Agenda is below. ---- - What Is Multiculturalism? - Immigration in The Netherlands - Unemployment - Disposable Income - Welfare - Crime Suspects Per 10,000 People - Pim Fortuyn - Geert Wilders - Netherlands: Multiculturalism Retreat - Disengagement in the EU: Multiculturalism vs. Assimilation - Early Examples of Multicultural Societies - Netherland Statistics - United Kingdom Striated Social Class - "Multiculturalism" Is A Reality - Which Policy Was Most Successful? - Disengagement from Natives - Integration Has Failed - Distribution of Languages - Case Study: Canada - Canada: Social Impact - Canada: Economic Impact - Canada: Political & Judicial Impact ----

1. Unno School
Global Negotiator Training Program
Swingby Corporation
June 1st, 2016
Multiculturalism in The Netherlands and Canada

2. Swingby
Points of Argument
2
 What Is Multiculturalism?
 Immigration in The Netherlands
 Unemployment
 Disposable Income
 Welfare
 Crime Suspects Per 10,000 People
 Pim Fortuyn
 Geert Wilders
 Netherlands: Multiculturalism Retreat
 Disengagement in the EU: Multiculturalism vs.
Assimilation
 Early Examples of Multicultural Societies
 Netherland Statistics
 United Kingdom Striated Social Class
 "Multiculturalism" Is A Reality
 Which Policy Was Most Successful?
 Disengagement from Natives
 Integration Has Failed
 Distribution of Languages
 Case Study: Canada
 Canada: Social Impact
 Canada: Economic Impact
 Canada: Political & Judicial Impact
18:30 20:30
Multiculturalism in Netherlands & CANADA

3. Swingby
What Is Multiculturalism?
3
 Multiculturalism ( 異文化主義・異文化共存 ) describes the existence, acceptance, or
promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single jurisdiction, usually considered in
terms of the culture associated with an ethnic group. In other words, the country is built
and strengthened by having multiple cultures coexist.
 Assimilation is when a country’s identity exists, and the new immigrants that come in
must accept the existing culture of the country. Separate, new cultural groups are not
what hold the country together.
 ‘Minorities Policy’ encourage immigrants from non-western backgrounds to organize
themselves. This was a response to the perceived dangers of political and social
exclusion. In fact they fostered organizational fragmentation, leading to a proliferation of
small politically powerless associations, fostering segregation rather than social and
political incorporation.

4. Swingby
Immigration in The Netherlands
4
 There were three waves of immigration in the Netherlands:
1. 1950-60’s from former colonies (Indonesia, Surinam, Antilles)
2. 1955-60’s from Southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal), and
North Africa (Turkey, Morocco)
3. 1970-now refugees (Eastern Europe since 1970, Yugoslavia, Iran,
Iraq from 1985)

5. Swingby
Immigration in The Netherlands
5
主題 ネイティブ
西洋人の外国人 西洋人でない外国人 モロッコ オランダ領アルバ ス
リナム トルコ
総人口
第一世代外国人
第二世代外国人

6. Swingby
Unemployment (1)
6
ネイティブ
西側の外国人
西側でない外国人
スリナム
アルバ
トルコ
モロッコ
西側でないその他の外国人
専門職合計 失業中の専門職人口

7. Swingby
Unemployment (2)
Unemployment in the Netherlands in the early 1980-1990s were between 5% and 10%,
and showed a constant lower value under 5% in the 2000s. This is still lower than
many other European countries.

8. Swingby
Unemployment (3)
8
The biggest catalyst in increasing Dutch unemployment happened after the
international financial crisis, and another contributing factor with the lower real estate
prices (falling by over 20% since 2008), decreased consumption, and now the
Netherlands is facing its third recession within 4 years.
Source: https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/05/04/neth-m04.html
http://www.iamexpat.nl/read-and-discuss/expat-page/news/where-dutch-unemployment-highest

9. Swingby
Unemployment (4)
9
The biggest population hit within the Netherlands were those aged 25-45. As a result, the
unemployment level reached a record high (first in 30 years) at 8.1% in March 2013.
Over 643,000 people were without jobs. Since then; however, many have become self
employed (800,000 people by March 2013), the government increased more
unemployment benefits to those under 25 and another to people over 55 years old, and
still the unemployment rate is still not back to pre-2008 values.
Source: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2015/47/unemployment-rate-up
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dutch-king-willem-alexander-declares-the-end-of-the-
welfare-state-8822421.html
The Dutch King Willem-Alexander has
publicly announced in September 2013
that it is dropping the welfare state status,
and converting to a "participation society"
where each person will have to take care
of his/her own future instead of relying on
social security as a fall back option.
On right, the Dutch King making the
announcement.

10. Swingby
Disposable Income (1)
10
世帯合計 一人世帯 ２人世帯 単一の親世帯 その他 世帯収入
一人世帯収入
オランダ人
西洋人でない人
西洋人

11. Swingby
Disposable Income (2)
11
Source: https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2014/april/the-netherlands-growth-figures-higher-again/
True disposable income per family dropped again by 1.4% in 2013 due to inflationary
effects on wages, increased taxes and social security premiums, as well as the steady
increase in unemployment.

12. Swingby
Overview of Netherland Economy (2014)
12
Source: https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2014/april/the-netherlands-growth-figures-higher-again/

13. Swingby
Welfare
人口合計
ネイティブ
西側の外国人
西側でない外国人の第一世代
西側でない外国人
西側でない外国人の第二世代
失業手当をもらっている人 福祉手当をもらってい
る人
The welfare system in the Netherlands is said to be the most extensive in Europe, but
also one of the most restrictive. There are three branches that make up the system:
1.National Insurance (given by social insurance bank)
2.Employee Insurance (also covers long-term disabilities and sickness
3.Social Assistance (given by municipalities)

14. Swingby
Crime Suspects Per 10,000 People
14
ネイティブ
西側の外国人
西側でない外国人
モロッコモロッ
コ
アルバ
スリナム
トルコ
犯罪容疑者合計 犯罪容疑者
１００００人当たりの犯罪者数
窃盗犯 暴力犯
逮捕者数
公序良俗犯 麻薬犯
逮捕者数 １００００人当たりの犯罪者数
男 女
犯罪容疑者合計 犯罪容疑者 窃盗犯 暴力犯公序良俗犯 麻薬犯

15. Swingby
Policy
15
 "Multiculturalism" official policy in 1980's
 Immigration is not a problem, beneficial
 Rate determined by the demand for unskilled labor & immigration of family
 Population 16m, immigrant: 3.5m (20%), non-western 2m (12%) - 1m second
generation. 55% of youth living in Amsterdam is non-western

16. Swingby
Pim Fortuyn
16
Pim Fortuyn: A democracy in shock
Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pOl0xQfBvQ
 Intellectual, populist, charismatic, open homosexual
 I don’t hate Islam. I consider it a backward culture
 Immigrants need to adjust themselves to Dutch values
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn, was a
politician, and previously a professor. He was very voiced about
multiculturalism and immigration, and strongly against Islam in the
Netherlands. He even went as far as to say that if it were legal, he
would close the borders on Islam, as this is a "backwards culture".
Fortuyn was assassinated in 2002 during the Dutch national
election campaign as the assassin, Volkert van der Graaf, said
this was the only way to stop his anti-Muslim claims, and to stop
the exploitation of innocent and weak members of society, just to
gain favors in politics.
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_Fortu
yn

17. Swingby
Geert Wilders
17
 PVV (right-liberal)
 Fitna (movie name); Koran inspired Terrorism
 Not Le Pen nor Haider
 Stop immigration from Muslim countries
 Following topic was broadcast on the news almost every day
 But have not given up
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJmPpyNsQVEVideo
https://youtu.be/ZdrlClxLmj4?t=38sVideo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCRS0WeliC4Video
Geert Wilders - Islam's War Against The Free West
Mercatorplein Rellen in Amsterdam West 1999 chaos
Multicultureel diner bij de Dreef
(This is not in English but you can feel the tone of the lunch party)

18. Swingby
Netherlands: Multiculturalism Retreat(1)
18
 The Netherlands first adopted multiculturalism policies in the 1980s but retracted
institutional accommodations/political expression of multiculturalism
 Retreated from multiculturalism in 1990s-2000s due to the serious negative
consequences
 Increased residential ghettos of immigrants, social segregation of immigrants
 Increased stereotyping, hate crime, discrimination
 Political radicalization of youth – Muslim
 Results of restricted liberties of women & girls (due to worsening illiberal cultural
practices)
 Reasons for failure:
 Many original nationals found that they first needed to prioritize a Dutch national
identity, “Dutch first”, and then focus second on different cultures, ethnicities, and
languages
 Multiculturalism policies were a dramatic change for the nation, and created a
temporary “moral panic”
 Resulted in radical “anti-immigrant” groups, which worsened the atmosphere more
than before the policies
*Failed case of multiculturalism

19. Swingby
Netherlands: Multiculturalism Retreat(2)
19
 Lessons learned:
 Cultural practices should only be done in private life, and not
promoted/practiced publicly
 Instead, country should support “reasonable accommodations” to
religion/culture/ethnicities in multiculturalism
 Should gradually introduce policies for integrating immigrants into everyday
life

20. Swingby
Netherland Statistics
20
 Native Dutch vs. Non-Western Immigrants
 Unemployment is 3 times higher
 Disposable income – more than 30% of non-Western immigrants
 Welfare is 7 times higher than Dutch
 Crime suspects for non-Western immigrants is 4 times higher
 These figures are similar to those of Germany, England and France
Immigrants
 Immigrants identified more with their country than with their religion (relationship with
God not an identity). They didn’t like getting treated differently, and were okay with
disregarding their (cultural origins) to be accepted by the Dutch.
 There were many riots, so authorities responded by creating policies.
 UK: creating an overarching ‘umbrella’, where many cultures would be brought
together to live cooperatively; however in reality, it was an excuse to allow
segregation. Cultures created their own cultural groups and were separated from
large UK society.
 Dutch: cultural preservation led to a fractured society (couldn’t combine)
 France: forced integration or assimilation caused tensions within society (failed)

21. Swingby
Disengagement in the EU: Multiculturalism vs. Assimilation
21
Early Examples of Multicultural Societies
French Revolution (18th Century) – resulted in mass
emigration of French to neighboring European countries.
Almost 200,000 emigrated by 1857 to Europe, and by
1939, 1 million emigrated to USA, Canada, and South
America.
During the Industrial Revolution, the United Kingdom
adopted the social system to striate society according to
various factors: heredity, occupation, political influence
and social status
Aliens Act (1905) – rule designed to prevent criminals or
people from Jewish descent from coming into Ireland or
the United Kingdom. It was revised to be more restrictive
in 1914
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_diaspora

22. Swingby
United Kingdom Striated Social System
22
Source: http://theday.co.uk/politics/class-obsessed-britain-bans-indian-caste-system
(Labor Class)
UK will ban the Indian-
like caste system
discrimination (class
defined by birth), but
still have its own
British class system,
which it will not ban.

23. Swingby
United Kingdom Striated Social Class
23
Source: http://www.cityam.com/230425/there-are-now-seven-social-classes-which-one-do-you-belong-to

24. Swingby
"Multiculturalism" Is A Reality
24
Exclusionist
France
Netherlands
EnglandGermany
Multiculturalism
Assimilation

25. Swingby
Which Policy Was Most Successful?
25
 France: assimilation (pure democracy)  tensions between
immigrants and police but 42% of North-Africans identify themselves
as French citizens, before identifying as North Africans. 40% of
Muslims identify themselves as French citizens before identifying with
the Muslim religion.
 Germany: disengagement (only 25% Turkish people living in Germany
have German passports).
 England: There is still tensions between ethnic groups
 Overall: no European policy was successful
What About The Second Generation (in the Netherlands)?
1.If they have 2 cultures (residing nation and parents’ culture), 2nd
generation clearly
identifies with residing nation’s culture – no identity conflict
2.Formalize disengagement by associating with what sets them apart in Western
society; ⅓ of 2nd
generation feels strong ties with Islam

26. Swingby
Disengagement from Natives
26
 40% of Germans saw communities as a threat and 75% believed that
Muslim culture did not fit in the Western World
 50% French feel that decline is inevitable, politicians corrupt, sentiment =
fear
 Disengagement:
The Terrifying Results of Muslim Immigration in the UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8fzcT7jHG8Video
2014/11/11 This is What Happens Because the British Allow Muslims to the UK, and it's time for every freedom loving
persons to stand against not just muslims but the appeasing politicians as well.
What Will Happen When Islam Takes Over Britain WAKE UP!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kczkDnMgboUVideo

27. Swingby
Integration Has Failed(1)
27
 Democracy: Merkel
 Cameron
 Racism: Breivik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKG76HF24_kVideo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3xsnEzA8FwVideo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hQ1txn7DUNM
Video
German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said that attempts at creating a multi-cultural society
in Germany have "utterly failed." Merkel was addressing a national meeting of the youth wing
of her Christian Democratic Union (CDU) party.
Echoing Angela Merkel's recent comment that 'state multiculturalism has failed' David Cameron presented his
views on Islam, radicalization, and the problems Europe is facing in terms of integration. The UK Prime Minister
was speaking in Germany, at the Munich Security Conference this weekend.
Anders Behring Breivik has admitted he killed 77 people in bomb and shooting attacks in Norway last July,
as he appeared for the second day of his trial in an Oslo court. He showed no remorse and said he would
repeat the carnage, as the prosecutors finished their cross-examination on the second day of the five-day
testimony. Breivik read a 90 minute statement outlining his defense, in which he argued that he had acted to
defend his country against multiculturalism. Al Jazeera’s Jonah Hull reports from Norwegian capital, Oslo.

28. Swingby
Integration Has Failed(2)
28
RACIST EUROPE
Freedom of speech: Geert Wilders
Muslim whistleblowers reveal hypocrisy of Islam & how Muslims exploit
it onto non-Muslims
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSSCX-JjU4AVideo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFLlyoi-fxsVideo
RACIST EUROPE - Far right on rise - MUSLIMS and AFRICANS regularly ATTACKED
https://youtu.be/kevNDOCbKxE?t=1m15sVideo
"Peace" is limited to those who SUBMIT to Islam How does Islam, which condones killing
non-Muslims who didn't convert, consider itself a religion of peace? Event by ECI: Ex-
Muslims & Critics of Islam at UCI. "Freedom of Speech vs. Blasphemy in Islam: Should
American Values Submit to Islamic Censorship?"

29. Swingby29
Source: Esses et al. 2006; cf. Weldon 2006
Multiculturalism might lead to intolerance and xenophobia

30. Swingby
Distribution of Languages By Proportion
30
Source: Ethnologue-Languages of the World, CIA-US, Unesco, United Nations, University of Düsseldorf, Washington Post

31. Swingby
Distribution of Living Languages By Country
31
Source: Ethnologue-Languages of the World, CIA-US, Unesco, United Nations, University of Düsseldorf, Washington Post

32. Swingby
Case Study: Canada
32
 In 1971, Canada was the 1st country to
legally adopt multiculturalism
 35 million population
 Mid-sized country
 Values on graph reflect immigration
between 2001-2006
 Historically, population mostly aborigines,
French, and British (due to colonization)
 Canada welcomes the most immigrants
per capita than any other country (around
220k-260k/year).
 i.e. in 1981, 97% of population was white
*Successful case of multiculturalism
Source: Graph based on 2006 census (http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006)

33. Swingby
Canada: Social Impact
33
 All citizens were deemed
equal, regardless of race,
origins, religion, or language
 The 1971 Multiculturalism
Policy of Canada encourages
harmony and cooperation
between existing Canadians
and new Canadians, as they
are both considered no more
important than the other
 All laws under Canadian
citizenship, Canadian
Constitution, and Charter of
Rights and Freedoms will
protect citizens

34. Swingby
Canada: Social Impact (Continued)
34
 Canada’s multiculturalism has seen more positive results than other nations, due
to above enacted policies
 Second generation have higher socio-economic status than other countries
 Stable hate crime rate (~1,400/year)
 Race and ethnicity ~50% total
 black victims ~40%
 Jewish victims ~53-71%
 Muslim victims ~9-15%,
 Majority by young males
*Canadian Jews’ reporting higher because group already settled.
*New Canadian Muslim reporting numbers may be low, due to unfamiliarity between
police and Muslim group

35. Swingby
Canada: Social Impact (Continued)
35

36. Swingby
Canada: Social Impact (Continued)
36
Hate crime (reported) average in 2008-2012
Source: https://multiculturalmeanderings.wordpress.com/2014/07/14/hate-crimes-five-year-trends/

37. Swingby
Canada: Social Impact (Continued)
37
Source: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/multi-report2011/part1.asp

38. Swingby
Canada: Economic Impact
38
 Labor market integration – difficult during first few years (lack of network,
unfamiliarity of customs/rules), but soon find conditions better than if were to
immigrate to other nation
 Absence of minority/religious ghettos
Areas South Asian Emigrants Arab Emigrants
Quebec 14.6% 16%
Alberta 5.9% 9.5%
Unemployment Rate in Canada in 2011
Source: http://www.dawn.com/news/1022553

39. Swingby
Canada: Economic Impact (Continued)
39
Shortfalls of Policies
Recent emigrants are taking longer to find employment and assimilate, compared
to native Canadians, as compared to earlier cohorts
At higher risk of poverty due to factors outside of Canadian policies:
 Professional accreditation
 Education level
 Foreign job experience
 Language training
 Mismatch with actual current
Labor market needs (IT bubble burst)
Source: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-state.pdf

40. Swingby
Canada: Political & Judicial Impact
40
 Electoral integration – many naturalized
Canadians hold political offices
 Most foreign-born citizens in
Canadian Parliament than any
nation (quantity and %)
 i.e. Canada Parliament 13% of
19.3% population ratio;
 US House of Representatives 2%
of 14.7% population ratio;
 Australia 11% of 23% population
ratio
 Mutual appreciation of immigrants and
native Canadians
Canada's India-Born
Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan
Canada's India-Born
Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan
Source: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/multi-state.pdf

41. Swingby
Discussion Points
41
Netherlands
1.What rules should the Netherlands have implemented to make it a success story?
2.What did they do wrong?
3.Should they attempt at multiculturalism again, now that Europe is facing an influx
of Syrian refugees?
Canada
4.How can other countries learn from Canada’s experience?
5.Is it the leaders that contribute to the success story, or is it the policy that driving
the success of assimilation?
6.Could the success be related to Canada having a lack of ‘Canadian Identity’ from
the start?

42. Swingby
Summary (1)
42
Both countries, the Netherlands and Canada have attempted a multicultural revolution
amongst their people. While the Netherlands were not able to benefit from the movement,
Canada is now looked at as a live example of multiculturalism success.
Multiculturalism in the Netherlands – started in 1950 with immigrants from south east
Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe flowing across borders in hopes of living a better
life. The government created an official policy in 1980s that would allow immigrants to
gradually assimilate to the culture, language, and work environment. This; however, did
not succeed and the government retracted multiculturalism policies in the 1990s and
2000s. After the 1980s, there were floods of new ghetto neighborhoods, increased
stereotyping and hate crimes, and further exacerbating doubts amongst the original
Dutch nationals. Lessons learned: should always ease policies into the population so
both new and existing nationals don’t get defensive, cultural practices should be tolerated
and performed only in private, and support for cultural inclusion should be supported.
Multiculturalism in Canada – started in 1971 when multiculturalism policies were legally
adopted by the country. Approximately 80% of the population in Canada was ethnically
white (culturally French, British, and aborigines) and the rest of the 20% were Asian,
Native, Black, Latino, Middle Eastern, etc.

43. Swingby
Summary (2)
43
Out of all countries, Canada accepts the most immigrants per capita (220-260k
immigrants/year). Still, even with the great influx of cultures, Canada is happily
prospering. Policies include the following: all citizens are deemed equal, encourage
cooperation amongst all, laws to protect all citizens exists, Unlike the Dutch, Canada
does not have religious/minority ghettos. While there are still areas to work out like recent
immigrants unable to quickly find employment, seeing that the current parliament has
included 13% non-white citizens, it shows Canada’s appreciation of immigrants.