Law ? Computation: The past, present, and future relationship
In this talk, I will present the set of frames through which I view the relationship between law and computation: "law as computation," "computation on law," and "law and computation." By distinguishing these frames and understanding their context, I hope to increase clarity in our discussions, summarize current research, and suggest future avenues for both academic and commerical effort. This talk will include a number of original examples that highlight current possibilities at the forefront of law and computation.
Mr. Bommarito is consultant, currently employed in the hedge fund industry, who specializes in collecting, processing, and analyzing information from financial, political, and legal systems. His publications range from graph theory to the Supreme Court to algorithmic trading, and can be found in Quantitative Finance, Physica A, and various law reviews. He holds three degrees from the University of Michigan, including an MSE in Financial Engineering. Outside of academia, Mr. Bommarito’s contributions include co-founding the Computational Legal Studies blog, maintenance of the World Treaty Index, and press coverage on Seeking Alpha, the Financial Times, the New York Times, Zero Hedge, Abnormal Returns, Marginal Revolution, and Wired Magazine.
This document summarizes a presentation about whether Quality Solicitors' business model could disrupt the market for legal services in the United States. The presentation covers:
1. Quality Solicitors' concept of creating a national brand for legal services to connect people needing lawyers to a familiar, trusted entity.
2. How branding can build trust which leads to customers recommending the brand, using its services frequently, and paying more.
3. How the legal market in the UK is fragmented with many small firms, and new regulations allow non-lawyers to have ownership in law firms.
4. An analysis of Quality Solicitors' business model, which aims to standardize simple legal tasks efficiently to
Sinks Method Paper Presentation @ Duke Political Networks Conference 2010Daniel Katz
This document proposes and evaluates distance measures for dynamic citation networks. It discusses how standard community detection methods do not capture the expected stability of relationships in citation networks. The authors introduce a distance measure based on the idea that two documents are more similar if they share more common "sinks", or ideas introduced into the network. They test this sink-based distance measure through simulations and on a United States Supreme Court citation network, finding it performs better than standard approaches at revealing stable communities over time.
Technology, Data and Computation Session @ The World Bank - Law, Justice, and...Daniel Katz
This document discusses the application of computational techniques to law, including predictive modeling, network analysis, and natural language processing. It describes how experts, crowds, and algorithms can be combined for legal prediction tasks. Specific tools are highlighted, such as the A2J Author platform for simplifying legal forms and the visualization of Supreme Court citation networks. Broader topics covered include the potential for blockchain to reduce transaction friction and the movement toward more data-driven and ensemble-based approaches in law.
Predictive Coding and E-Discovery in 2015 and Beyond - LegalTechNYC 2013 ( Da...Daniel Katz
This document discusses predictive coding and machine learning methods for e-discovery. It begins by explaining that predictive coding relies on supervised machine learning methods, which use human-coded training sets to classify documents as relevant or non-relevant. The document then discusses different types of supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms that could be used for predictive coding. It suggests that using prior cases to inform feature selection and weightings could make algorithms "smarter." Finally, it considers whether discovery costs will eventually be reduced due to scaling relationships for cost per gigabyte and long-term rates of electronic data growth.
What is Computational Legal Studies? Presentation @ University of Houston - ...Daniel Katz
Computational legal studies uses quantitative and computational methods like network analysis, machine learning, and text analysis to better understand legal systems and predict legal outcomes. It analyzes large legal data sets like the full text of the US Code and networks of judicial citations. Specific projects include mapping the social network of federal judges through law clerk hiring, measuring the complexity and growth of the US Code over time, and modeling the dynamic network of precedents established by Supreme Court decisions. The goal is to develop new tools and perspectives to study law at large scales not possible through traditional legal research alone.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 2 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 2 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Jan 27 2015.
This lecture presents a brief history and overview of legal technology and legal AI through the 20th century.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 4 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 4 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 3 2015.
This lecture combines different perspectives on the role of human factors in legal technology: legal reasoning as cognition and how to model it, and software usability as it relates to legal technology.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 5 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 5 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 10 2015.
This lecture is the first of three lectures on specific legal technology applications: information retrieval, knowledge management, and e-discovery.
This document summarizes a presentation about whether Quality Solicitors' business model could disrupt the market for legal services in the United States. The presentation covers:
1. Quality Solicitors' concept of creating a national brand for legal services to connect people needing lawyers to a familiar, trusted entity.
2. How branding can build trust which leads to customers recommending the brand, using its services frequently, and paying more.
3. How the legal market in the UK is fragmented with many small firms, and new regulations allow non-lawyers to have ownership in law firms.
4. An analysis of Quality Solicitors' business model, which aims to standardize simple legal tasks efficiently to
Sinks Method Paper Presentation @ Duke Political Networks Conference 2010Daniel Katz
This document proposes and evaluates distance measures for dynamic citation networks. It discusses how standard community detection methods do not capture the expected stability of relationships in citation networks. The authors introduce a distance measure based on the idea that two documents are more similar if they share more common "sinks", or ideas introduced into the network. They test this sink-based distance measure through simulations and on a United States Supreme Court citation network, finding it performs better than standard approaches at revealing stable communities over time.
Technology, Data and Computation Session @ The World Bank - Law, Justice, and...Daniel Katz
This document discusses the application of computational techniques to law, including predictive modeling, network analysis, and natural language processing. It describes how experts, crowds, and algorithms can be combined for legal prediction tasks. Specific tools are highlighted, such as the A2J Author platform for simplifying legal forms and the visualization of Supreme Court citation networks. Broader topics covered include the potential for blockchain to reduce transaction friction and the movement toward more data-driven and ensemble-based approaches in law.
Predictive Coding and E-Discovery in 2015 and Beyond - LegalTechNYC 2013 ( Da...Daniel Katz
This document discusses predictive coding and machine learning methods for e-discovery. It begins by explaining that predictive coding relies on supervised machine learning methods, which use human-coded training sets to classify documents as relevant or non-relevant. The document then discusses different types of supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms that could be used for predictive coding. It suggests that using prior cases to inform feature selection and weightings could make algorithms "smarter." Finally, it considers whether discovery costs will eventually be reduced due to scaling relationships for cost per gigabyte and long-term rates of electronic data growth.
What is Computational Legal Studies? Presentation @ University of Houston - ...Daniel Katz
Computational legal studies uses quantitative and computational methods like network analysis, machine learning, and text analysis to better understand legal systems and predict legal outcomes. It analyzes large legal data sets like the full text of the US Code and networks of judicial citations. Specific projects include mapping the social network of federal judges through law clerk hiring, measuring the complexity and growth of the US Code over time, and modeling the dynamic network of precedents established by Supreme Court decisions. The goal is to develop new tools and perspectives to study law at large scales not possible through traditional legal research alone.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 2 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 2 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Jan 27 2015.
This lecture presents a brief history and overview of legal technology and legal AI through the 20th century.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 4 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 4 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 3 2015.
This lecture combines different perspectives on the role of human factors in legal technology: legal reasoning as cognition and how to model it, and software usability as it relates to legal technology.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 5 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 5 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 10 2015.
This lecture is the first of three lectures on specific legal technology applications: information retrieval, knowledge management, and e-discovery.
This document summarizes an NLP analysis of French legal decisions about asylum rights. It found evidence of bias in rejection rates for some judges, with rates for the same court varying widely. The analysis used word embeddings and RNNs to classify decisions. Legal standards require impartiality, but bias would be difficult to address from statistics alone. The results are published on a website to increase transparency around asylum decisions.
The document provides an overview of a tutorial on network analysis and the law given by Daniel Martin Katz and Michael J. Bommarito II. It discusses Katz's background in law and network science. The tutorial covers an introduction to network analysis including key concepts like nodes, edges, degree distributions and more. It also discusses applications of network analysis to law including legal elites, diffusion of legal ideas, and judicial citation networks. Advanced topics like community detection algorithms are also outlined.
Creating products that lawyers love (sic!) – design in legal technologyAnna Ronkainen
The document discusses usability in legal technology products. It defines usability and its key attributes of learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, and satisfaction. It describes different levels of usability representation from mental models to implementation. The document advocates for implementing usability through evaluation, field studies, prototypes, iterative development, and user testing. Good usability can increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve legal processes and decisions. However, more research on usability is still needed in the legal field.
Information technology and law and traiHimanshu Jawa
The document discusses key aspects of information technology and telecommunications law in India. It provides an overview of the Information Technology Act 2000 and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act 1997. The IT Act aims to provide a legal framework for e-commerce and digital transactions. TRAI was established to regulate the telecom sector and ensure consumer interests are protected. The document outlines important sections of the IT Act regarding cybercrimes and data privacy. It also explains the purpose and functions of TRAI in regulating tariffs and resolving disputes in the telecom industry.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 6 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 6 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 10 2015.
This lecture is the second of three lectures on specific legal technology applications: case management, online dispute resolution, and access to justice.
Electronic Surveillance of Communications 100225Klamberg
The document discusses electronic surveillance of communications and legislation around signal intelligence. It provides context on changes in technology and threats that created demands for new legislation. It describes how signal intelligence works, including intercepting messages and metadata, as well as traffic analysis and social network analysis. Legislation in Sweden and other countries regulates agencies conducting signal intelligence and their mandates, clients, and oversight. Key aspects of Swedish law include the Defence Radio Establishment's mandate for surveillance, its clients and review mechanisms, methods like traffic analysis, and the scope of interception and data collection.
AI in legal practice – the research perspectiveAnna Ronkainen
1) The document discusses AI in legal practice from a research perspective.
2) It defines AI as using computers to do things that people can do easily but computers cannot, such as legal tasks like document review, due diligence, and trademark search and clearance.
3) The author notes that AI and law is an established research field since the 1980s, and legal applications of AI research like natural language processing are now a wake-up call for the field.
This material is for PGPSE / CSE students of AFTERSCHOOOL. PGPSE / CSE are free online programme - open for all - free for all - to promote entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship PGPSE is for those who want to transform the world. It is different from MBA, BBA, CFA, CA,CS,ICWA and other traditional programmes. It is based on self certification and based on self learning and guidance by mentors. It is for those who want to be entrepreneurs and social changers. Let us work together. Our basic idea is that KNOWLEDGE IS FREE & AND SHARE IT WITH THE WORLD
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 1 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 1 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Jan 13 2015.
This lecture contains an overall introduction to the course and presents some general legal tech/compsci/AI concepts.
Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning for Discoverymjbommar
This presentation was given as a guest lecture by Bommarito Consulting for the Michigan State University College of Law eDiscovery seminar on October 29th, 2012. The goal of the presentation is to provide students with the ability to understand and communicate with their discovery software vendors and service providers with respect to the underlying mechanics of predictive coding.
Measuring the Complexity of the Law: The United States Code ( Slides by Danie...Daniel Katz
This document presents a framework for measuring the complexity of the United States Code using computational methods. It represents the Code as a mathematical object with dimensions including its hierarchical structure, citation network, and linguistic content. Complexity is measured across individual titles using weighted ranks that composite scores across these dimensions. The results provide insights into the relative complexity of different areas of law and how this may relate to the complexity of the topics regulated. The authors aim to advance empirical study of legal complexity and demonstrate the potential of computational analysis of large legal corpora.
Legal Analytics, Machine Learning and Some Comments on the Status of Innovat...Daniel Katz
This document summarizes a presentation on legal analytics and machine learning. It discusses three faces of innovation in law: (1) lawyers for innovators/entrepreneurs, (2) lawyers innovating substantive legal areas, and (3) lawyers innovating business processes. It provides examples of predictive analytics using machine learning methods like classification, regression, and clustering. Specifically, it discusses using regression to predict legal costs and how machine learning could transform e-discovery through techniques like predictive coding (classification of documents as relevant/not relevant). Overall, the presentation outlines the growing role of data and machine learning in innovating and transforming the legal industry.
The document discusses Turing machines and their properties. It introduces the Church-Turing thesis that any problem that can be solved by an algorithm can be modeled by a Turing machine. It then describes different types of Turing machines, such as multi-track, nondeterministic, two-way, multi-tape, and multidimensional Turing machines. The document provides examples of Turing machines that accept specific languages and evaluate mathematical functions through their transition tables and diagrams.
Quantitative Legal Prediction - Presentation @ Santa Clara Law - By Daniel Ma...Daniel Katz
Professor Daniel Martin Katz discusses quantitative legal prediction and the future of the legal services industry. He argues that data-driven approaches using machine learning and predictive analytics could automate around 30% of traditional legal work. This would reduce the number of lawyers needed while opening new opportunities at the intersection of law and technology. Key trends like rising data volumes, improved computing power, and advances in artificial intelligence will enable quantitative legal prediction models trained on past legal data to anticipate outcomes.
Innovation in the Legal Services Industry - "The Future is Already Here, It i...Daniel Katz
This document discusses innovation in the legal services industry and outlines several chapters of a story about the current changes and challenges facing law firms. It describes the problem of underinvestment in law firms due to partnership structures. It discusses how sophisticated clients are demanding more efficiency and driving the creation of new legal service providers. It also discusses how legal tech companies are growing rapidly and how traditional law firms need to embrace new technologies to compete. Finally, it outlines how some law firms are restructuring to allow for outside investment in legal technologies and services while maintaining the partnership model for legal work.
Thoughts on Legal Prediction and Legal Metrics - Association of Corporate Cou...Daniel Katz
This document discusses quantitative legal prediction and metrics that matter for law departments. It covers prediction being harder than backward-looking measures but implicit prediction occurring all the time. Two key ideas about prediction are the inverse problem of inducing a plausible model from existing data and validating it, and system dynamics viewing legal systems as complex/predictable versus chaotic. Concrete applications proposed are predicting case outcomes, better pricing with forensics, second generation predictive coding, mapping deal drafting to outcomes, and truly measuring attorney quality and performance.
Insider Trading and the 08 Economic CrisisTerry Coulon
The document discusses illegal insider trading, its impact on the 2008 financial crisis, and whether the laws around it need amendment. It defines legal and illegal insider trading, noting that in 2008 illegal insider trading cases increased 25% from 2007 and the SEC brought 671 enforcement actions. The securities law has vague provisions around "manipulative and deceptive devices" and defines illegal insider trading. The document argues the law should be amended to close loopholes, increase penalties for offenders like loss of bonuses and stock, and longer prison times.
- Deductions are amounts subtracted from gross total income to arrive at total income. Certain deductions are allowed under sections 80C to 80U of the Income Tax Act.
- There are basic rules governing these deductions, such as the deduction cannot exceed the amount of gross total income and some deductions are subject to monetary limits.
- Common deductions include provident fund contributions, life insurance premiums, tuition fees, medical expenditures, and interest on home loans. The document provides an overview of the concept of deductions in computing total income for tax purposes.
This document summarizes an NLP analysis of French legal decisions about asylum rights. It found evidence of bias in rejection rates for some judges, with rates for the same court varying widely. The analysis used word embeddings and RNNs to classify decisions. Legal standards require impartiality, but bias would be difficult to address from statistics alone. The results are published on a website to increase transparency around asylum decisions.
The document provides an overview of a tutorial on network analysis and the law given by Daniel Martin Katz and Michael J. Bommarito II. It discusses Katz's background in law and network science. The tutorial covers an introduction to network analysis including key concepts like nodes, edges, degree distributions and more. It also discusses applications of network analysis to law including legal elites, diffusion of legal ideas, and judicial citation networks. Advanced topics like community detection algorithms are also outlined.
Creating products that lawyers love (sic!) – design in legal technologyAnna Ronkainen
The document discusses usability in legal technology products. It defines usability and its key attributes of learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, and satisfaction. It describes different levels of usability representation from mental models to implementation. The document advocates for implementing usability through evaluation, field studies, prototypes, iterative development, and user testing. Good usability can increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve legal processes and decisions. However, more research on usability is still needed in the legal field.
Information technology and law and traiHimanshu Jawa
The document discusses key aspects of information technology and telecommunications law in India. It provides an overview of the Information Technology Act 2000 and the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act 1997. The IT Act aims to provide a legal framework for e-commerce and digital transactions. TRAI was established to regulate the telecom sector and ensure consumer interests are protected. The document outlines important sections of the IT Act regarding cybercrimes and data privacy. It also explains the purpose and functions of TRAI in regulating tariffs and resolving disputes in the telecom industry.
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 6 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 6 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Feb 10 2015.
This lecture is the second of three lectures on specific legal technology applications: case management, online dispute resolution, and access to justice.
Electronic Surveillance of Communications 100225Klamberg
The document discusses electronic surveillance of communications and legislation around signal intelligence. It provides context on changes in technology and threats that created demands for new legislation. It describes how signal intelligence works, including intercepting messages and metadata, as well as traffic analysis and social network analysis. Legislation in Sweden and other countries regulates agencies conducting signal intelligence and their mandates, clients, and oversight. Key aspects of Swedish law include the Defence Radio Establishment's mandate for surveillance, its clients and review mechanisms, methods like traffic analysis, and the scope of interception and data collection.
AI in legal practice – the research perspectiveAnna Ronkainen
1) The document discusses AI in legal practice from a research perspective.
2) It defines AI as using computers to do things that people can do easily but computers cannot, such as legal tasks like document review, due diligence, and trademark search and clearance.
3) The author notes that AI and law is an established research field since the 1980s, and legal applications of AI research like natural language processing are now a wake-up call for the field.
This material is for PGPSE / CSE students of AFTERSCHOOOL. PGPSE / CSE are free online programme - open for all - free for all - to promote entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship PGPSE is for those who want to transform the world. It is different from MBA, BBA, CFA, CA,CS,ICWA and other traditional programmes. It is based on self certification and based on self learning and guidance by mentors. It is for those who want to be entrepreneurs and social changers. Let us work together. Our basic idea is that KNOWLEDGE IS FREE & AND SHARE IT WITH THE WORLD
Introduction to Legal Technology, lecture 1 (2015)Anna Ronkainen
Slides for lecture 1 of the course Introduction to Legal Technology at the University of Turku Law School, presented Jan 13 2015.
This lecture contains an overall introduction to the course and presents some general legal tech/compsci/AI concepts.
Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning for Discoverymjbommar
This presentation was given as a guest lecture by Bommarito Consulting for the Michigan State University College of Law eDiscovery seminar on October 29th, 2012. The goal of the presentation is to provide students with the ability to understand and communicate with their discovery software vendors and service providers with respect to the underlying mechanics of predictive coding.
Measuring the Complexity of the Law: The United States Code ( Slides by Danie...Daniel Katz
This document presents a framework for measuring the complexity of the United States Code using computational methods. It represents the Code as a mathematical object with dimensions including its hierarchical structure, citation network, and linguistic content. Complexity is measured across individual titles using weighted ranks that composite scores across these dimensions. The results provide insights into the relative complexity of different areas of law and how this may relate to the complexity of the topics regulated. The authors aim to advance empirical study of legal complexity and demonstrate the potential of computational analysis of large legal corpora.
Legal Analytics, Machine Learning and Some Comments on the Status of Innovat...Daniel Katz
This document summarizes a presentation on legal analytics and machine learning. It discusses three faces of innovation in law: (1) lawyers for innovators/entrepreneurs, (2) lawyers innovating substantive legal areas, and (3) lawyers innovating business processes. It provides examples of predictive analytics using machine learning methods like classification, regression, and clustering. Specifically, it discusses using regression to predict legal costs and how machine learning could transform e-discovery through techniques like predictive coding (classification of documents as relevant/not relevant). Overall, the presentation outlines the growing role of data and machine learning in innovating and transforming the legal industry.
The document discusses Turing machines and their properties. It introduces the Church-Turing thesis that any problem that can be solved by an algorithm can be modeled by a Turing machine. It then describes different types of Turing machines, such as multi-track, nondeterministic, two-way, multi-tape, and multidimensional Turing machines. The document provides examples of Turing machines that accept specific languages and evaluate mathematical functions through their transition tables and diagrams.
Quantitative Legal Prediction - Presentation @ Santa Clara Law - By Daniel Ma...Daniel Katz
Professor Daniel Martin Katz discusses quantitative legal prediction and the future of the legal services industry. He argues that data-driven approaches using machine learning and predictive analytics could automate around 30% of traditional legal work. This would reduce the number of lawyers needed while opening new opportunities at the intersection of law and technology. Key trends like rising data volumes, improved computing power, and advances in artificial intelligence will enable quantitative legal prediction models trained on past legal data to anticipate outcomes.
Innovation in the Legal Services Industry - "The Future is Already Here, It i...Daniel Katz
This document discusses innovation in the legal services industry and outlines several chapters of a story about the current changes and challenges facing law firms. It describes the problem of underinvestment in law firms due to partnership structures. It discusses how sophisticated clients are demanding more efficiency and driving the creation of new legal service providers. It also discusses how legal tech companies are growing rapidly and how traditional law firms need to embrace new technologies to compete. Finally, it outlines how some law firms are restructuring to allow for outside investment in legal technologies and services while maintaining the partnership model for legal work.
Thoughts on Legal Prediction and Legal Metrics - Association of Corporate Cou...Daniel Katz
This document discusses quantitative legal prediction and metrics that matter for law departments. It covers prediction being harder than backward-looking measures but implicit prediction occurring all the time. Two key ideas about prediction are the inverse problem of inducing a plausible model from existing data and validating it, and system dynamics viewing legal systems as complex/predictable versus chaotic. Concrete applications proposed are predicting case outcomes, better pricing with forensics, second generation predictive coding, mapping deal drafting to outcomes, and truly measuring attorney quality and performance.
Insider Trading and the 08 Economic CrisisTerry Coulon
The document discusses illegal insider trading, its impact on the 2008 financial crisis, and whether the laws around it need amendment. It defines legal and illegal insider trading, noting that in 2008 illegal insider trading cases increased 25% from 2007 and the SEC brought 671 enforcement actions. The securities law has vague provisions around "manipulative and deceptive devices" and defines illegal insider trading. The document argues the law should be amended to close loopholes, increase penalties for offenders like loss of bonuses and stock, and longer prison times.
- Deductions are amounts subtracted from gross total income to arrive at total income. Certain deductions are allowed under sections 80C to 80U of the Income Tax Act.
- There are basic rules governing these deductions, such as the deduction cannot exceed the amount of gross total income and some deductions are subject to monetary limits.
- Common deductions include provident fund contributions, life insurance premiums, tuition fees, medical expenditures, and interest on home loans. The document provides an overview of the concept of deductions in computing total income for tax purposes.
Persuasive Essay Outline Ppt. Online assignment writing service.Brittany Smith
The document outlines the 5 steps to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications and reviews.
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Benefits Of Hiring Professional R. Online assignment writing service.Scott Faria
The document summarizes the key points in Betty Friedan's book "The Feminine Mystique" and the chapter "The Problem That Has No Name". Friedan criticizes the assumption that biological differences dictated different gender roles. She intended the book and chapter to speak to all women, especially middle-class women, about the "problem" of societal expectations preventing their fulfillment. The chapter highlighted how women were pressured into domestic roles despite their desires for other purposes and ambitions beyond motherhood and housework.
PPT - Research Paper Writing Service From MyAGwen Hoffman
1. The document discusses Motorking Corporation considering introducing a new gas extender product and the factors the production manager must evaluate to determine if it will be profitable.
2. The manager must estimate demand under different economic scenarios and determine optimal production levels. Market research indicates demand could be 100,000, 70,000, or 40,000 cases depending on if the economy is strong, moderate, or weak.
3. A decision tree is used to analyze whether to hire a market research firm, DSI, to conduct a survey. The analysis shows hiring DSI would result in higher expected profits and is therefore recommended.
How To Write A High Quality Research Paper 2023 - CrKate Subramanian
The document discusses Jackie Robinson's role in breaking racial barriers in sports in the 1940s-1950s. During this time of segregation, Major League Baseball and the Negro Baseball Leagues were segregated. Jackie Robinson was the first African American player to join the Major Leagues, facing significant adversity. His perseverance in overcoming this racial obstacle inspired many to fight for equality.
Luxury Personalised Letter Writing Set Pretty Delicate - Etsy UKCatherine Coleman
This summary provides the key steps to request a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net:
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This document outlines the steps to request assignment writing help from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and valid email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
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National Buy Nothing Day Essay. Online assignment writing service.Sydney Noriega
This document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
Here is a draft letter from the perspective of Mama Day in Gloria Naylor's novel:
Dear [Name],
I hope this letter finds you well on this fine summer day. Things have been busy here in Willow Springs as usual. The peach trees are heavy with fruit and the garden is bursting with vegetables.
I wanted to write to tell you about the latest happenings with the family. Cocoa and George seem to be settling in well together after their wedding last month. I can tell they are very much in love. It warms an old woman's heart to see a young couple so happy. I'm sure they will be blessed with many years of marriage.
Bernice also came to visit last
The document provides instructions for creating an account and requesting writing assistance on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The site promises original, high-quality content with refunds for plagiarism.
Essay Australian History - Lawwustl.W. Online assignment writing service.Serena Faye
The document discusses the political community in Canada and analyzes its unity and fragility. It traces the origins of Canada's political community to its three founding nations - English, French, and indigenous peoples. While Canada appears united, the English and French nations have distinct national identities, allegiances, and political cultures. The political community remains fragile due to these divisions among its founding nations. Indigenous peoples also have a separate national identity shaped by the negative impacts of colonialism.
Penmanship Paper Printable - Printa. Online assignment writing service.Lana Wetsch
This document discusses the tax treatment of gambling losses based on the Tschetschot v.
Commissioner case. The tax court ruled that the taxpayer's losses from participating in tournament
poker were limited to the amount of her winnings, as tournament poker is essentially a wagering
activity like other forms of gambling. The court also rejected the taxpayer's argument to treat it as a
sport due to Congress' policy of treating gambling activities differently than businesses.
How To Review A Research Paper. Online assignment writing service.Maria Perkins
This document provides steps for how to review a research paper on the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and choose one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and get a refund for plagiarized work.
Examples Of Short Stories To Write - LofinancialNicole Kathol
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for using the writing assistance service HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company guarantees original, high-quality work with refunds for plagiarism. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through the writing assistance and revision process.
University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign Essay RequirementsSarah Meza
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document emphasizes ensuring customer satisfaction.
Attacking Tax Shelters Galloping Toward A Better Step TransactionDoctrineDon Dooley
The Common Law Doctrine of Necessity in Criminal Law, 62 DUKE L.J.
1501 (2013) (discussing the common law doctrine of necessity in criminal law).
4. See infra notes 44–45 and accompanying text.
5. See generally BORIS I. BITTKER & LAWRENCE LOKKEN, FEDERAL
TAXATION OF INCOME, ESTATES AND GIFTS (3d ed. 1999); JOSEPH ISENBERGH,
INTERNATIONAL TAXATION: U.S. TAXATION OF FOREIGN PERSONS AND FOREIGN
INCOME (3d ed. 2003); MICHAEL J. GRA
The document discusses optimizing bandwidth, signal power, and data quality for different frequency bands used in geostationary satellite internet. It notes that improving these characteristics can enhance efficiency. While satellite internet on airlines has increased in speed, it remains slower than wired options and prices remain high due to hardware costs needed for a stable connection.
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Bommarito Presentation for University of Houston Computational Law Conference
1. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law ? Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II
michael.bommarito@gmail.com
April 22, 2011
M.S.E. Financial Engineering, M.S. Political Science, University of Michigan.
Currently a hedge fund quant ⇒ This is my own work and in no way represents my employer.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
2. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
3. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
4. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Law ⊂ Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
5. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Law ⊂ Computation
Law ⊥ Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
6. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Law ⊂ Computation
Law ⊥ Computation
Computation(Law)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
7. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Law ⊂ Computation
Law ⊥ Computation
Computation(Law)
Law + Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
8. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Hey stupid, your title is broken.
Or is it?
Law ⊂ Computation
Law ⊥ Computation
Computation(Law)
Law + Computation
So let’s try this again.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
9. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law ? Computation
The past, present, and future relationship
Michael J. Bommarito II
michael.bommarito@gmail.com
April 22, 2011
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
10. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Outline
Introduction
Law as Computation
Law is not Computation
Computation on Law
Law and Computation
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
11. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
12. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
Law
What I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action and
especially interaction of members of a group.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
13. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
Law
What I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action and
especially interaction of members of a group.
Computation
What I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements in
a systematic and well-defined way.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
14. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Definitions
Hang on, what do you mean by law or computation anyway?
Law
What I mean: A set of rules designed to affect the action and
especially interaction of members of a group.
Computation
What I mean: Manipulating symbols and evaluating statements in
a systematic and well-defined way.
OK, let’s continue.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
15. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
16. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
17. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.
This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
18. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.
This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talk
that I’ve missed.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
19. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Wait, one more: an admission
I am not a lawyer and have no formal legal education.
I am certainly under-read in a number of the fields we will discuss.
This is the curse of interdisciplinarity.
Please do point out any references that are relevant to today’s talk
that I’ve missed.
OK, let’s actually get started.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
20. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Those long chains of reasoning, simple and easy as they are, of
which geometricians make use in order to arrive at the most
difficult demonstrations, had caused me to imagine that all
those things which fall under the cognizance of man might
very likely be mutually related in the same fashion.
Descartes. McCrae, The Unity of the Sciences: Bacon, Descartes, and Leibniz, 18 J. Hist. Ideas 27 (1957)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
21. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Descartes, along with Bacon and Leibniz, didn’t draw a strong
distinction between law and natural science.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
22. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Not a new idea.
Descartes, along with Bacon and Leibniz, didn’t draw a strong
distinction between law and natural science.
Leibniz Center for Law at the University of Amsterdam
In particular, Leibniz viewed the recently rediscovered work of
Roman jurists as equal to Greek geometricians.
See Hoeflich, Law & Geometry: Legal Science from Leibniz to Langdell, Amer. J. Legal Hist., 30:2 (1986) for more.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
23. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
24. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
25. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
26. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
27. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
28. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
29. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
30. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
31. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Legal/Illegal Boolean
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
32. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Legal/Illegal Boolean
Transfer payment
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
33. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Legal/Illegal Boolean
Transfer payment
Action
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
34. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Legal/Illegal Boolean
Transfer payment
Action
State an argument, which consists of a set of observed or
hypothetical facts.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
35. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as Computation
Here’s a simple example of law as computation:
Define a set of legal axioms or premises - a legal system.
Where do these come from? (bootstrapping...)
Common law
Civil law
Divine law or law by decree
What do they map to?
Legal/Illegal Boolean
Transfer payment
Action
State an argument, which consists of a set of observed or
hypothetical facts.
Deduce the consequence of the argument.
These consequences are either rulings or new, “derived” laws.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
36. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
37. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methods
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
38. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systems
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
39. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systems
the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
40. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using
computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative
systems and norm-governed societies and multi-agent systems
the investigation of techniques from advanced information technology, using law as the illustrative domain
applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in the legal domain
We’ll get to these last two later.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
41. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
42. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
43. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
. . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by a
knowledge of the law
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
44. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
. . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by a
knowledge of the law
. . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods and
principles
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
45. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
A number of fields have taken up this mantle.
Philosophy and Law (from the titled journal):
. . . a philosophical reflection on the law informed by a
knowledge of the law
. . . legal analysis informed by philosophical methods and
principles
But, to be honest, this isn’t my cup of tea.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
46. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law as
computation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
47. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law as
computation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Artificial intelligence and law, where we think about how to
represent and evaluate computation in a legal system.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
48. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation today
So there are two fields that continue to approach law as
computation, either implicitly or explicitly.
Artificial intelligence and law, where we think about how to
represent and evaluate computation in a legal system.
Philosophy and law, where we use logical computations to create
or examine legal systems.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
49. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
50. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Structured, machine-readable laws
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
51. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Structured, machine-readable laws
Validated, well-defined legal systems
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
52. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Structured, machine-readable laws
Validated, well-defined legal systems
Automated legal reasoning
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
53. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Structured, machine-readable laws
Validated, well-defined legal systems
Automated legal reasoning
Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (like
automated theorem provers)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
54. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law as computation tomorrow
Structured, machine-readable laws
Validated, well-defined legal systems
Automated legal reasoning
Flexible, goal-based generation of new laws or contracts (like
automated theorem provers)
While many treat automated reasoning as the holy grail, I think the
inverse or optimization problem will provide more benefit to society.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
55. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Hammurabi
Hammurabi (Michael Poulshock)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
56. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Hammurabi
Around the world, there are millions of pages of law - constitutions, statutes, regulations, case law,
and interpretive decisions - with which societies are expected to comply. This mass of material is
logically complicated, referentially byzantine, terminologically inaccessible, difficult to
contextualize, and sometimes vague and ambiguous. Aside from the ethical issues caused by this
complexity, it is grossly inefficient as an information system. The capital required for an actor to
understand a legal right or obligation is a wasted resource that creates drag on individual,
corporate, and social progress.
Though not often thought of this way, law is inherently computational. It is a set of algorithms
that prescribe how various computations are to be carried out. What is my standard (tax)
deduction? Am I eligible for family and medical leave? On what day did I become liable for
unemployment taxes? Determinations such as these are like mathematical functions: given various
inputs, they produce corresponding outputs.
The Hammurabi Project provides a vehicle for representing portions of the law in an executable
format, so that the process of logical inference can be offloaded from human to machine. Once
executable, it can be embedded into our computing infrastructure where it can drive other
applications.
From the Hammurabi rationale.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
57. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - Estrella
Estrella
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
58. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Examples of tomorrow, today - MetaLex
CEN MetaLex
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
59. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law should be viewed as computable in the mathematical sense or
a machine in the Turing sense.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
60. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law should be viewed as computable in the mathematical sense or
a machine in the Turing sense.
Code is law (is code).
Lessig.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
61. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
62. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
63. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal and
economic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
64. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal and
economic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
Law is the judge’s ideology.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
65. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal and
economic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
Law is the judge’s ideology.
Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication of
counsels.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
66. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal and
economic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
Law is the judge’s ideology.
Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication of
counsels.
Law is a business.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
67. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Before we continue, we should acknowledge a reality.
For the majority of lawyers in the real world, law is not
computation.
Law is ADR, where warm cookies at 5pm trump legal and
economic theory. See Barry Goldman, The Psychology of Settlement.
Law is the judge’s ideology.
Law is the relative professionalism and sophistication of
counsels.
Law is a business.
While computation may be involved in these processes,
computation alone cannot explain observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
68. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
69. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
70. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
71. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
72. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
73. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Law and neuroscience
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
74. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Law and neuroscience
Law and networks
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
75. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Law and neuroscience
Law and networks
Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
76. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Law and neuroscience
Law and networks
Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis to
law.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
77. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
The “Law and . . . ” movements
What happens when social science scholars try to explain these
outcomes?
Law and economics
Law and anthropology
Law and sociology
Law and psychology
Law and neuroscience
Law and networks
Broadly, “empirical legal studies”
In general, these are the application of a mode of analysis to
law.(somewhat loose usage of computation...)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
78. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
79. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
80. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongst
actors?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
81. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongst
actors?
And the inverse,
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
82. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongst
actors?
And the inverse,
Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
83. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongst
actors?
And the inverse,
Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
84. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
What kind of questions can we ask and answer?
How will a law affect the economic behavior or utility of an
actor?
How will a law affect the distribution of utility amongst
actors?
And the inverse,
Given a desired behavior, how can we effect this through law?
Given a desired allocation, how can we effect this through law?
These are questions about the design of economic rules and
institutions.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
85. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
86. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
87. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
1
Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 2
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
88. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
1
Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 2
High cost of discovery
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
89. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
1
Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 2
High cost of discovery
Significant amount of asymmetric information
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
90. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
1
Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 2
High cost of discovery
Significant amount of asymmetric information
. . . or just an irrational actor.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
91. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and economics
Some scholars also apply economics to specific legal contexts.
For example, why would a legal dispute go through a lengthy,
expensive trial instead of a relatively cheap settlement?
1
Close probability of success, i.e., near p ≈ 2
High cost of discovery
Significant amount of asymmetric information
. . . or just an irrational actor.
For the seminal work and a good review, see Priest & Klein, The Selection of Disputes for Litigation and Daughety
& Reinganum, Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
92. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Often referred to pejoratively as “law and regression.”
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
93. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start from
observed outcomes.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
94. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start from
observed outcomes.
Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
95. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start from
observed outcomes.
Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
96. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start from
observed outcomes.
Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
Researchers have a common language and knowledge of
research design and methodology.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
97. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Empirical Legal Studies
Unlike other legal analyses, however, ELS tends to start from
observed outcomes.
Held to some accountability w.r.t. data!
Higher likelihood of relevance and policy implication.
Researchers have a common language and knowledge of
research design and methodology.
It is easy to lie with statistics, but it is easier to lie
without them.
Fred Mosteller
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
98. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Criticism of “Law and . . . ” research
Balkinization, Jan 16, 2008
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
99. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
100. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close to
today...)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
101. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close to
today...)
Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
102. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close to
today...)
Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
Better design of legal systems from economic or psychological
perspectives
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
103. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close to
today...)
Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
Better design of legal systems from economic or psychological
perspectives
Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
104. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Computation on Law tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Less inconsistent sentencing, awards, or damages (close to
today...)
Better understanding of inefficiencies in legal systems
Better design of legal systems from economic or psychological
perspectives
Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
105. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law is a domain for the application of analysis that may or may
not be motivated by legal principles.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
106. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Summary
Law is a domain for the application of analysis that may or may
not be motivated by legal principles.
The results of these inquiries may or may not be useful to lawyers
or legal professionals.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
107. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with law
instead of on it?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
108. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with law
instead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
109. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with law
instead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
the investigation of techniques from advanced information
technology, using law as the illustrative domain
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
110. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with law
instead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
the investigation of techniques from advanced information
technology, using law as the illustrative domain
applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in
the legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
111. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation
What happens when we set out to use computation with law
instead of on it?
Artificial Intelligence and Law (in their own words):
the study of legal reasoning and argumentation, using computational methods
the formal representation of norms, normative actions, normative systems and norm-governed societies and
multi-agent systems
the investigation of techniques from advanced information
technology, using law as the illustrative domain
applications of advanced information technology to support tasks in
the legal domain
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
112. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy this
can be. Let’s use the following requirements:
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
113. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy this
can be. Let’s use the following requirements:
Public domain data
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
114. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy this
can be. Let’s use the following requirements:
Public domain data
Open source, easily-licensed software
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
115. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy this
can be. Let’s use the following requirements:
Public domain data
Open source, easily-licensed software
Useful
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
116. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation - a motivating example
Let’s walk through a simple example to emphasize how easy this
can be. Let’s use the following requirements:
Public domain data
Open source, easily-licensed software
Useful
Easily extended
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
117. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
118. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
119. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
120. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
Data: U.S. Code (LRC XHTML)
Software: Java, Apache Lucene, HTMLParser
Result: Working, fast search engine for the Code.
$ wc -l src / main / java / org / mjb /* Code *
425 src / main / java / org / mjb / buildCodeIndex . java
86 src / main / java / org / mjb / searchCodeIndex . java
511 total
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
121. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine
// Create document .
Document doc = new Document ();
doc . add ( new Field ( " documentid " , documentID , Field . Store . YES ,
Field . Index . NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc . add ( new Field ( " usckey " , uscKey , Field . Store . YES ,
Field . Index . NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc . add ( new Field ( " currentthrough " , currentThrough , Field . Store . YES ,
Field . Index . NOT_ANALYZED ));
doc . add ( new Field ( " itempath " , itemPath , Field . Store . YES ,
Field . Index . ANALYZED ));
doc . add ( new Field ( " head " , head , Field . Store . YES , Field . Index . ANALYZED ,
Field . TermVector . YES ));
doc . add ( new Field ( " text " , text , Field . Store . NO , Field . Index . ANALYZED ,
Field . TermVector . YES ));
// Write into index .
indexWriter . addDocument ( doc );
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
122. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Results
$ mvn -q exec : java - Dexec . mainClass = " org . mjb . searchCodeIndex "
- Dexec . args = " text swap "
documentid :7 U . S . C . 6 s
curr entthrough :20110107
score :2.2053032
itempath :
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 6 s . Registration and regulation of swap dealers and major swap participants
documentid :7 U . S . C . 6 r
curr entthrough :20110107
score :2.0396917
itempath :
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 6 r . Reporting and recordkeeping for uncleared swaps
documentid :7 U . S . C . 7b -3
curr entthrough :20110107
score :1.7781076
itempath :
Title 7
CHAPTER 1
> 7b 3 . Swap execution facilities
...
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
123. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
How about a web interface?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
124. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
How about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
125. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
How about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
126. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
How about a web interface?(Sorry LII, that Perl code is getting a little long in the tooth...)
What if we plugged the Lucene index into a Solr Tomcat servlet?
http://localhost:8080/solrdev/browse?q=swap
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
127. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
128. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
129. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Related document suggestion with Mahout
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
130. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Related document suggestion with Mahout
Relational modeling with neo4j.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
131. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Related document suggestion with Mahout
Relational modeling with neo4j.
Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state and
municipality codes, etc.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
132. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Related document suggestion with Mahout
Relational modeling with neo4j.
Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state and
municipality codes, etc.
Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
133. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
OK, that’s cute enough for a presentation. But what about
extending this into a more useful application?
Adaptive search weighting to “personalize” legal research
Related document suggestion with Mahout
Relational modeling with neo4j.
Including other source material, like the C.F.R., state and
municipality codes, etc.
Apply to internal document stores like contracts or evidence
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
134. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
135. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
What if we stored metadata about clients, case facts, and dispute
outcomes along with search history?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
136. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Building a better legal search engine - extensions
But none of those are really creative.
What if we stored metadata about clients, case facts, and dispute
outcomes along with search history?
...
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
137. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
138. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Better access and management of legal material
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
139. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Better access and management of legal material
Learning and classification to aid legal research
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
140. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Law and computation tomorrow
What are the possible payoffs of computation on law?
Better access and management of legal material
Learning and classification to aid legal research
Learning and classification for prediction of legal outcomes
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation
141. Introduction Law as Computation Law is not Computation Computation on Law Law and Computation
Conclusion
Thanks for listening!
. . . and an even bigger thanks to Seth for organizing this.
http://michaelbommarito.com
Michael J. Bommarito II michael.bommarito@gmail.com
Law ? Computation