In this article, we embark on a journey through the realm of scientific tools, exploring their significance, advancements, and the avenues they open for discovery. visit: https://gosciencecrazy.com
Overview Of Nanotechnology Historical Perspective Of Integration Of Biology ...academicbiotech
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Explore the evolution of nanotechnology in this presentation, tracing its historical roots and emphasizing the fusion of biology, chemistry, and material science. Delve into the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology, highlighting key contributions from each field and showcasing pivotal milestones that shaped the convergence of these sciences, revolutionizing technology and research.
Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick; a single gold atom is about a third of a nanometer in diameter.
Overview Of Nanotechnology Historical Perspective Of Integration Of Biology ...academicbiotech
Â
Explore the evolution of nanotechnology in this presentation, tracing its historical roots and emphasizing the fusion of biology, chemistry, and material science. Delve into the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology, highlighting key contributions from each field and showcasing pivotal milestones that shaped the convergence of these sciences, revolutionizing technology and research.
Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick; a single gold atom is about a third of a nanometer in diameter.
The Fascinating World of Ghost Particles: Exploring Neutrinos and Their Role ...Hello879756
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Do you know what ghost particles are? Although they could seem in a horror film, these entities are actually a fascinating and enigmatic shape that scientists have been researching for decades.
Neutrinos are also known as ghost particle, are exceedingly small subatomic particles with no electric charge. They are so tiny that they don't interact with anything as they go through matter, even our bodies and the entire Earth.Nothing can be written about these particles because it is impossible to find them. To study how neutrinos affect other particles and their surroundings, scientists have created sophisticated equipment and methods.
How can we identify these particles?
1. When a neutrinos are collide with other particles in a detector, then a light flash creates, which may be used to detect them. The Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan and the Icecube detector in Antarctica are only two examples of investigations that have employed this technique.
2. Observing neutrinos interact with other particles like protons or electrons in a lab setting is another technique to examine them. The behaviour of neutrinos and their place in the cosmos can be better understood by using of these experiments.
So, why are scientists so interested in studying ghost particles?
These neutrino particles may hold crucial hints or details on the universe's creation and development. Nuclear processes like those in the Sun and significant cosmic occurrences like supernovae are responsible for their formation.Researchers are hoping to get greater insight into the processes that have built the cosmos over billions of years by examining neutrinos. In order to monitor nuclear reactors and other high-risk facilities, they want to develop new technologies and the applications for them, such as neutrino detectors.
âBridging Worlds: 1 How CERN Sheds Light on Eclipsesrozina shaheen
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CERN eclipses have long fascinated humanity, marking the moments when our solar systemâs celestial dance takes center stage. From the awe-inspiring beauty of solar eclipses to the mysterious allure of lunar eclipses, these phenomena have stirred the imaginations of cultures and people throughout history.
Yet, amid this cosmic spectacle, an unlikely player has emerged: the European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN. Despite being known for its groundbreaking work in particle physics, CERNâs connection to the study of eclipses may come as a surprise to many. In this blog post, weâll explore this exciting intersection, exploring how CERN research sheds new light on understanding eclipses in ways we never imagined.
Understanding Particle Physics and Astrophysics:
CERN stands as a beacon of scientific innovation, its crown jewel being the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the worldâs most powerful particle accelerator. At its core, CERNâs mission revolves around unlocking the mysteries of particle physics, probing the fundamental building blocks of the universe with unprecedented precision.
Particle accelerators like the LHC play an important role in our quest to understand the universe. By recreating conditions similar to the earliest moments of the universeâs existence, these mighty machines offer glimpses into the fabric of reality itself. They allow us to study particles at energies unimaginable in everyday life, providing invaluable insight into the fundamental forces and phenomena that govern our universe.
Yet, CERNâs impact extends beyond just the realm of particle physics. It exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry, making connections across different fields of study. Astrophysics, in particular, benefits greatly from CERNâs expertise, as discoveries in particle physics often have a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.
By combining the worlds of particle physics and astrophysics, CERN illuminates new avenues of discovery, revealing unexpected connections between seemingly disparate domains of knowledge. In the following sections, weâll take a deeper look at this fascinating interaction, revealing how CERNâs research informs our understanding of eclipses and reshapes our view of the universe.
CERNâs involvement in eclipse research may seem unexpected at first glance, given its primary focus on particle physics. However, the complex interplay between celestial phenomena and fundamental physics provides fertile ground for discovery. Eclipses offer unique opportunities to study the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions, in line with CERNâs mission to unravel the mysteries of the universe.
2. Support of modern technologies:
âą CERNâs arsenal of advanced technologies and advanced data analysis techniques contribute to our understanding of celestial phenomena, including lunar eclipses.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
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Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
The Fascinating World of Ghost Particles: Exploring Neutrinos and Their Role ...Hello879756
Â
Do you know what ghost particles are? Although they could seem in a horror film, these entities are actually a fascinating and enigmatic shape that scientists have been researching for decades.
Neutrinos are also known as ghost particle, are exceedingly small subatomic particles with no electric charge. They are so tiny that they don't interact with anything as they go through matter, even our bodies and the entire Earth.Nothing can be written about these particles because it is impossible to find them. To study how neutrinos affect other particles and their surroundings, scientists have created sophisticated equipment and methods.
How can we identify these particles?
1. When a neutrinos are collide with other particles in a detector, then a light flash creates, which may be used to detect them. The Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan and the Icecube detector in Antarctica are only two examples of investigations that have employed this technique.
2. Observing neutrinos interact with other particles like protons or electrons in a lab setting is another technique to examine them. The behaviour of neutrinos and their place in the cosmos can be better understood by using of these experiments.
So, why are scientists so interested in studying ghost particles?
These neutrino particles may hold crucial hints or details on the universe's creation and development. Nuclear processes like those in the Sun and significant cosmic occurrences like supernovae are responsible for their formation.Researchers are hoping to get greater insight into the processes that have built the cosmos over billions of years by examining neutrinos. In order to monitor nuclear reactors and other high-risk facilities, they want to develop new technologies and the applications for them, such as neutrino detectors.
âBridging Worlds: 1 How CERN Sheds Light on Eclipsesrozina shaheen
Â
CERN eclipses have long fascinated humanity, marking the moments when our solar systemâs celestial dance takes center stage. From the awe-inspiring beauty of solar eclipses to the mysterious allure of lunar eclipses, these phenomena have stirred the imaginations of cultures and people throughout history.
Yet, amid this cosmic spectacle, an unlikely player has emerged: the European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN. Despite being known for its groundbreaking work in particle physics, CERNâs connection to the study of eclipses may come as a surprise to many. In this blog post, weâll explore this exciting intersection, exploring how CERN research sheds new light on understanding eclipses in ways we never imagined.
Understanding Particle Physics and Astrophysics:
CERN stands as a beacon of scientific innovation, its crown jewel being the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the worldâs most powerful particle accelerator. At its core, CERNâs mission revolves around unlocking the mysteries of particle physics, probing the fundamental building blocks of the universe with unprecedented precision.
Particle accelerators like the LHC play an important role in our quest to understand the universe. By recreating conditions similar to the earliest moments of the universeâs existence, these mighty machines offer glimpses into the fabric of reality itself. They allow us to study particles at energies unimaginable in everyday life, providing invaluable insight into the fundamental forces and phenomena that govern our universe.
Yet, CERNâs impact extends beyond just the realm of particle physics. It exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of scientific inquiry, making connections across different fields of study. Astrophysics, in particular, benefits greatly from CERNâs expertise, as discoveries in particle physics often have a profound impact on our understanding of the universe.
By combining the worlds of particle physics and astrophysics, CERN illuminates new avenues of discovery, revealing unexpected connections between seemingly disparate domains of knowledge. In the following sections, weâll take a deeper look at this fascinating interaction, revealing how CERNâs research informs our understanding of eclipses and reshapes our view of the universe.
CERNâs involvement in eclipse research may seem unexpected at first glance, given its primary focus on particle physics. However, the complex interplay between celestial phenomena and fundamental physics provides fertile ground for discovery. Eclipses offer unique opportunities to study the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions, in line with CERNâs mission to unravel the mysteries of the universe.
2. Support of modern technologies:
âą CERNâs arsenal of advanced technologies and advanced data analysis techniques contribute to our understanding of celestial phenomena, including lunar eclipses.
Introduction
Definition
History
Advantages of nanobiotechnology
Applications of nanobiotechnology
Drawback of nanobiotechnology
New features in the nanobiotechnology
Conclusion
References
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Â
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other  chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Â
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules -Â a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.Â
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to âburnâ the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP.  Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 â 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : Â cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutrition is the science that deals with the study of nutrients and their role in maintaining human health and well-being. It encompasses the various processes involved in the intake, absorption, and utilization of essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, by the human body.
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 Râ,a3Ï mass upper limit of
3.9 Mâ, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4â0.9”m) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8â5”m, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3”m to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as â 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5Ï, r = 0.1â circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 â 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ⌠50 â 200pc, stellar masses of
Mâ ⌠107â108Mâ, and star-formation rates of SFR ⌠0.1â1 Mâ yrâ1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ⌠2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Â
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.Â
 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Unveiling the Wonders of Scientific Tools - A Journey Through the Modern-Day Laboratory.pdf
1. Unveiling the Wonders of Scientific Tools: A Journey Through the Modern-
Day Laboratory
In the vast landscape of scientific exploration, tools serve as the guiding compass, enabling researchers
to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe. From microscopes to spectrometers, each
instrument plays a crucial role in unraveling the complexities of nature. In this article, we embark on
a journey through the realm of scientific tools, exploring their significance, advancements, and the
avenues they open for discovery.
The Evolution of Scientific Instruments From the rudimentary tools of ancient civilizations to the
cutting-edge technologies of the present day, the evolution of scientific instruments mirrors
humanity's relentless pursuit of knowledge. Early astronomers relied on simple devices like the
astrolabe and sextant to map the heavens, laying the groundwork for future discoveries. The
Renaissance era witnessed the emergence of groundbreaking inventions such as the microscope and
telescope, revolutionizing our understanding of the microscopic and celestial worlds.
The Birth of Modern Laboratory Equipment The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed an explosion of
innovation in scientific instrumentation. With the advent of electricity and advances in materials
science, laboratories became equipped with a myriad of sophisticated tools. The centrifuge,
spectrograph, and chromatograph emerged as indispensable assets, enabling researchers to analyze
substances with unprecedented precision. These developments paved the way for breakthroughs in
fields ranging from chemistry and biology to physics and materials science.
Key Scientific Tools and Their Applications
1. Microscopes: From Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's primitive lens to today's electron
microscopes, these instruments have transformed our understanding of the microscopic
world. They are indispensable in fields such as biology, medicine, and materials science,
allowing researchers to visualize structures at the nanoscale.
2. Spectrometers: Spectrometers are essential for analyzing the composition and properties of
substances. Whether it's identifying chemical compounds, studying the spectra of stars, or
elucidating the structure of molecules, these instruments provide invaluable insights into the
nature of matter.
2. 3. Chromatographs: Chromatography techniques, including gas chromatography and liquid
chromatography, are vital for separating and analyzing complex mixtures. They find
applications in pharmaceuticals, forensics, environmental science, and more, enabling
researchers to isolate and identify individual components with precision.
4. DNA Sequencers: The advent of DNA sequencing technologies has revolutionized genetics and
molecular biology. These instruments allow researchers to decipher the genetic code with
unprecedented speed and accuracy, opening new frontiers in personalized medicine,
evolutionary biology, and biotechnology.
5. Particle Accelerators: Particle accelerators propel charged particles to high speeds, enabling
scientists to study fundamental particles and simulate extreme conditions. They have led to
groundbreaking discoveries in particle physics, cosmology, and materials science, shedding
light on the fundamental forces that govern the universe.
Also Read: Exploring the World of Physics: A Guide to Shopping for Physics Equipment
The Future of Scientific Instrumentation As technology continues to advance at an exponential pace,
the future of scientific instrumentation holds limitless possibilities. Nanotechnology promises to
miniaturize instruments, opening new frontiers in portable diagnostics and personalized medicine.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are revolutionizing data analysis, enhancing the capabilities
of instruments and accelerating the pace of discovery.
Conclusion:
Scientific tools are the bedrock of modern research, empowering scientists to unlock the secrets of
the universe. From the humble microscope to the awe-inspiring particle accelerator, each instrument
contributes to humanity's collective quest for knowledge. As we stand on the brink of a new era of
discovery, the evolution of scientific instrumentation continues to inspire wonder and fuel our
curiosity about the mysteries that lie beyond.
Source: https://bit.ly/3xtyEM1