Uptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis...

Uptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis...
The main reliable source of information for this dissertation was secondary data. A research conducted by international clinical research center,
department of Global, university of Washington formed the basis of this research. The project was determining the uptake, use and effectiveness of
pre–exposure prophylaxis for HIV negative persons with partners living with HIV. Related to this study was another research conducted by the same
researchers but this time they investigated antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV–1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. In another study
conducted by AIDS (London), the study was based on determining effectiveness and safety of HIV pre–exposure prophylaxis for all populations. A
study conducted by Emory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Operations for the intervention was designed to mirror implementation strategies employed in public clinics so as to develop a scalable delivery
approach.
The clinics recruited HIV serodiscordant couples through referrals from voluntary counselling and testing centers, antenatal clinics and ART clinics.
Community outreach events were also conducted and this promoted couples–based HIV testing.
The couples were of в‰Ґ 18 years of age. Besides this they were sexually active and were to remain as a couple for at least one year. When the
couples were being enrolled, the HIV–negative partners had never used PrEP before. They also had a normal renal function, were not pregnant or
breast feeding and were not infected with hepatitis B virus. For the HIV positive partners, they were not using ART at the time of enrollment. If the
HIV positive partner had WHO stage III or HIV disease condition that required immediate need for ART, the couples were excluded.
STUDY PROCEDURE
The couples were to attend study visits together for a period of 24 months whereby a series of couples–based HIV prevention counselling, including
condoms use and management of sexually transmitted infections were delivered.
Participants were required to undergo monthly visits, which included dispensation of 30 days of study medication, collection of the previous month's
unused mediation, assessment of any side
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Hpv Vaccination Essay
Q–1 which geographic locations have the highest prevalence of HPV initiation?
A–1
According to the article "geographic variation in human papilloma vaccination uptake among 13–17 year old adolescent girls in the united states"
author mention that highest prevalence of HPV initiation found in the northeast (53.4% and 39.9%), Midwest (51.1% and 33.5%) and west (61.6 %
and 38.7 %) geographic regions of United States (Rahman, 2014).
Q–2 which geographic locations have the lowest prevalence of HPV initiation?
A–2
According to the article "geographic variation in human papillomavirus vaccination uptake among 13–17 year old adolcent girls in the united states" it
is mention that low prevalence of HPV initiation geographically found in south ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Region initiationcompletion
South48.4%30.6%
Northeast53.4%39.9%
Midwest51.1%33.5%
West61.6%38.5%
Respectively. Respondents in the northeast were more likely to be in school graduates and had somewhat higher HPV immunization mindfulness.
Respondents in the northeast and Midwest were having more awareness to be qualified VFC program. Less inclined have moved from other state
and more inclined to be white and have higher family income, human services scope and history of occasional influenza vaccination contrasted with
their partners. On the other side, respondents in the south were less likely to be married and more likely to be black age distribution of the teens and
relationship of the respondents in the south were less likely to be married and more likely to be black age distribution of the teens and relationship of
the respondent to the teen did not differ by the region. Completed (a PR 0.83, 95%cl, 0.74–0.93) the HPV vaccine. Adolescent girls living in the west
were fundamentally more likely to start HPV vaccination with north east and every single region. No significant communication were seen between
race/ ethnicity and area, and income and region on HPV vaccine uptake. So, this is trends in HPV completion in the United States (Rahman, 2014).
Q–6 the authors review several potential determinants as

Maximal Oxygen Uptake And Vo2max Is The Highest Rate At...
Maximal oxygen uptake or Vo2max is the highest rate at which the oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise (Bassett &
Howley, 2000). Vo2max is wide
–ly used both in sports and clinical practice and its measurement allows us to assess cardi–orespiratory fitness, one of
the most powerful markers of health (Mayorga–Vega, Aguilar–Soto & Viciana 2015; Bruce, Kusumi & Hosmer 1973). Vo2max also provides essential
di–agnostic and prognostic information for clinical populations, such as patients with heart failure (Sartor, Vernillo, de Morree, et al., 2013). The
most precise method for the assessment of maximal oxygen consumption is the direct measurement which is considered the 'gold standard' (Noonan
& Dean, 2000). However, the use of this method is limited in several settings such as in sports clubs, schools, or in large scale research studies
(Pescatello & American College of Sports Medicine, 2014) because it requires appropriate and expensive equipment, supervision by trained personnel
and a max–imal level of exertion which cannot be achieved by all the individuals and especially those who may be limited by pain, fatigue, abnormal
gait, impaired balance or those with cardio–vascular problems(Evans, Ferrar, Smith, et al., 2015). As a consequence, many indirect tests have been
developed for use in sports, clinical and home settings but there are sundry fac–tors which must be considered when we select one of them. Such
factors are the population that we

A Multi System Disease Of Unknown Etiology
Sarcoidosis is a multi–system disease of unknown etiology. The diagnosis is confirmed when non–caseating granulomas are identified in tissue
biopsies, predominantly from the lung parenchyma or the mediastinal lymph nodes and is supported by compatible clinical and radiological features.
[1] Cardiac manifestations may occur in isolation or may precede, follow or occur concurrently with the involvement of the lungs and other organs. All
components of the heart may potentially be involved. The most common are conduction abnormalities leading to bradyarrhythmias and syncope,
ventricular tachycardias and the development of congestive heart failure. [2, 3]
The location and extent of granulomatous infiltration accounts for variations in cardiac ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[5, 6] Japanese Ministry of Health (JMH) published criteria are the current established method for non–invasive clinical diagnosis. [2, 5] Imaging
modalities suggested by the JMH criteria include gallium–67 scintigraphy and late gadolinium–enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance
(LGE–CMR). [2] However, only 5–10% of patients with sarcoidosis present with clinical evidence of myocardial involvement based on the above
criteria while autopsy studies indicate that cardiac involvement is present in up to 25–50% of cases implying that there is a significant proportion of
sub–clinical cardiac sarcoidosis not detected with the existing criteria. [1, 7] Nuclear imaging modalities have shown significant advances and rapid
growth in the field of the diagnosis and monitoring of cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis. Promising results show high sensitivity for identifying
pathophysiological activity at an early stage before structural changes have occurred as well as value of reproducible activity quantification when
emphasizing in therapy monitoring. Although gallium–67 scintigraphy has traditionally been used in sarcoidosis patients, cardiac positron emission
tomography (PET) along with myocardial perfusion scans have shown superiority that mostly includes higher sensitivity in detecting active

What Is The Availability And Patterns Of Nutrient Uptake...
The availability and patterns of nutrient uptake in biofilms differs from that of planktonic cells. The bacterial cells in biofilms exchange nutrients and
metabolites by means of water channels between the micro–colonies (Kokare et al., 2009). The microbes living deep within natural biofilms may often
receive low nutrition due to restricted rates of diffusion of nutrients through the biofilm (Petroff et al., 2011). Biofilms are also known to provide a
suitable environment for syntrophic relationships between the two metabolically distinct bacteria for the exchange of substrates/nutrients (Kokare et al.,
2009).
Genetic transfer. The bacteria in biofilms readily take part in gene transfer or exchange of extra–chromosomal DNA (Donlan, 2002). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Few hypotheses have emerged to explain the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in biofilms. For example, slow and incomplete penetration of
biofilm, presence of resistant phenotype of some bacteria, formation of persister cells and altered environment within biofilms antagonize antibiotic
action (Dufour et al., 2010; Stewart & William Costerton, 2001)
Altered stress response. Bacteria in biofilms can express stress–responsive genes in greater amount and switch to forms that are more tolerant. The
existence of common regulators, the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm heterogeneity are major factors by which biofilms
show tolerance against various stressors such as, starvation, heat or cold shock, cell density, pH, and osmolarity (Dufour et al., 2010; Gambino &
Cappitelli, 2016).
Quorum sensing. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell to cell communication mechanism, in which a small diffusible signal molecule is produced,
released, sensed and responded to, by bacterial cells (and & Bassler, 2001; Cvitkovitch, Li, & Ellen, 2003; Li & Tian, 2012; Waters & Bassler, 2005).
Different QS signaling molecules and mechanisms have been explored in various bacterial genera over the years (Irie & Parsek, 2008). When the
bacterial population reaches a threshold or quorum level, QS signaling initiates and the auto–inducers bind and trigger functions of target genes

Anne Freadman's Presentation
Lesson plan (Fifteen Dogs Presentation) My presentation will focus on the uptake of the novel, via Twitter. I will use Anne Freadman's chapter titled
"Uptake" to specifically looked at how the novel is being taken up by Twitter, and turned into a promotional device. My line of research follows the
question: 'How do different twitter users, use the platform to uptake the novel, and turn it into a form of promotion?' I will start my presentation by
looking at the scholarship behind my presentation, focusing on Freadman's example of the Ryan death penalty case. I will look at the following quote,
"the function of this formal repetition is two fold: it marks the boundary, and it carries – 'translates' – material from one side of it to the other"
(Freadman 44). I will discuss... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using hash tags, like #fifteendogs, makes someone visible and/or their products visible, to the preexisting public of book on twitter. The first
example I discuss is concerned with one of the Wheat Sheaf bar's tweets. The tweet focuses on the idea that the bar's name is mentioned in the
novel, and Apollo and Hermes drink there. The tweet is a clear display of promotion, as it tries to incite the Fifteen Dogs Twitter public to come to
come to the bar. The second example I will discuss is a little more abstract. It looks at the self–promotion of a freelance entertainment writer, named
Renee Gold. Gold also uses the Fifteen Dog hash tag, but she is not part of the Fifteen Dogs twitter public. I will discuss why Gold's tweet can be
considered a form of self–promotion. I will address the idea that, Gold's Twitter feed centres around a different genre, of celebrities and fashion. I will
also explain that, this is the only time she has ever tweeted about the novel, and she makes this tweet directly after Alexis wins the Giller Prize. It
becomes evident that she is trying to tap this large public, while the book is

Causes Of Calcium Uptake From Foliar Application
Calcium Uptake from Foliar Application
Foliar Ca2+ application has been suggested to increase the fruit–Ca2+ supply that may, in turn, reduce fruit–Ca2+ deficiency disorders. Spraying with
Ca2+– solution reduces Ca2+–deficiency injury in plants (Kleemann 2000b) e.g. foliar Ca2+–spray reduces BER incidence of tomato
(Schmitz–Eiberger, Haefs, and Noga 2002) ; spraying of 0.5% solution of 'Calciogreen' in glasshouse completely prevents BER incidence of bell pepper
variety 'Cecil' though the fruit mass was reduced(ParaД‘ikoviД‡ et al. 2004) ; spraying of young tomato with CaCl2 limits the development BER
(Schmitz–Eiberger, Haefs, and Noga 2002); spraying of celery with CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 completely control blackheart (Geraldson 1952, 1954). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, direct application of Ca2+ can reduce the symptoms of Ca2+–deficiency disorder but does not remove them completely (Ferguson and
Watkins 1989) and exogenous Ca2+ may not bound with the cell structure tightly that leads to easy leakage of it (Ferguson and Watkins 1983).
Calcium Translocation within Plant
Soil solution Ca2+ enters the root apoplast with mass flow of water (Barber 1995) and is transported to the xylem via apoplastic or symplastic
pathways (White and Broadley 2003). Apoplastic pathway consists of cell wall and intercellular spaces where Ca2+ moves with water passively
across the gradient of water potential (Karley and White 2009; White 2001). Symplastic pathway consists of cytoplasm where Ca2+ moves from cell
to cell through plasmodesmata (Karley and White 2009; White 2001). Tight regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ at a very low concentration (0.1–0.2 ОјM)
implies that apoplastic pathway is the main route of Ca2+ translocation across the root cortex (White and Broadley 2003; Taylor and Locascio 2004;
Karley and White 2009). However, presence of Casparian strip at the root endodermal cells prevents further movement of Ca2+ towards the xylem. The
Casparian strip prevents apoplastic movement of solutes (Clarkson 1993; White 2001) and suberization restricts the movement of Ca2+ into the
endodermal cells(Moore et

The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake
In society, medical researchers, cosmetic companies, and others often perform experiments on animals. Many people feel rather uneasy about this and
strongly feel that it should stop. They believe this because like humans, animals have nerves and emotions. They feel pain the same way that we do.
And there are some alternatives.
Examples may include using the blood from the veins and arteries of human volunteers to test the presence of fever–causing contaminants. The use of
artificial human skin, which is contained in products such as EpiSkin, EpiDerm, and SkinEthic would be a good alternative. The use of eyes from the
animals in the slaughterhouse for the meat industry could be used since they are already dead. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake

Methods For Improving The Cellular Uptake Of Dna Origami...
Summary o The authors of this paper indicate an apparently novel method for improving the cellular uptake of DNA origami–based drug delivery
nanocarriers. While the transport protein, transferrin (Tf), has been used to functionalize other types of drug delivery nanocarriers, it had yet to be
incorporated into nanocarriers made via DNA origami prior to this publication. The authors demonstrate successful functionalization of Tf to a specific
morphology of DNA origami using gel–shift analysis and atomic force microscopy; cellular uptake of the DNA nanocarriers was measured using
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The authors subsequently conclude a direct correlation
between the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The seemingly small number of citations is only potentially problematic when considering the amount of research central to each term; it is difficult to
believe that only a single source can accurately depict the entirety of DNA–based computation, pH–sensors, molecular pegboards, or protein
encapsulation. Additional sources may help demonstrate the potential importance and relevance of DNA–based nanostructures. o That being said, the
number of citations referenced specifically when describing transferrin increases notably, which is important since transferrin is central to the paper
while the terms mentioned in the previous bullet point are less immediately relevant. o Overall, the quality of citations appears to be sufficiently high,
as does the quantity. This holds true especially when motivating the use of DNA and transferrin as constituent parts of a noveldrug delivery platform.
Novelty – The authors of this paper appear to demonstrate a novel functionalization for DNA origami–based drug delivery nanocarriers: transferrin. It is
noted, however, that transferrin has been used as a targeting ligand in other forms of nanocarriers. Perhaps this detail should be more clearly stated to
clarify that neither transferrin nor DNA origami are novel concepts, but rather their successful combination

KN93
I am conducting biomedical research in the laboratory of cardiac physiology under the mentorship of Dr. Elizabeth Murphy. Cardiovascular disease is
the major cause of death in the US; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte death in ischemia and reperfusion
injury are important. Mitochondrial calcium plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of many processes, including the regulation of cardiac
biochemical pathways and mediating ischemia–reperfusion injury. The uptake of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix is regulated by the
mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). An endogenous enzyme, Ca2+ Calmodulin Dependent Kinase II (CaMKII) has shown to regulate cell death
and have increased activity during... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To test these hypotheses I am using wild type mouse embryonic fibroblast (WT MEFs) to test changes in calcium uptake with and without KN93.To
test the first hypothesis I am using calcium retention capacity assay to assess the uptake of calcium on three subgroups WT only, WT and DMSO,
WT and KN93. This assay is used because it effectively compares calcium uptake between the subgroups. Considering that KN93 inhibits CaMKII I
expect the WT+KN93 group to take up lower amounts of calcium and thus not reach calcium retention capacity. To test the second hypothesis, I am
conducting MTT and propidium iodide testing on four different subgroups (WT, WT and H202, WT+H202+KN93, and WT+H202+DMSO) to
compare the levels of cell viability and death respectively. I used MTT testing to assess cell viability post–exposure of H202 and I am also using
propidium iodide staining to test for the measurements of cell death among the different groups. I decided to use propidium iodide staining to better
test the cardioprotection of MEFs in ischemic like conditions that would better account for the confounding variable, cell–growth during the incubation

Daphnia Magna Experiment
2.3 Exposure experiment in Daphnia magna The effects of MP exposure on life history parameters were tested in a 21–d reproduction test according to
OECD guidelines at one concentration of each particles size: 1000 particles/L (0.1,1,10 Вµm), subjected to the environment concentration about 1.1
items/mL has been reported(Moore et al., 2011). In brief, there were triplicates for each control and treatment group an experimental series. Five
neonates (< 24h) were incubated respectively in 50 mL medium at 22 в„ѓ under a 12:12 light dark cycle of 1600 lux and fed 4.2Г—104 cell/mL a day
of the micro alga Chlorella vulgaris. The test medium was fully replaced every day along with calculating the cells of C.vulgaris the daphnia ate
everyday by blood cell... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The photos show that zooplanktons, rotifer, cladoceranr and copepod, could take in three types of MPs (0.1,1,9.9 Вµm) overtly. But all organisms
no MPs in vivo under 101 Вµm diameter exposure surroundings were observed by fluorescence microscope, so there were not pictures printed here.
Many freshwater and marine species such as annelids, crustaceans, ostracods and gastropods were reported that could uptake MPs(Imhof et al.,
2013b; Setala et al., 2014). In the present study, the uptake of microspheres after 24h exposure in three kinds of zooplankton, rotifers, cladocerans and
copepods, were captured by the fluorescence microscope. The observations displayed that rotifer gained MPs though test environment with remnant
digestive production remaining in mastax, cloaca, (Fig.1 A, D, G), while cladocerans absorbed MPs by filter feeding so that MPs were discovered
explicitly in their filter–feeding and intestinal tract (Fig.1 B, E, H), copepod also can procure three kinds of diameter MPs in a high concentration
polystyrene microspheres condition, then persisted in digestive tract (Fig.1 C, F, I). Fig.1 suggests samples from wild fresh water had the capability of
gaining fluorescence particles under the surroundings with MPs. They can uptake three types of microspheres apparently, 0.1,1,9.9 Вµm, out of 101
Вµm diameter. Early researches focused on selection at plastic sizes

Analysis of Investigation Regarding Manure and Antibiotics...
Dolliver et al. (2007) investigated the effect of antibiotic usage on concentration of antibiotics due to manure use in the soil. Many farmers will add
manure to their soils; in order to add nutrients to their crops. The farmer may not be aware that when they are adding the manure they may also be
adding antibiotics. Sulfamethazine, a very important antibiotics used in livestock production, is given to the livestock and they release the antibiotics
in their feces. In 2001, 400 tons of sulfamethazine were added to livestock yearly. In their experiment they focused on three main food crops; corn,
lettuce, and potato. They wanted to know if the plant would uptake the antibiotics in they were grown in soil where the antibiotic was found. If the plant
did uptake the antibiotics; it could lead to antibiotic resistance bacteria to be found in the plants. Followed by; an increase amount of antibiotic
resistance bacteria consumed by humans and other animals.
Manure is used extensively in the United State; livestock produce 132 million metric tons yearly for use in agricultural fields (Dolliver el al. 2007).
The antibiotics that are found in the soil can persist for several hundred days in the soil. Various antibiotics break down at different rates. Phytotoxicity
can be examined to test the effect of antibiotic exposure to the plants. The antibiotic exposure may reduce the root stalk of the plant or other important
features of the plant. Another issue with antibiotic

Dental Fluoride: Common Practices
For oral health professionals, administering and recommending fluoride is a common practice. Using fluoridated toothpaste as a preventive and
controlling method for dental caries has been a common recommendation for over 50 years (Schemehorn, DiMarino, & Movahed, 2014, p.57). Oral
health professionals and researchers have found that although the occurrence of dental caries is declining, dental fluorosis and other systemic effects
are becoming a rising occurrence (p.57). Therefore, researchers have been looking for a way to improve the fluoride uptake without increasing the
dosage of fluoride due to its systemic risks (p. 57). In this article, a study was conducted comparing various fluoride toothpastes and gels that are
combined with different agents to enhance the uptake of fluoride without having to increase the dosage of fluoride (Schemehorn, DiMarino, &
Movahed, 2014, p.58). The various fluoride combinations included amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), tri–calcium phosphate (TCP), and
casein–phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP). This study was conducted on incipient lesions to see which combination had the
best fluoride uptake and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to ACP having a greater bioavalibility of calcium and phosphate, it is more soluble into the tooth enamel, which enhances the uptake of fluoride
and aids in the enamel uptake to remineralize the enamel (p.59). The specific product that has this combination with successful results was the
Enamelon Preventive Treatment Gel. This study has opened new doors and options for oral health care professionals. As patients continue to come in
with incipient caries, the recommendation of fluoride alone is no longer the best option. Fluoride combined with ACP is the best for remineralization
of the enamel with minimal systemic risk for the patient (p.

Synthesis Of Dha Essay
As previously mentioned the brain is enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularily DHA and the omega–6 AA. While the brain can
synthesize saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, it must rely on uptake of either the preformed DHA and AA or their dietary precursors, which
can be converted to DHA and ARA within the brain. While the brain does have the capacity to synthsize DHA its rate of synthesis relative to uptake
from the plasma is relatively low suggesting that uptake from plasma and not synthesis within the brain is the major source. Furthermore, while the
liver can upregulate its ability to synthesize DHA especially under conditions of low dietary omega–3 intake, the brain does not upregulate DHA
synthesis under these conditions.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We found that the coefficient of uptake or the rate of uptake from the unesterified pool, alone, was sufficient to explain the rate of uptake of all the
labelled plasma pools upon oral administration. Or more, simply put, it appeared as if the unesterified pool was the major source, if not the only
source, supplying the brain upon oral administration. We then used another kinetic model to calculate the rate at which DHA exists the brain and found
this rate of DHA exiting the brain to be similar to the uptake rate from the plasma unesterified pool. Because DHA is no longer accumulating in the
rodent brain, this suggested that unesterified DHA was, again, the major pool supplying the brain. Importantly, several groups had reported that upon
acute administration of labelled unesterified DHA or DHA esterified to lysophosphatidylcholine, more radioactivity, presumably from DHA, was
present in the brain after several hours. Furthermore, evidence that Mfsd2a a protein that facilicates the uptake of lsyophosphatidlycholine containing
DHA into the brain, knockout had lower brain DHA levels compared to wildytype controls combined with observation of more radiolabelled DHA
entering the brain was used to suggest that lysophosphosphaticly choline containing DHA was the major plasma source

The Effect Of Calcium On The Contribution Of Calcium...
This research utilized calcium channel blockers to measure the contribution of calcium uptake in relation to the vesicular glutamate released into the
extracellular space. After the calcium channels were blocked glutamate was applied directly to the extracellular space and the animals ability to remove
the glutamate was measured. The results showed that animals with traumatic brain injuries had significantly higher levels of extracellular glutamate
evidenced by a nearly 80% increase when compared to the healthy mice (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). This showed that calcium mediated neuronal
glutamate release may contribute to the cytotoxicity experienced by patients affected by traumatic brain injury. The second part of the study examined
the importance of excitatory amino acid transporters in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. To accomplish this, researchers applied an EAAT
blocker to both injured and normal rats to measure their ability to remove extracellular glutamate. The data suggested that mice subjected to a traumatic
brain injury had a more significant increase in extracellular glutamate after the EAAT blocker was applied. Additionally, mice in the traumatic brain
injury required a significantly longer time for the extracellular glutamate to return to pre–study levels (Hinzman et. Al., 2012). As such, it seems that
the major mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic levels of extracellular glutamate in traumatic brain injury is directly related to a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioaccumulation
Industrial development and civilization has improved the living conditions but has also affected the basic amenities of life; such as air, soil and water;
due to the release of large amounts of contaminants to the environment (Ayres, 1992). Metals are inorganic forms of contaminants whose extensive use
has caused significant environmental pollution (Kasassi et al., 2008). These are indirect sources of water pollution that enters the water supply from
soil/ ground water systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Of the important metals, mercury, lead, cadmium and chromium (VI) are
considered as toxic, whereas others such as copper, nickel, cobalt and zinc, are not as toxic; but their widespread usage and increasing levels in the
environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparison of the features of biosorption and bioaccumulation (Dhankhar and Hooda, 2011, Chojnacka, 2010, Vijayaraghavan and Yun., 2008,
Ahluwalia and Goyal, 2007)
Features BiosorptionBioaccumulation
ProcessSingle stage passive process Double stage active process
Cost
Usually low as biosorbents used are mainly industrial, agricultural and other type of waste biomass. Usually high. The process involves living cells
and; hence, cell maintenance is cost prone. pH The solution pH strongly influences the metal uptake capacity of biomass. However, the process can be
operated under a wide range of pH conditions.The living cells are strongly affected under extreme pH conditions during metal uptake.
Biomass Biomass is usually inactiveBiomass is usually alive
Temperature Not influenced as the biomass is inactive.Severely affected due to active

Work Rate and Oxygen Uptake
The Relationship Between Work Rate And Oxygen Uptake During Incremental Submaximal Exercise
Introduction
Oxygen uptake () describes the rate at which oxygen is utilized by tissues (Burton et al, 2004). is determined by heart rate (heart beats each minute),
stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle each beat) and arteriovenous oxygen difference (difference in blood–oxygen content
between arterial and venous blood). Oxygen is needed for respiration, the chemical process that produces energy in the form of ATP. Several sources
agree that oxygen uptake increases linearly with exercise, this is due to the skeletal muscles requirement for more oxygen for the production of more
ATP. Hanson et al (1998) measured... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the participant in this trial to sustain 60rpm, their muscles must produce progressively more force after each increment, as 0.5kg resistance is
applied to the flywheel each time, therefore the energy demands of the muscle progressively increase. A deviation from the trend during the middle of
the trial was not expected as most sources agree the relationship is linear (Burton, Г–zyener, Glassford), however Astrand (1961) found a non–linear
steeper increase in during the middle stages. Astrand's non–linear pattern may be explained by production of power increasing to a point beyond the
lactate threshold, the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the blood. A slowly developing increase in during constant–work–rate exercise
performed above the lactate threshold produces a curvilinear relationship and is known as the slow component of kinetics (Jones et al, 2011). The
cause for the steep increase at the final stage of the trial is supported by the research of Bernard et al (1996), who measured the effects of increasing
exercise intensities recording oxygen consumption and heart rate simultaneously. Findings revealed a significant correlation with the best predictions
of from work rate observed at higher intensities. Bernard's findings support results in table 1 that

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Essay
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) play's a critical role in the function of contraction and relaxation of the muscle (John Wiley and Sons, 2003). It provides
the ability to control and balance the amount of calcium being released/uptake and for storage (John & Sons, 2003). There is a correlation between
defects in calcium transport by SR and the ability for the heart to function (Alpert, Arai, MacLennan, and Periasamy, 1993). By alternating the gene
expression that encodes SR proteins, it will show if the abnormalities in calcium uptake and release has a association with heat failure (Alpert et al.,
1993). Defects in the ability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to uptake/release calcium could cause dysfunction in systolic and diastolic rhythm in the
heart (Donald M. Bers, David A Eisner and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Valdivia, 2003). It is considered heart failure if there is an improper function of systolic and diastolic for the heart to pump blood (Donald et al.,
2003). It was difficult to obtain normal healthy hearts to compare to therefore, looked at levels of mRNA and phospholamban (regulate Ca2+ pump)
that encodes SR to see the rate at which calcium is being uptake/released (Alpert et al., 1993). Patients with heart failure, showed a delay in the rate
of the calcium uptake/release of about 50% decrease in the right ventricle by SR (Alpert et al., 1993).Furthermore, there was a 48% decrease of
messenger mRNA in binding with ATP and uptake of calcium in the left ventricle (Alpert et al., 1993). Sarcoplasmic reticulum had a decrease rate in
pumping calcium, which caused low rhythm that lead to heart failure (Alpert et al., 1993). The gene expression mRNA is important for the
sarcoplasmic reticulum to

Shared-Sak Work Practices
A recent survey of 400 multinational corporations found that two–thirds plan to implement shared–desk workplaces by 2020. But research shows these
arrangements have a range of outcomes, many of which are negative. The Conversation
A recently published study of 1,000 Australian employees found that shared–desk environments had a number of problems. These included increased
distrust, distractions, uncooperative behaviour and negative relationships. On top of this, there was a decreased perception of support from supervisors.
Another study showed that shared–desk environments can lead to employee marginalisation, indifference and inattention to co–workers, loss of identity
and decreased organisational commitment.
These studies and more should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By using these arrangements, an employer can fit more workers into an existing space and more efficiently use the available space.
Hot–desking is where employees either share a desk with others or are not assigned a permanent desk and must find one when needed. Hot–desking
arose as a strategy to save on space and to cater to the needs of employees who largely worked outside the office.
Activity–based work, by contrast, assumes all employees work flexibly and will seek out a range of different spaces to undertake different tasks. As
such, these workspaces provide a range of work settings for different types of activities such as meetings, collaboration, private work, creativity and
concentration. Employees are expected to switch between these settings as necessary.
Proponents of activity–based work claim that cost is not a major driver of its uptake. Rather, companies have implemented it to attract and retain talent
and increase collaboration and innovation, employee wellbeing and sustainability.
But plenty of research shows negative effects of shared–desk workplaces. These negatives potentially outweigh the

Factors Contributing For Orthodontic Treatment Uptake Essay
Factors contributing to orthodontic treatment uptake Introduction: Enhancing form and getting better psychological and social function seems to play
significant tasks in an individual 's choice to begin Orthodontic treatment.[1] Functional and aesthetic enhancements in occlusion are the common
causes quoted by adults for taking Orthodontic treatment.[2] Previous questionnaire studies are done among adults and established that, the key
fascinating factor for taking orthodontic treatment was an aspiration to get better dental manifestation, along with facial emergence.[3, 4] The uptake
of Orthodontic treatment has revealed to diverge distinctly in various populations, as of 5% to 60%, depending on the countryside.[5] The research on
determining the factors that forecast undergoing of Orthodontic treatment has spotlighted on young peoples and recognized various factors such as
gender,[6] ethnic background,[7] socioeconomic status,[8] availability of Orthodontic services,[8] and need of orthodontic treatment.[9] The
orthodontic treatment uptake is greater in females because of favoured self–selection and not essentially larger need.[7] The socioeconomic class is a
noteworthy interpreter for Orthodontic treatment.[8] The incidence of undergoing orthodontic treatment among younger people is greater in high as
well as middle socioeconomic group but it is lesser in lower socioeconomic group.[8] In the current system of oral health care, the spotlight

Glutamine Vs Azide
The comparison of Azidoglutamine with Azide– 1 on cell binding gave a clearer picture of the competition between L – glutamine and glutamine
analogues. The activity of Azide – 1 was shown to be more tremendous than Azidoglutamine although it was not as good as Azide– 2. The glutamine
uptake inhibition was mostly observed in 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells. These data suggest a different binding mechanism of Azide – 1 to cells.
The good effect on the 4T1 – RLR cell again indicates the potential involvement of systems A or L in the uptake of Azide– 1. The difference of Azide
– 1 binding affinity between HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 might propose a lesser importance of the system ASCT2 in this case. Both of the cell
types were found to express ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was shown in section 3.5 that Azide – 2 significantly inhibited the growth of all three cell types: 4T1 – RLR, HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2.
Azide – 2 which was shown as the most potent competitor of glutamine uptake tested in this study also killed the cells with IC50 values at 0.1 –
0.2mM. As previously mentioned, only a very low concentration of Azide– 2 from 5 – 16ВµM was effective enough to reduce the glutamine uptake
by these cell types to a half of maximal level. The mechanism by which the cell growth was disrupted quickly is still unclear. However, the extreme
interference of glutamine uptake should be the first point to exploit the action of Azide – 2. Then, more experiments can be subsequently carried out to
investigate the killing effect on the intracellular environment. In contrast to Azide – 2, Azide – 1 killed the cells slowly with the IC50 value at 0.55 –
3mM which is 5 – 30 fold higher than that of Azide – 2. The mode of Azide – 1's toxicity to cells is quite consistent with the inhibition trend of
glutamine uptake. As Azide– 1 bound and inhibited the glutamine uptake by 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells better than HT1080 – luc2 cells, it
affects the growth of the former two cell types more dramatically than the latter. Hence, the working mechanism on which the compound counted to

Nocodazole Synthesis Lab Report
We hypothesized that the cells would uptake LDL and transferrin the most at 37В°C for an incubation period of 30 minutes. According to our results,
we hypothesized correctly. This means that at this temperature and rate, the cells would get the most drug delivery. We also hypothesized that higher
concentrations of nocodazole would have more of an effect on receptor mediated endocytosis. This was also proven correct by our results. The cells
that were treated with the nocodazole inhibitor, didn't take up as much dye compared to the cells that weren't treated the nocodazole. When designing
an anti–cancer drug, the results that were found in this experiment need to be considered. It was found that the cells were more likely to uptake the
drugs at a higher temperature. In particular the uptake of LDL and transferrin was the most successful at 37В°C. This temperature is noted as the body
temperature. These results make sense because tumors grow in the human body, so the anti cancer drugs need to be the most effective at this body
temperature. There have been many experiments that have tested the same principles that were performed in this... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many things that could have gone wrong when conducting these various experiments. A wrong amount of PBS or paraformaldehyde could
have been used which would alter the results. Also, cells could have been lost throughout the experiment. This would sway the results because there
wouldn't be as many shown in the microscope slides. Also counting up the cells to determine which ones were involved with cell uptake could have
been done incorrectly. The appearance of these cells on the microscope can be very hard to determine and count. So the numbers found in the results all
came from a personal judgment. This is the main source of error because these numbers determine the total outcome of the

Differential Kinetics And Error Analysis
3.6.3.Adsorption kinetics and error analysis
It is known that converting the non–linear regression to linear form of most kinetic models may lead to positive or negative effect on determining the
kinetic parameters of the adsorption process [34]. In this study non–linear and linear regression (using software Origin 8.6)of pseudo first–order,
pseudo second–order and Elovich kinetic models(Table 1) were used to investigate the kinetic sand the best fit model for the uptake of MB by ZnO
/CR powder at different temperatures(10, 20, 30 and 40 В°C).In addition different statistical error analysis functions such as , and SSE (equations 13 –
15) were used to evaluate the validity of the used models and to investigate the mechanism of the adsorption process.
3.6.3.1.Effect of converting non–linear to linear form of kinetic models
Kinetic parameters of adsorption of MB onto ZnO/CR Hence the adsorption rate of MB onto ZnO/CR is proportional to the concentration of MB
sorbed, non–linear and linear Lagergren 's pseudo first–order (equations6 and 7) can be used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The experimental data
of adsorption of MB onto ZnO/CR were treated by the non–linear equation of pseudo first–order (using fitting function builder of Origin software) to
estimate the values of and from the plot of versus (Figure 9a).Then the values of converted to and plotted versus according to the linear equation of
pseudo first–order equation to calculate the values of and

Nursing Theory Of Health-Promoting Behaviour
Behavioral outcome ( Nursing Theory, 2017) is the end goal, as the greater the commitments to a specific plan of action, the more likely
health–promoting behaviors are to be maintained over time ( Nursing Theory, 2017). The model proposes that individuals can modify affect, cognitions
and the physical interpersonal environment to create incentives for health actions. Furthermore, the concept of intention and identification of a planned
strategy leads to implementation of health behavior. The concept of immediate competing demands and preferences includes competing demands
which are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as

PET/CT Scan Paper
Interpretation of PET/CT scan
There are different methods for assessment of radiotracer uptake by normal and pathologic tissues, such as visual inspection, the standardized uptake
value (SUV) and the glucose metabolic rate. Visual inspection in analysis of PET–CT results is used by comparing PET and CT data, as well as
viewing fused PET–CT images. SUVs are used for semi–quantification of FDG uptake. Another method of quantification of dynamic PET results is the
more complex glucose metabolic rate calculation (Kapoor et al, 2004).
Standardized Uptake Value
The SUV is a semi–quantitative assessment of the radiotracer uptake from a static (single point in time) PET image. The SUV of a given tissue is
calculated with the following formula: SUV= tracer activity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to its physiologic accumulation in different organs, it can accumulate in non–neoplastic pathologic conditions, including infection, whether
acute or chronic infection such as tuberculosis, granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis , and autoimmune disease such as Grave's disease. In
addition, the 18F–FDG uptake can be enhanced by inflammatory induced changes, which include post–operative healing scars and post–radiation
therapy. A unique example of an inflammatory condition is the one caused by the atherosclerotic plaque formation that is associated with an abundance
of macrophages known by its avidity to 18F–FDG. The degree of uptake is usually less than the uptake within the neoplastic tissues. However, there is
clearly an overlap between the 2 conditions and, in some cases; the uptake could even exceed the neoplastic uptake. Furthermore; the image interpreter
should be aware of a high accumulation of 18F–FDG in some benign tumors, such as giant cell tumor, fibrous dysplasia of the bone, and adenomatous
polyps in the colon. Occasionally one will also see breast–related activity. Breast activity will be more obvious in lactating females (Abouzeid et al,

Lymphoma Case Study
Treatment of lymphoma may cause fibrosis and necrosis in lymph nodes which can limit size–based response assessments. In 1999, the IWG criteria
commonly known as Cheson criteria, defined five categories of clinical response based on CT imaging of lesion size for non–Hodgkin Lymphoma
(NHL) [36]. Original criteria had limitations such as a high variability, the failure to consider 18FDG–PET, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow
cytometry and the failure to take into account non–nodal disease. Revised criteria by the IWG published in 2007, were applied to NHL and also
Hodgkin's disease [37]. It integrates 18FDG–PET, IHC, and flow cytometry into original criteria which adds more sensitivity to both staging and
evaluation of treatment response.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The highlights of Lugano classification include [38]: 18FDG–PET/CT should be used for response assessment in FDG–avid histologies, using a
5–point scale; CT is preferred for low or variable FDG avidity. A complete metabolic response even with a persistent mass is considered a complete
remission. A PR requires a decrease by more than 50% in the SPD of up to six representative nodes or extranodal lesions. Progressive disease by CT
criteria only requires в‰Ґ50%.increase in the cross product of the longest diameter and perpendicular diameter of a single

A Research Study On Service Encounters
Service Encounters The interactions between various people can help explain social and cultural differences, which overall allow us to gather
information on the wide expanse of ideologies that people from different economic and ethnic backgrounds hold and believe. Throughout this research
project I was able to build off of what I had learned from Benjamin Bailey's study and conduct something similar to experience firsthand what beneficial
information can be obtained from observing various service encounters. Understanding that not every person feels the same way about how certain
social interactions should be carried out is important. This enables us to realize that some interactions may come off as disrespectful, ill mannered, or...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were both white males of average height and build. Quickly after listening to the beginning of their conversation, it was clear they knew one
another.
Example 1:
1.Attendant: How's it going?
2.Customer: It's going good bro, what about you?
3.Attendant: Going good, how's ASU?
4.Customer: Pretty good, I'm getting through it. *Light chuckle*
5.Attendant: Well I'm glad to hear it, hope you have a good night.
6.Customer: You too man.
It was apparent that they had exchanged conversations maybe several times in the past and were on more personal terms, where they knew things about
one another. That was the first interaction I witnessed that day, between the attendant and a customer that included a conversation that seemed more
informal and casual. My second example took place in the Mexican restaurant, Los Taquitos, and the interaction I observed was between a young
women and an older male. The attendant looked around 16–18 and was a Mexican American woman. The customer seemed to be in his late 60's and
was a Native American man who was in a wheelchair. They had a polite conversation and seemed to be previously acquainted.
Example 2:
1.Attendant: Hey Liam, how are you today?
2.Customer: Hi Alexa, I'm doing fine.
3.Attendant: Lengua burrito?
4.Customer: Of course, and can you add four sides of pico?
5.Attendant: Mhmm, where's your wife today?
6.Customer: Oh she had an old friend

Azide Lab Report
The antagonistic effect of glutamine on Azide – 1 mediated light production was tested by increasing the glutamine concentration from 0.1 to 5mM.
The results show a dose – dependent inhibition of BLI signal by L – glutamine in HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 cells. This reduction confirms the
signal obtained by Azide – 1 was due to the competitive interference with glutamine uptake. However, a fall in the light intensity could not be observed
in 4T1 – RLR cells. This outcome does not mean that Azide – 1 did not compete with L – glutamine for the transporter mediated uptake. The reason of
no effect observed is because 4T1 – RLR which is a more glucose dependent cell line doesn't have a good affinity for L – glutamine (Fig. 7A), but
binds well... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10A). Hence, this proves that L – glutamine wouldn't have many chances to compete with Azide – 1 for transporter binding.
To confirm the exact potential mechanism involved in the uptake of Azide– 1, a competitive inhibition was carried out in glutamine dependent cancer
cell lines: HT1080 – luc2, U87MG – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2 using the specific inhibitor GPNA for the system ASCT2. The reason for choosing to test
the involvement of this specific type of transporter in the uptake of Azide – 1 is because the signal produced by Azide – 1 in HT1080 – luc2 and
HepG2 – luc2 cells could be reduced in the antagonistic effect assay by using L – glutamine which is the natural competitor for binding to glutamine
transporter systems ASC and N. It was also figured out in this study that HepG2 – luc2, HT1080 – luc2 and U87MG – luc2 express the ASCT2
transporter on the cell surface. GPNA decreased the signal intensity in HT1080 – luc2 and U87MG – luc2 cells. This decrease confirms the potential
involvement of ASCT2 transporter in Azide– 1 uptake. On the other hand, an increase in the BLI signal was obtained in HepG2 – luc2 cells. This
outcome likely came from the effect of gamma – glutamyl transferase which is an enzyme found in liver cancer cells (e.g. HepG2 cell) and catalyses
the transfer of the gamma – glutamyl moiety to an acceptor to form

Examples Of Metalinguistic Feedback
and/or phrases such as "I don't understand" which indicate to the learner that there is a problem with his or her utterance, and that it needs to be
reformulated. For example: S: "His preferit food" T: "Pardon? I don't understand the word preferit" D)Metalinguistic feedback With metalinguistic
feedback, the teacher does not provide the correct form but "comments, information, or questions related to the well–formedness of the student's
utterance" as Lyster and Ranta (1997: 47) states. Metalinguistic feedback is a corrective feedback form of implicit correction which implies ways of
negotiation of form without explicitly providing the correct form. It generally provides either some grammatical metalanguage that refers to the nature
of the error or a word definition in the case of lexical errors. It can also be body language which involves non–verbal cues such as facial expressions or
hand movements to indicate errors about word order or tense. (Lyster and Ranta, 1997). For example:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
E)Elicitation Elicitation is a corrective feedback form of implicit correction which implies ways of negotiation of form. In order to directly elicit the
correct form from the learner, teachers can elicit completion of his own utterance by "pausing to allow students to fill the blank" (Lyster and Ranta
1997:48). Teachers can also elicit the learners' self–repair by using a question in order to elicit the correct form (e.g. How do we say X in English?) or
use intonation in order to indicate that learners should reformulate their utterance. For example: S: "He likes very much chocolate" T: "He likes

Traumatic Brain Disorder (TBI)
1.5 million people in the United State of America have a traumatic brain disorder (TBI). These disorders have symptoms of memory dysfunction,
depression and anxiety; Dr. Byrnes and her team at the Uniformed Services University have examined mouse models to find the cellular mechanisms
for these symptoms. When the brain experiences a traumatic injury, several cellular–level events happen quickly. First, there is an increase in
supporting cell membrane permeability which leads to a rise in non–specific ion influx, followed by a rapid increase in glucose uptake. This increased
glucose uptake results in increased in energy generation in an effort to correct the membrane permeability dysfunction.
The major route neurons use to increase their glucose

How Does Salmonella Internalize Bacterial Uptake?
Contamination of produce by bacteria has become an ever increasing concern in recent years. Unfortunately, the precise route of contamination is not
completely understood. While physical contamination can definitely occur pre or post–harvest, there is also the incidence of internalized
contamination. This specifically has caused the highest number of questions overall, especially in relation to Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and E. coli
O157:H7. It is believed that a primary mode of transmittance could potentially be through contaminated water, whether irrigation, flooding,
chemigation, or spraying. The following information will review the scientific evidence that has been found to support this theory.
EXPERIMENTATION
The transfer of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, wild type and mutants, have been utilized experimentally to display the potential for
bacterial uptake in parsley through contaminated water (Lapidot and Yaron... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
low volume) (Bernstein and others 2007). Together these can potentially create a leachate. Furthermore, the water flow rate in a soil profile at the time
of manure application, along with the amount of moisture present, can also affect the subsurface bacterial transport. Irrigation schemes are particularly
important in bacterial retention regulation. The transportability of bacteria through soil allows for potential root contamination and uptake (Bernstein
and others 2007). Additionally, the reduced mobility of bacteria in soil with low water movement can lower the environmental contamination risk, but
at the same time can increase the potential for extended bacterial retention at or near the root zone increasing the potential for crop contamination
through internalization. (Bernstein and others

WhatВґs Peak Oxygen Uptake?
Peak oxygen uptake depends on two factors cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen extraction. In the heart, aging and comorbidities such as coronary
artery disease, obesity, and diabetes lead to systemic, myocardial and endothelial inflammation. This results in impairment of nitric oxide functions and
increased production of pro–fibrotic and anti–angiogenic factors which could lead to increased fibrosis and stiffness of cardiac tissue, and also lead to
reduced microvascular density. The reduction in microvascular density leads to more fibrosis, and reduced oxygen delivery and extraction in the heart.
All these, ultimately lead to cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension and edema, diastolic dysfunction, reduces peripheral vascular reserve,

The Function Of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is butterfly–shaped organ located in the front of the neck just above the trachea connected by an isthmus [1]. the major function of
thyroid gland is the Production of the T3, T4 and calcitonin hormones. Dysfunction of thyroid gland causes the shortcoming in the production of
thyroid hormones. Thyroid disorders related to dyshormonogenesis e.g. (Goiter, Thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Graves ' disease, thyroid
cancer, thyroid nodule, thyroid storm)[2]. For the diagnoses of thyroid disease we use chemical and radiological investigation [3], for a chemical we use
the laboratory test for measuring the concentration of thyroid hormones in the circulation include total T3 and T4 hormone [4], and for the radiological
exam, we use various modalities (ultrasound, CT, MRI and Nuclear Medicines). Ultrasound is the leading imaging technique for diagnosis of thyroid
diseases [5][6], Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging also have a high important role for assessment the thyroid malignancy [7].
Nuclear medicine is the imaging of utilization of radioactive compounds in medicine to image and treat various human diseases. It depends on the
'tracer principle' that studies of the fate of compounds in vivo using small amounts of radioactive materials [8]. Nuclear medicine used to diagnose
major tissues and organs of the body by using the radiopharmaceuticals.The patient is administered a radiopharmaceutical that distributes according to a

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide On The Southern Ocean Essay
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Uptake and Physical Transport Mechanisms in the Southern Ocean
Introduction
One–third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is in the atmosphere as a result of human activity has been absorbed by oceans where it can remain as
carbon for tens to hundreds of years (Ma et al., 2015). Anthropogenic CO2 (ACO2) primarily enters the ocean though differences in partial pressure
between the atmosphere and ocean boundary, although uptake by marine organisms is also a significant dissolved carbon contributor (Millero, 1995).
Once the ACO2 is dissolved into seawater however, the path it takes from dissolution to sequestration is less clear. Millero (1995) found that ACO2 in
the ocean is often transported to a different area of the ocean through physical mechanisms that include wind–driven Ekman transport, eddy fluxes, and
lateral transport. Each of these mechanisms contribute to the transportation of masses of water, and therefore dissolved ACO2, around the Southern
Ocean (Millero, 1995).
Carbon Uptake
Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide is taken up into the ocean in numerous ways, like non–anthropogenic carbon, and ACO2 is considered a component of
the total global CO2 (Millero, 1995). The mechanism of uptake of CO2 is through the differences in partial pressure between the atmosphere and
ocean interface. The flux of CO2 across the atmosphere–ocean boundary is largely controlled by the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere
compared to the CO2 in the ocean

Exploring The Binding Coordination And Uptake Path Of...
Exploring the binding coordination and uptake path of molybdate and tungstate
Molybdenum and tungsten have similar ionic radii and chemical properties. Tungsten is the heaviest atom and the only third–row transition element
that exhibits biological activity in enzymes. Molybdenum is the only second–row transition metal that exhibits biological activity when it is present in
a cofactor of a metalloenzyme. The natural source of molybdenum is molybdate, molybdate has 4 oxygens bound to the molybdenum in a tetrahedral
coordination and is transported into the cell by ModA, where it is incorporated into the molybdoenzymes, or in various different cofactor.Tungsten is
also taken up by cells in a similar manner as molybdenum but is bound by a different protein WtpA. Tungsten occurs naturally as tungstate, just like
molybdate it has 4 oxygens bound a tetrahedral. Humans need molybdenum for molybdoenzymes which are essential for our growth, in thermophiles
the molybdenum is usually substituted for tungsten. (Mukund & Adams, 1991) Not all life form use molybdenum and not all use tungsten, but all use
either molybdenum or tungsten, to current date there has not been a cell found that doesn't use one or the other. The molybdoenzymes carry out a
variety of different reactions in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most well–known one being nitrogenase as well as nitrate reductase. These
work together to play a major role in our ecosystem. There are a number of other

Lundgaard Et Al. (2015) Also Recognized The Conflicting
Lundgaard et al. (2015) also recognized the conflicting hypotheses in cerebral metabolism and that until this uncertainty is removed, the reliability of
neuroimaging data interpretations is reduced. To address this problem, they created a near–infrared 2–deoxyglucose probe (2DG–IR) and used
two–photon microscopy to assess whether it is neurons or astrocytes which are taking up more glucose during neuronal activation. If the ANLS
hypothesis is correct, astrocytes should be observed taking up more glucose. Whereas, if the parsimonious hypothesis is correct, glucose uptake should
be greater in neurons. First, they assessed their 2DG–IR probe by comparing it to 14C–glucose and 14C–2–deoxyglucose (14C–2DG) uptake in
neurons and astrocytes of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The analysis performed was ex vivo; results showed neurons in multiple brain regions, including CA1, took up more 2DG–IR than astrocytes. Next, to
determine if anaesthesia affects cerebral metabolism, 2DG–IR uptake in neurons and astrocytes of GLT1–eGFP reporter mice was quantitatively
analyzed after ketamine/xylazine administration. Anaesthesia decreased glucose uptake in neurons more so than astrocytes. Next, Lundgaard et al.
(2015) introduced the activity–dependent component to their study by unilaterally stimulating (3 Hz) the whiskers of mice and observing 2DG–IR
uptake and neuronal activation. Local field potentials were measured in the contralateral barrel cortex during whisker stimulation to ensure neurons
were activated; results confirmed neuronal activation occurred. Further, 2DG–IR uptake was higher in contralateral barrel cortex, compared to
ipsilateral. Specifically, uptake in contralateral neurons was significantly increased, whereas, astrocytic uptake was not statistically significant between
the two hemispheres. Therefore, stimulation of the sensory system caused activated neurons to take up glucose to a greater extent than surrounding
astrocytes. Finally, Lundgaard et al. (2015) used fluorescence–activated cell sorting to separate neurons and astrocytes, and then proceeded to use
quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyze gene expression. Since

Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake : A Multilevel Analysis
Cervical cancer is one of the rare cancers that has preventive measures that can greatly reduce the mortality of the disease. In the United States,
deaths due to cervical cancer decreased by 50%. There is a vaccine known as the human papillomavirus vaccine and a screening known as the pap
smear. While these services are offered and have proven to be very effective, there are still barriers to different groups of women obtaining these
medical services. In this paper, I look at two vulnerable populations: women in low– and middle– income countries as well as immigrant women living
in the developed country of Canada. In the first article: "Underutilization of cervical cancer prevention services in low and middle income countries: a
review of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They looked at the cultural differences between immigrant and native born populations and how those differences impact cervical cancer screenings
taking place.
These kinds of findings are crucial in identifying barriers in immigrant populations so healthcare professionals and policies can be put in place to
increase understanding and awareness. Once determined, these barriers can be breached for the purpose of reaching the vulnerable populations and
decreasing the incidence of preventable diseases (Newbold and Whitman, 2007) (Chidyaonga–Maseko, Chirwa and Muula, 2015).
Methods and Sample Size
In looking at women in developing countries and the contributing factors, a six–step research process was used to gather articles concerning
underutilization of cervical cancer screening services: review questions, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, developing search strategy, selecting
studies, extracting ideas, analyzing and interpreting the results.
The sample size included 31 full text articles containing information about women's barriers to using cervical cancer prevention services specifically in
low– and middle– income countries. Only articles published between 2001 and 2014 were used. The search for articles came from peer–reviewed and
literature databases. This research was a case–study review of

Iodine Therapy Thyroidectomy
Iodine therapy is another option for treatment and "is used in coordination with thyroidectomy to completely ablate the thyroid gland and to
postoperatively eradicate possible residual cancer" (Nguyen, et al., 2015). Iodine 131 has had a significant part in the treatment and of thyroid cancer
since the mid 1940's (Nguyen, et al., 2015). Iodine 131 works "by entering the thyroid cells via the sodium iodide transporters and emitting
short–wavelength beta rays, causing acute cell death" (Nguyen, et al., 2015). The use of Iodine 131 is done in two ways. "When administered the first
time after surgery, it is referred to as ablation, whereas subsequent administrations for residual disease are referred to as treatment" (Nguyen, et al.,
2015). Iodine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient had a history of thyroid cancer, hyperthyroidism and abnormal TSH levels. The technologist used Iodine 123 and administered 288 uCi.
The technologist used a low energy high resolution collimator and increased the zoom because the hospital does not have a pinhole collimator. The
patient had a thyroidectomy done in 1985. The technologist was looking for any uptake or nodules that may be present. We didn't expect to find much
uptake because the patient had already had the thyroidectomy. What was found was surprising. The patient had their thyroid gland grow back over
time especially the right lobe. According to an article in Clinical Endocrinology thyroid tissue being present after a thyroidectomy is not that
uncommon. The study from Clinical Endocrinology showed thyroid tissue was present in about half the patients on SPECT/CT studies (Barber, Cherk,
Toplisst, Serpell, Yap, Bailey & Klaff, 2014). There was more uptake on the right gland in this case study. Normal scans have homogeneous uptake in
the entire gland and don't have cold nodule's present. Abnormal scans can have cold nodules and uptake that is not uniform throughout the gland. The
physician noted that even though this study had more uptake in the right lobe it was due to the gland being thicker and more of the right gland had
grown

Uptake Use And Effectiveness Of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis...

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