in
Urban
Environment.”19
Foundation
director
Gilpatric,
a
Rhodes
scholar
and
former
professor
of
R
philosophy,
among
other
career
accomplishments,
later
described
the
conference
as
“the
most
febrile
and
intellectual
conference
I
have
ever
attended.”20
Conversation
D
ranged
from
the
development
of
“the
creation
of
a
philosophy
of
urban
design”
to
specific
projects
meant
“to
build
public
awareness
and
appreciation
of
the
urban
environment.”21
As
later
reported
by
Grady
Clay
in
the
Journal
of
the
AIA,
when
conversation
bogged
down
in
details,
“Gilpatric
reminded
the
group
of
‘our
common
concern:
the
future
of
great
cities’.”22
The
scope
and
complexity
of
issues
made
it
clear
to
all
participants
that
“the
problem
of
urban
design
criticism”
would
not
be
solved
by
“any
one-‐purpose
solution.”23
The
list
of
“possible
measures”
discussed
in
the
concluding
session
was
12. Working
paper
long
and
prescient.
It
included
items
like
scholarly
and
popular
books
on
topics
like
the
“History
of
the
Suburb,”
complimented
by
criticism
not
only
of
the
end-‐product,
but
the
enabling
processes
and
fundamental
forces
that,
for
example,
created
suburban
sprawl.
“Don’t
be
content
with
the
usual
Ain’t-‐It-‐Awful
outburst
against
suburban
sprawl,”
reported
Clay.
“If
the
basic
reason
for
suburban
leapfrogging
of
subdivisions
is
speculative
holding
of
land,
then
go
to
work
on
speculation;
find
out
all
the
alternatives.”24
Other
proposals
included
an
institute
or
“center
of
‘environmentalism,’
drawing
on
and
acting
upon
all
the
learned
fields
presently
or
potentially
related
to
the
design
of
environment,”
a
new
“journal
directed
to
T
‘environmentalists’,”
and
other
projects
meant
to
celebrate
the
potential
of
vibrant
AF
urban
life.25
Gilpatric
had
hoped
that
the
conference
would
point
the
way
toward
“a
more
philosophical
approach
to
what
our
cities
should
provide
for
civilized
life,
before
R
going
all
out
to
stimulate
critical
writing.”26
The
participants’
latent
“environmentalism,”
their
understandings
of
the
complexity
and
interconnectivity
D
of
natural
and
social
urban
ecologies,
would
congeal
into
such
a
philosophy
in
the
years
ahead.
Describing,
for
example,
of
J.
B.
Jackson’s
journal
Landscape,
Crane
observed
that
writing
there
“establishes
a
bridge
between
architecture,
landscape
architecture,
town
planning,
anthropology,
sociology,
conservation,
and
geography,
all
through
a
single
principle
of
rural
settlements
ecology.
We
can
only
regret
that
it
is
not
an
urban
ecology
which
draws
all
these
interests
together.”27
This
synthesis,
however,
would
soon
take
place
in
McHarg’s
and
Jacobs’
work.
13. Working
paper
At
the
moment,
however,
it
was
criticism
that
was
the
common
theme
of
the
conference.
Despite
any
present-‐day
stereotypes
about
the
passivity
of
the
1950s,
Grady
Clay
reported
that
“running
through
many
of
the
discussions
was
the
theme
of
controversy—local
fights
deliberately
provoked
to
promote
public
understanding
of
design
issues.
Not
precious,
involved
bickering
over
abstruse
details
the
public
cannot
or
will
not
understand,”
he
continued,
“but
controversy
over
matters
of
widest
interest.”28
Discussion
included
“protest
walks”
against
urban
renewal
projects;
“an
American
‘Counter
Attack
Bureau’”
modeled
on
the
British
Architectural
Review;
“more
controversy”
(Bauer);
“subsidies
for
massive
T
controversy”
and
more
“vigorous
‘destructive
criticism’”
(Clay);
and
“more
tough-‐
AF
mindedness”
(Jacobs).29
In
the
end,
although
the
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism
produced
no
publication,
Foundation
director
Gilpatric
predicted
that
the
conference
would
have
R
“a
wide-‐spread
effect…
through
what
the
individuals
took
away
with
them.”30
Years
later,
Grady
Clay
confirmed
that
“The
conference
incited
all
of
us
into
publications
of
D
every
sort;
and
was
a
career
turning-‐point
for
many.”31
This
was
true
for
Clay,
McHarg,
and
especially
Jane
Jacobs,
who
began
writing
The
Death
and
Life
of
Great
American
Cities
(1961)
in
the
weeks
following
the
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism.
As
a
project
that
developed,
along
with
the
conference,
from
her
suggestion
that
the
Rockefeller
Foundation
support
architectural
and
urban
criticism,
Jacobs’
book
fulfilled
many
of
the
recommendations
of
the
conference
participants—a
highly
critical
examination
of
urban
redevelopment
practices,
written
for
the
widest
readership,
which
proposed
a
comprehensive
philosophy
14. Working
paper
about
the
nature
of
the
urban
environment—and
was
perhaps
the
most
significant
outcome
of
the
Penn-‐Rockefeller
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism
and
the
Foundation’s
urban
design
research
initiative.
Urban
Design
and
the
New
Environmentalists
Today
The
2008
Penn-‐Rockefeller
conference
Re-Imagining
Cities:
Urban
Design
After
the
Age
of
Oil
commemorated
the
1958
Conference
on
Urban
Design
Criticism
by
T
conceiving
an
inclusive
and
ambitious
event
that
would
bring
together
participants
AF
from
around
the
world
to
consider
the
great
challenges
facing
the
built
environment,
and
indeed
urban
civilization
as
we
know
it,
in
the
decades
ahead.
Although
the
2008
conference
did
not
dwell
on
urban
design
history
of
R
preceding
five
decades,
there
were
echoes
of
the
past.
Robert
Socolow
spoke
of
the
damning
environmental
legacy
of
the
Interstate
Highway
System,
recalling
Jacobs’
D
and
others’
criticism
of
the
1956
Highway
Act
and
its
attendant
urban
renewal
projects.
Jason
Bregman
and
Lance
Hosey
reiterated
the
everlasting
importance
of
the
design
of
the
built
environment,
which
was
so
important
to
David
Crane
and
others
of
the
first
generation
of
“urban
designers.”
Taner
Oc,
discussing
the
importance
of
considering
the
special
needs
of
urban
populations,
particularly
the
aged,
recalled
another
theme
of
particular
interest
to
Jane
Jacobs.
Neal
Peirce,
Alex
Steffen,
and
Richard
Saul
Wurman
echoed
a
central
theme
of
the
1958
conference
in
discussing
the
importance
of
communicating
critical
and
complex
urban
design
15. Working
paper
issues
to
a
wider
audience.
And,
at
the
conclusion
of
the
conference,
Roy
Strickland
repeated
Grady
Clay’s
call
of
fifty
years
earlier
for
more
vigorous
and
revolutionary
criticism.
Despite
the
many,
perhaps
too
many,
echoes
of
1958,
the
2008
Penn-‐
Rockefeller
conference
may
have
marked
a
turning
point.
Although
the
participants
walked
in
the
deep
footsteps
of
an
earlier
generation
of
urban
designers—who
had
a
prescient
sense
of
the
limits
of
natural
resources,
the
intricacies
of
natural
and
urban
ecologies,
and
who,
as
described
in
the
preceding
pages,
considered
themselves
“environmentalists”—that
earlier
generation
could
not
have
imagined
T
the
extent
of
present
challenges
and
those
on
the
horizon.
Although
Ian
McHarg
and
AF
Jane
Jacobs
discussed
threats
to
urban
civilization
from
their
various
perspectives,
they
did
not
then
imagine
the
threats
to
global
civilization
that
have
been
described
by
Peter
Head,
William
Rees,
and
Elizabeth
Colbert.
Although
an
earlier
generation
R
of
architects
and
urban
designers
was
concerned
with
reinventing
architectural
functionalism
at
the
urban
scale,
and
re-‐imagining
functional
cities,
they
could
not
D
have
imagined
the
significance
of
the
work
of
Bill
Dunster,
James
van
Hemert,
Behnisch,
or
Arup
in
re-‐imagining
sustainable
urban
environments.
Finally,
although
urban
design
education
was
only
in
its
infancy
in
1958,
participants
of
the
Conference
of
Urban
Design
Criticism
could
not
have
imagined
how
much
work
was
yet
to
be
done
not
only
in
teaching
urban
design
fundamentals,
but
in
preparing
a
new
generation
of
urban
designers
for
post-‐carbon
cities
after
the
age
of
oil.
As
when
the
term
“urban
design”
was
coined,
hardly
a
beginning
has
been
made,
but
a
new
era
is
in
the
making.
16. Working
paper
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Grady Clay and Judith McCandless; Mathew Crane; Marguerite Gilpatric; Daniel Lerch; Darwin
Stapleton and Michele Hiltzik of the Rockefeller Archive Center; and Joan Shigekawa and Darren Walker of the
Rockefeller Foundation.
Notes
1
Lewis Mumford, “Introduction,” Toward New Towns for America (1951) (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989), 11.
2
Peter L. Laurence, “The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the New
Research in Urbanism,” Journal of Urban Design 11 (Jun. 2006), 145-72.
3
Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Report, 1929 (NY: Rockefeller Foundation), 259-60.
4
Charles B. Fahs, Interview with John B. Ely, Jul. 24, 1953 (RF RG 1.2, MIT City Planning, Series 200R, Box 375,
Folder 3330.30) Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, NY (hereafter RAC).
5
Charles B. Fahs, Interview with MIT Architecture and Planning Faculty, Sept. 18, 1953, ibid. D'Arms, E. F. and L. C.
Devinney, Interview with MIT Architecture and Planning Faculty, Feb. 17, 1954, ibid.
T
6
Rockefeller Foundation Humanities Division, Grant Report for MIT Lynch-Kepes City Planning Study (RF 54034),
Apr. 7, 1954, ibid.
7
Peter L. Laurence, “Urban Design Criticism: Jane Jacobs and the Development of American Architectural Criticism
and Urban Design Theory, 1935-1965” (PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania), unpublished.
8
AF
Chadbourne Gilpatric, Interview with Jane Jacobs, Jun. 4, 1958 (RF RG 1.2 Series 200R, Box 390, Folder 3380)
Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC.
9
Chadbourne Gilpatric, Interview with Jane Jacobs, May 9, 1958, ibid.
10
David Crane, “A Working Paper for The University of Pennsylvania Conference on Urban Design Criticism” (RF
RG 1.2, University of Pennsylvania-Community Planning Conference, October 1958-61, Ser 200, Box 457, File 3904)
Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC, 7.
11
Ibid, 1.
12
[William L.C. Wheaton], University of Pennsylvania Institute for Urban Studies, “A Proposal to the Rockefeller
Foundation for a Conference on Criticism in Urban Design,” Jun. 12, 1958, ibid, 2.
R
13
Crane, “Working Paper,” 2.
14
Ibid, 6.
15
Jill Pearlman discusses the shift from civic design to urban design at Harvard GSD in “Breaking Common Ground:
Joseph Hudnut and the Prehistory of Urban Design,” Josep Lluís Sert, The Architect of Urban Design, 1953-1969, Eric
Mumford and Hashim Sarkis, eds. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 118. See also, David Gosling, The
D
Evolution of American Urban Design (Chichester, England: Wiley-Academy, 2003) and Eric Mumford, Defining
Urban Design: CIAM Architects and the Formation of a Discipline, 1937-69 (New Haven: Yale University Press,
2009).
16
Ann Strong and George Thomas, The Book of the School: 100 Years of the Graduate School of Fine Arts of the
University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Graduate School of Fine Arts), 141.
17
Wheaton, “Proposal,” 1.
18
Crane, “Working Paper,” 7-8.
19
[D. A. Crane, G. H. Perkins, W. L. C. Wheaton], Program for University of Pennsylvania Conference on Urban
Design Criticism (RF RG 1.2, University of Pennsylvania-Community Planning Conference, October 1958-61, Ser
200, Box 457, File 3905) Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC.
20
Chadbourne Gilpatric, Report to Rockefeller Foundation Directors on Conference on Urban Design Criticism, July
23, 1959 (RF RG 1.2, University of Pennsylvania-Community Planning Conference, October 1958-61, Ser 200, Box
457, File 3904) Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC.
21
[David Crane], “Possible Measures,” Oct. 4, 1958 (RF RG 1.2, University of Pennsylvania-Community Planning
Conference, October 1958-61, Ser 200, Box 457, File 3905) Rockefeller Foundation Archives, RAC, 1.
22
Grady Clay, “The University of Pennsylvania Conference on Urban Design Criticism,” Journal of the American
Institute of Architects 31 (Jan. 1959), 27. Gilpatric’s use of the phrase “great cities” likely had an influence of the title
of Jane Jacobs’ forthcoming book.
23
Crane, “Working Paper,” 6.
24
Clay, “Conference,” 27.
25
Crane, “Possible Measures,” 1-2.
17. Working
paper
26
Crane, “Working Paper,” [Gilpatric letter to Wheaton, Jun. 17, 1958], 2.
27
Ibid, 13.
28
Clay, “Conference,” 27.
29
Crane, “Working Paper,” 11, 21; Clay, “Conference,” 26, 27. The sentiments expressed at the Conference on Urban
Design Criticism likely helped incited Jane Jacobs to public activism after the Conference on Urban Design Criticism
and the publication of Death and Life. Her professional criticism and public activism were more subdued prior to the
conference.
30
Gilpatric, “Report,” 1.
31
Grady Clay, Letter to Helen Horowitz, Jan. 25, 1996 (Personal papers of Grady Clay, courtesy of Grady Clay).
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AF
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