The document discusses various global issues related to engineering including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, and technology transfer. It addresses the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating in host countries, including respecting basic human rights and adopting appropriate technology. Environmental ethics for engineers are also covered, emphasizing sustainable development and environmental protection. Some specific environmental issues discussed include plastic waste, e-waste, industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This document discusses several topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues faced by engineers. It covers multinational corporations and their environmental and social responsibilities. It also discusses environmental ethics, noting engineers' duties to assess environmental impacts, establish pollution standards, implement countermeasures, and increase environmental awareness. Specific global environmental issues covered include plastic waste disposal, e-waste disposal, industrial waste disposal, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This document discusses various global issues related to professional ethics in engineering, including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, and computer ethics. It covers topics such as the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating abroad, appropriate technology transfer, and issues related to waste disposal from industries, electronics, and plastics that harm the environment. Engineers are advised to consider sustainability and assess environmental impacts of technologies to protect the environment for future generations.
This document discusses issues related to globalization and the responsibilities of multinational corporations. It addresses how multinational corporations can balance adopting practices of host countries with ensuring basic human rights and safety standards. Specifically, it notes that corporations should respect local laws but cannot cause harm. The Bhopal gas tragedy is presented as an example of what can go wrong when safety is not adequately prioritized. The document advocates for an approach of ethical relativism or contextualism to determine appropriate practices in different cultural settings.
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social Responsibility
This document discusses several global issues including the role of multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, and weapons development. It provides information on how MNCs operate in multiple countries and both the benefits and threats they pose. Environmental ethics and its importance in protecting the environment is covered. Key issues in computer ethics like privacy, accuracy, property and access are outlined. Finally, the document discusses some reasons why engineers may be involved in weapons development but questions if wars ever truly achieve peace.
This document discusses several ethical dilemmas that international managers may face, including corruption, industrial espionage, environmental impacts, employee relations, and consumer relations. It provides examples of how some companies, such as Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Levi Strauss, and McDonald's, have addressed these issues in both ethical and unethical ways. Unethical behavior can negatively impact a company's reputation and stock price over the long term.
principle of management and professional ethicssabarish k.v
This document is a unit on safety responsibility and rights from Vels University. It contains summaries of topics related to globalization, terminology, multinational corporations, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, morality of multinational corporations, and a case study on the Bhopal gas tragedy. The case study summarizes the technological and management failures that led to the deadly gas leak from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, privacy, and resolving conflicts as managers.
This document discusses several topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues faced by engineers. It covers multinational corporations and their environmental and social responsibilities. It also discusses environmental ethics, noting engineers' duties to assess environmental impacts, establish pollution standards, implement countermeasures, and increase environmental awareness. Specific global environmental issues covered include plastic waste disposal, e-waste disposal, industrial waste disposal, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
This document discusses various global issues related to professional ethics in engineering, including multinational corporations, environmental ethics, and computer ethics. It covers topics such as the responsibilities of multinational corporations operating abroad, appropriate technology transfer, and issues related to waste disposal from industries, electronics, and plastics that harm the environment. Engineers are advised to consider sustainability and assess environmental impacts of technologies to protect the environment for future generations.
This document discusses issues related to globalization and the responsibilities of multinational corporations. It addresses how multinational corporations can balance adopting practices of host countries with ensuring basic human rights and safety standards. Specifically, it notes that corporations should respect local laws but cannot cause harm. The Bhopal gas tragedy is presented as an example of what can go wrong when safety is not adequately prioritized. The document advocates for an approach of ethical relativism or contextualism to determine appropriate practices in different cultural settings.
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social Responsibility
This document discusses several global issues including the role of multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, and weapons development. It provides information on how MNCs operate in multiple countries and both the benefits and threats they pose. Environmental ethics and its importance in protecting the environment is covered. Key issues in computer ethics like privacy, accuracy, property and access are outlined. Finally, the document discusses some reasons why engineers may be involved in weapons development but questions if wars ever truly achieve peace.
This document discusses several ethical dilemmas that international managers may face, including corruption, industrial espionage, environmental impacts, employee relations, and consumer relations. It provides examples of how some companies, such as Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble, Levi Strauss, and McDonald's, have addressed these issues in both ethical and unethical ways. Unethical behavior can negatively impact a company's reputation and stock price over the long term.
principle of management and professional ethicssabarish k.v
This document is a unit on safety responsibility and rights from Vels University. It contains summaries of topics related to globalization, terminology, multinational corporations, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, morality of multinational corporations, and a case study on the Bhopal gas tragedy. The case study summarizes the technological and management failures that led to the deadly gas leak from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, privacy, and resolving conflicts as managers.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, and resolving conflicts as managers.
This document discusses several global issues related to engineering, including multinational corporations, globalization, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, and engineers as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these contexts.
The document discusses the various elements of the external business environment including the micro and macro environment. It provides details on the economic, political, socio-cultural, legal, technological, and physical environment. The economic environment section outlines factors such as the economic system, policies, and indicators of a country. The political environment section describes the political system, laws, and responsibilities of business and government. The socio-cultural environment influences business through factors like family, social class, and culture. Techniques for analyzing the external environment include SWOT and ETOP analysis.
professional ethics chapter 5- global issues, business and environmental ethi...05AkshithaaMP
Global issues are problems that affect the entire planet and potentially all people living on it, such as climate change. Globalization integrates countries through commerce, technology transfer, and cultural exchange. Multinational corporations operate in multiple countries and can benefit both host and home economies but also cause social and environmental problems. Business ethics principles for multinational corporations include respecting human rights and cultures in host countries and providing fair compensation. Environmental ethics concerns the moral issues around protecting the environment from harm caused by industry, technology, and human activities like waste disposal. Major global environmental issues include plastic waste, e-waste, pollution from industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
The document discusses analyzing an organization's internal and external environments. It focuses on the macro (external) environment, identifying nine key factors that compose it: 1) economic, 2) technological, 3) legal, 4) labor, 5) socio-cultural/demographic, 6) competitive, 7) ecological, 8) ethical, and 9) corporate social responsibility environments. Understanding these external forces is important as they can pose opportunities and threats to an organization outside of its control. The document provides examples and details about each environmental factor and its potential impact on operations.
Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global EconomyBe sure to read t.docxmelbruce90096
Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global Economy
Be sure to read the lecture notes thoroughly, as they supplement the information offered in digital material within the course. You will be responsible to know the information provided here and in your assigned reading.
I. Ethical Perceptions And International Business
The self-reference criterion (SRC) is the idea that people perceive differences between themselves and citizens of other countries when traveling abroad; they may believe the values of their own country to be ethically superior to those of others.
The SRC is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge. When confronted with a situation, a person reacts on the basis of knowledge accumulated over a lifetime and usually grounded in the culture of origin.
These reactions are based on meanings, values, and symbols that relate to the culture of origin, but may not have the same relevance to people of other cultures.
In the United States, for example, dumping---the practice of charging high prices for products sold in domestic markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices, often below the costs of exporting the products---is viewed negatively, and this country has a number of anti-dumping laws.
1. Culture as a Factor in Business
1. Ethical issues that arise from international business activities often differ significantly from those that evolve from domestic business activities.
2. Culture is everything in our surroundings made by people: both tangible items and intangible concepts and values. This definition includes language, religion, law, politics, technology, education, social organization, general values, and ethical standards.
1. Each nation has a distinctive culture and, consequently, distinctive beliefs about what business activities are acceptable or unethical.
2. Distinct subcultures can also be found within many nations.
3. One of the critical ethical issues linked to cultural differences is the question of whose values and ethical standards take precedence in negotiations and business transactions.
2. Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework
1. When businesspeople rationalize straying from their own ethical values when doing business abroad, they are resorting to cultural relativism: the concept that morality varies from one culture to another and that business practices are therefore differentially defined as right or wrong by particular cultures.
2. As business becomes more global and multinational corporations proliferate, the chances of ethical conflict increase.
II. Global Values
1. There have been numerous attempts to establish a set of global or universal ethical standards.
1. Many of these efforts show a pattern of shared values, such as truthfulness, integrity, fairness, and equality, which suggest a universal set of ethics that can be applied to business across the globe.
2. The shared values assume that we all have basic rights and res.
Ethical behavior in international business is important for several reasons:
1) It ensures sustainable long-term development rather than short-term profits which can have disastrous consequences.
2) It establishes a healthy cooperation climate and makes all parties feel comfortable.
3) It provides a significant competitive advantage by deserving clients' attention and support.
Some common ethical issues include employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption, and multinational companies' moral obligations. Managing these issues requires considering philosophical approaches like utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, rights theories, and justice theories. Laws and agreements like the UN Global Compact also provide guidance for ethical conduct in international business.
Social Responsibility and Business Ethic ppt.pptxetebarkhmichale
Gender equality is crucial for achieving economic growth and development, but women still face inequalities that stifle progress. Women make up half of the world's population but only contribute to 37% of the global Gross Domestic Production(GDP), and the gender disparity is still an important issue that the world is fighting through generations.
In Africa, women entrepreneurs play a growing role in diversifying production and services. However, they are facing the problem of financial shortage; a recent report by the African Development Bank showed that there is an estimated $42 billion financing gap for female entrepreneurs in Africa. The study demonstrated that women are facing more difficult conditions than men entrepreneurs such as limited access to key resources (including land and credit), the legal and regulatory framework, and the socio-cultural environment. The economy's full potential cannot be realized if half of its population cannot fully contribute, and women have faced many hurdles in the entrepreneurship journey, prompting responsible bodies to devise affirmative solutions.
Ethiopia's female population is 49.8%, but small businesses owned by women only make up 16.5% of the total number of entrepreneurs. Limited access to finance, business networks, development services, and business management skills hinders women entrepreneurs. The government is promoting women entrepreneurs through initiatives like training and financial support. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is introducing a customer-centric business model to cater to its customers' needs and values. The bank aims to increase the outreach of financial products and services to a larger population, particularly women who own business enterprises. The bank has established a micro business department to adjust itself with the micro business customers. These factors can be considered as business drivers and factors enforcing CBE to come up with a gender-specific solution.
To address the aforementioned issues, the micro business banking department is proposing a collateral-free loan product for women-owned enterprises to be launched by CBE. This would help to address the financing gap for formal MSMEs, ensuring comprehensive financial accessibility and services for women-owned enterprises. Furthermore, promoting financial inclusion and women's economic empowerment by financing women-owned enterprises can stimulate growth and form the backbone of vibrant economies.
Based on the feasibility study of women MSME financing undertaken by MBB department team, proposal on selected women owned MSMEs financing will found crucial to bridge the financial gap.
Therefore, this proposal aims to provide a method how CBE should finance for selected formal women-owned MSMEs in Ethiopia to alleviate their financing gap. It is being proposed that, the CBE shall start the product by making a pilot test for women-owned microbusinesses from Addis Ababa City Administration, with local stak
This document discusses various topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues, multinational corporations, technology transfer, appropriate technology, and the Bhopal gas tragedy case study. It addresses ethical concerns around MNCs operating in foreign countries, such as respecting human rights and balancing local standards with ensuring workplace safety. The objectives and outcomes of the course are also summarized, focusing on applying ethics and discussing related issues.
Federal, State, And Foreign Laws With Safety And...Natasha Barnett
Federal, state, and foreign environmental laws and regulations pose compliance risks for B/E Aerospace. The company notes in its annual report that violations of safety and environmental standards can result in significant penalties. As most of its revenues come from outside the US, B/E Aerospace is also subject to political and regulatory risks in international markets like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, and Philippines. One specific risk mentioned is doing business with the US government.
International Standards - fragile situationsDonata Garrasi
The document provides an overview of key international standards for responsible business conduct in conflict-affected and fragile environments. It discusses challenges to implementing the standards, and outlines several major standards and guidance documents, including:
1) The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, which establish a global standard for preventing and addressing adverse human rights impacts.
2) The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and related guidance, which provide principles for responsible business conduct on issues like human rights, labor, and anti-corruption.
3) The UN Global Compact and related guidance on responsible business in conflict areas, which guide companies on operating in a way that respects human rights, labor, environment, and
This document discusses ethics and business ethics in international business. It begins by defining ethics and business ethics. It then discusses the importance of ethics in international business, noting that ethical behavior ensures sustainable development. It identifies some common ethical issues in international business such as employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption, and the moral obligations of multinational companies. It also discusses philosophical approaches to ethics like utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. The document also covers topics like the roots of ethical/unethical behavior, legal foundations of ethics, ethics and corporate bribery including conventions against corruption, and ethics and the environment including issues of sustainability and global warming.
The document discusses various global issues related to the operations of multinational corporations including their responsibilities regarding technology transfer, human rights, environmental protection and ensuring fair treatment of employees in host countries. It also provides a case study on alleged unethical practices of Walmart and discusses principles of appropriate technology and how multinationals can operate in a morally justified manner while respecting local laws and cultures.
international business assi (1) D.docxssuserb6d836
The document discusses the international business environment and its various components, including:
1. The economic, political, social/cultural, religious, linguistic, demographic, regulatory, technological, and natural environments that international businesses must consider.
2. Key factors of each environment like economic systems, social norms, government policies, population trends, environmental resources, and how technology and globalization are changing business.
3. The significance of understanding these diverse and interconnected environments for international business success.
The document discusses different political and economic philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism. It also covers topics like international law, the impact of technology, ethics, corporate social responsibility, and how governments, companies, and non-profits are working together on issues like sustainability and corruption. Overall, the document examines the political, legal, economic, and social factors that shape international business practices and regulations.
SUB-TOPIC 5 (Business in Its Moral Diversity).pptxMusangabuEarnest
The document discusses several aspects of the moral context of business, including technological, international, and cultural environments. Regarding technology, it notes both pros like increased efficiency and better communication, as well as cons like extreme dependency and job losses. The international environment section examines issues with multinational corporations (MNCs) like uneven benefits distribution and undermining of local cultures. Finally, the cultural environment part defines organizational culture as shared values and behaviors that bind members over time.
The document discusses ethics trends that have changed business expectations and developments in response. It covers stakeholders, factors affecting expectations like environmental concerns, and issues like environmental ethics, pesticides, air pollution, and climate change. It also discusses moral sensitivity, fairness, discrimination, activist stakeholders, economic pressures, financial scandals, and governance failures. The high-level purpose is to explore how ethics trends have shaped business expectations and the responses that have emerged.
This document discusses business ethics. It defines business ethics as examining ethical principles and problems that arise in a business environment. Business ethics are important for cost/risk reduction, long-term growth, public image, and attracting investment. Sources of business ethics include religion, culture, and law. Ethical businesses demonstrate leadership and qualities like donating to charity. Unethical examples include Monsanto unfairly suing farmers, Halliburton overcharging in Iraq, and Chevron's environmental/human rights issues. The conclusion stresses that ethics are needed for reputation, avoiding legal issues, and success over the long run.
The document summarizes key topics from chapters 2 and 3, including:
- Individualism and collectivism as competing philosophies that influence business environments.
- Different types of governments and how they approach business such as socialism, communism, and social democracies.
- International laws and regulations multinational companies must follow.
- Advances in technology presenting both opportunities and risks for business.
- Ethics and corporate social responsibility being increasingly important considerations for multinational operations.
The document summarizes key topics from chapters 2 and 3, including:
- Individualism and collectivism as competing philosophies that influence business environments.
- Different forms of government systems like socialism, and how they affect business.
- Technological advances that impact international business through improved communication and information access.
- Ethics and corporate social responsibility in international business, including issues like corruption and fair treatment of workers.
Sheet metal working involves cutting, bending, and forming thin metal sheets. Common processes include shearing, blanking/punching, bending, and drawing. Shearing cuts metal sheets in straight lines while blanking/punching cuts outlines. Bending forms sheets around edges and drawing makes hollow parts from sheet blanks. Machines like mechanical and hydraulic presses are used along with tools and dies to perform the different operations. Sheet metal working has applications in industries like construction, transportation, and manufacturing.
UNIT 4-002356566 - FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) AND AUTOMATED GUIDED V...dharma raja`
The document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), including their components, applications, benefits, and planning/control. It also covers quantitative analysis of simple FMS problems. Additionally, it examines automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS), their applications, vehicle guidance technologies, and vehicle management/safety.
This document discusses various global issues related to engineering. It covers topics like multinational corporations, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, consulting engineers, and more. For each topic, it provides details on definitions, concepts, examples, case studies, philosophical views, and moral/ethical considerations. It examines issues like technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental impact of projects, property rights in computers, and resolving conflicts as managers.
This document discusses several global issues related to engineering, including multinational corporations, globalization, international human rights, technology transfer, appropriate technology, environmental ethics, computer ethics, weapons development, engineers as managers, and engineers as expert witnesses. It addresses the responsibilities and ethical considerations for engineers in these contexts.
The document discusses the various elements of the external business environment including the micro and macro environment. It provides details on the economic, political, socio-cultural, legal, technological, and physical environment. The economic environment section outlines factors such as the economic system, policies, and indicators of a country. The political environment section describes the political system, laws, and responsibilities of business and government. The socio-cultural environment influences business through factors like family, social class, and culture. Techniques for analyzing the external environment include SWOT and ETOP analysis.
professional ethics chapter 5- global issues, business and environmental ethi...05AkshithaaMP
Global issues are problems that affect the entire planet and potentially all people living on it, such as climate change. Globalization integrates countries through commerce, technology transfer, and cultural exchange. Multinational corporations operate in multiple countries and can benefit both host and home economies but also cause social and environmental problems. Business ethics principles for multinational corporations include respecting human rights and cultures in host countries and providing fair compensation. Environmental ethics concerns the moral issues around protecting the environment from harm caused by industry, technology, and human activities like waste disposal. Major global environmental issues include plastic waste, e-waste, pollution from industrial waste, depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, and acid rain.
The document discusses analyzing an organization's internal and external environments. It focuses on the macro (external) environment, identifying nine key factors that compose it: 1) economic, 2) technological, 3) legal, 4) labor, 5) socio-cultural/demographic, 6) competitive, 7) ecological, 8) ethical, and 9) corporate social responsibility environments. Understanding these external forces is important as they can pose opportunities and threats to an organization outside of its control. The document provides examples and details about each environmental factor and its potential impact on operations.
Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global EconomyBe sure to read t.docxmelbruce90096
Week 10 - Business Ethics in a Global Economy
Be sure to read the lecture notes thoroughly, as they supplement the information offered in digital material within the course. You will be responsible to know the information provided here and in your assigned reading.
I. Ethical Perceptions And International Business
The self-reference criterion (SRC) is the idea that people perceive differences between themselves and citizens of other countries when traveling abroad; they may believe the values of their own country to be ethically superior to those of others.
The SRC is an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge. When confronted with a situation, a person reacts on the basis of knowledge accumulated over a lifetime and usually grounded in the culture of origin.
These reactions are based on meanings, values, and symbols that relate to the culture of origin, but may not have the same relevance to people of other cultures.
In the United States, for example, dumping---the practice of charging high prices for products sold in domestic markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices, often below the costs of exporting the products---is viewed negatively, and this country has a number of anti-dumping laws.
1. Culture as a Factor in Business
1. Ethical issues that arise from international business activities often differ significantly from those that evolve from domestic business activities.
2. Culture is everything in our surroundings made by people: both tangible items and intangible concepts and values. This definition includes language, religion, law, politics, technology, education, social organization, general values, and ethical standards.
1. Each nation has a distinctive culture and, consequently, distinctive beliefs about what business activities are acceptable or unethical.
2. Distinct subcultures can also be found within many nations.
3. One of the critical ethical issues linked to cultural differences is the question of whose values and ethical standards take precedence in negotiations and business transactions.
2. Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework
1. When businesspeople rationalize straying from their own ethical values when doing business abroad, they are resorting to cultural relativism: the concept that morality varies from one culture to another and that business practices are therefore differentially defined as right or wrong by particular cultures.
2. As business becomes more global and multinational corporations proliferate, the chances of ethical conflict increase.
II. Global Values
1. There have been numerous attempts to establish a set of global or universal ethical standards.
1. Many of these efforts show a pattern of shared values, such as truthfulness, integrity, fairness, and equality, which suggest a universal set of ethics that can be applied to business across the globe.
2. The shared values assume that we all have basic rights and res.
Ethical behavior in international business is important for several reasons:
1) It ensures sustainable long-term development rather than short-term profits which can have disastrous consequences.
2) It establishes a healthy cooperation climate and makes all parties feel comfortable.
3) It provides a significant competitive advantage by deserving clients' attention and support.
Some common ethical issues include employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption, and multinational companies' moral obligations. Managing these issues requires considering philosophical approaches like utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, rights theories, and justice theories. Laws and agreements like the UN Global Compact also provide guidance for ethical conduct in international business.
Social Responsibility and Business Ethic ppt.pptxetebarkhmichale
Gender equality is crucial for achieving economic growth and development, but women still face inequalities that stifle progress. Women make up half of the world's population but only contribute to 37% of the global Gross Domestic Production(GDP), and the gender disparity is still an important issue that the world is fighting through generations.
In Africa, women entrepreneurs play a growing role in diversifying production and services. However, they are facing the problem of financial shortage; a recent report by the African Development Bank showed that there is an estimated $42 billion financing gap for female entrepreneurs in Africa. The study demonstrated that women are facing more difficult conditions than men entrepreneurs such as limited access to key resources (including land and credit), the legal and regulatory framework, and the socio-cultural environment. The economy's full potential cannot be realized if half of its population cannot fully contribute, and women have faced many hurdles in the entrepreneurship journey, prompting responsible bodies to devise affirmative solutions.
Ethiopia's female population is 49.8%, but small businesses owned by women only make up 16.5% of the total number of entrepreneurs. Limited access to finance, business networks, development services, and business management skills hinders women entrepreneurs. The government is promoting women entrepreneurs through initiatives like training and financial support. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is introducing a customer-centric business model to cater to its customers' needs and values. The bank aims to increase the outreach of financial products and services to a larger population, particularly women who own business enterprises. The bank has established a micro business department to adjust itself with the micro business customers. These factors can be considered as business drivers and factors enforcing CBE to come up with a gender-specific solution.
To address the aforementioned issues, the micro business banking department is proposing a collateral-free loan product for women-owned enterprises to be launched by CBE. This would help to address the financing gap for formal MSMEs, ensuring comprehensive financial accessibility and services for women-owned enterprises. Furthermore, promoting financial inclusion and women's economic empowerment by financing women-owned enterprises can stimulate growth and form the backbone of vibrant economies.
Based on the feasibility study of women MSME financing undertaken by MBB department team, proposal on selected women owned MSMEs financing will found crucial to bridge the financial gap.
Therefore, this proposal aims to provide a method how CBE should finance for selected formal women-owned MSMEs in Ethiopia to alleviate their financing gap. It is being proposed that, the CBE shall start the product by making a pilot test for women-owned microbusinesses from Addis Ababa City Administration, with local stak
This document discusses various topics related to professional ethics in engineering, including global issues, multinational corporations, technology transfer, appropriate technology, and the Bhopal gas tragedy case study. It addresses ethical concerns around MNCs operating in foreign countries, such as respecting human rights and balancing local standards with ensuring workplace safety. The objectives and outcomes of the course are also summarized, focusing on applying ethics and discussing related issues.
Federal, State, And Foreign Laws With Safety And...Natasha Barnett
Federal, state, and foreign environmental laws and regulations pose compliance risks for B/E Aerospace. The company notes in its annual report that violations of safety and environmental standards can result in significant penalties. As most of its revenues come from outside the US, B/E Aerospace is also subject to political and regulatory risks in international markets like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, and Philippines. One specific risk mentioned is doing business with the US government.
International Standards - fragile situationsDonata Garrasi
The document provides an overview of key international standards for responsible business conduct in conflict-affected and fragile environments. It discusses challenges to implementing the standards, and outlines several major standards and guidance documents, including:
1) The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, which establish a global standard for preventing and addressing adverse human rights impacts.
2) The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and related guidance, which provide principles for responsible business conduct on issues like human rights, labor, and anti-corruption.
3) The UN Global Compact and related guidance on responsible business in conflict areas, which guide companies on operating in a way that respects human rights, labor, environment, and
This document discusses ethics and business ethics in international business. It begins by defining ethics and business ethics. It then discusses the importance of ethics in international business, noting that ethical behavior ensures sustainable development. It identifies some common ethical issues in international business such as employment practices, human rights, environmental regulations, corruption, and the moral obligations of multinational companies. It also discusses philosophical approaches to ethics like utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. The document also covers topics like the roots of ethical/unethical behavior, legal foundations of ethics, ethics and corporate bribery including conventions against corruption, and ethics and the environment including issues of sustainability and global warming.
The document discusses various global issues related to the operations of multinational corporations including their responsibilities regarding technology transfer, human rights, environmental protection and ensuring fair treatment of employees in host countries. It also provides a case study on alleged unethical practices of Walmart and discusses principles of appropriate technology and how multinationals can operate in a morally justified manner while respecting local laws and cultures.
international business assi (1) D.docxssuserb6d836
The document discusses the international business environment and its various components, including:
1. The economic, political, social/cultural, religious, linguistic, demographic, regulatory, technological, and natural environments that international businesses must consider.
2. Key factors of each environment like economic systems, social norms, government policies, population trends, environmental resources, and how technology and globalization are changing business.
3. The significance of understanding these diverse and interconnected environments for international business success.
The document discusses different political and economic philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism. It also covers topics like international law, the impact of technology, ethics, corporate social responsibility, and how governments, companies, and non-profits are working together on issues like sustainability and corruption. Overall, the document examines the political, legal, economic, and social factors that shape international business practices and regulations.
SUB-TOPIC 5 (Business in Its Moral Diversity).pptxMusangabuEarnest
The document discusses several aspects of the moral context of business, including technological, international, and cultural environments. Regarding technology, it notes both pros like increased efficiency and better communication, as well as cons like extreme dependency and job losses. The international environment section examines issues with multinational corporations (MNCs) like uneven benefits distribution and undermining of local cultures. Finally, the cultural environment part defines organizational culture as shared values and behaviors that bind members over time.
The document discusses ethics trends that have changed business expectations and developments in response. It covers stakeholders, factors affecting expectations like environmental concerns, and issues like environmental ethics, pesticides, air pollution, and climate change. It also discusses moral sensitivity, fairness, discrimination, activist stakeholders, economic pressures, financial scandals, and governance failures. The high-level purpose is to explore how ethics trends have shaped business expectations and the responses that have emerged.
This document discusses business ethics. It defines business ethics as examining ethical principles and problems that arise in a business environment. Business ethics are important for cost/risk reduction, long-term growth, public image, and attracting investment. Sources of business ethics include religion, culture, and law. Ethical businesses demonstrate leadership and qualities like donating to charity. Unethical examples include Monsanto unfairly suing farmers, Halliburton overcharging in Iraq, and Chevron's environmental/human rights issues. The conclusion stresses that ethics are needed for reputation, avoiding legal issues, and success over the long run.
The document summarizes key topics from chapters 2 and 3, including:
- Individualism and collectivism as competing philosophies that influence business environments.
- Different types of governments and how they approach business such as socialism, communism, and social democracies.
- International laws and regulations multinational companies must follow.
- Advances in technology presenting both opportunities and risks for business.
- Ethics and corporate social responsibility being increasingly important considerations for multinational operations.
The document summarizes key topics from chapters 2 and 3, including:
- Individualism and collectivism as competing philosophies that influence business environments.
- Different forms of government systems like socialism, and how they affect business.
- Technological advances that impact international business through improved communication and information access.
- Ethics and corporate social responsibility in international business, including issues like corruption and fair treatment of workers.
Sheet metal working involves cutting, bending, and forming thin metal sheets. Common processes include shearing, blanking/punching, bending, and drawing. Shearing cuts metal sheets in straight lines while blanking/punching cuts outlines. Bending forms sheets around edges and drawing makes hollow parts from sheet blanks. Machines like mechanical and hydraulic presses are used along with tools and dies to perform the different operations. Sheet metal working has applications in industries like construction, transportation, and manufacturing.
UNIT 4-002356566 - FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS) AND AUTOMATED GUIDED V...dharma raja`
The document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), including their components, applications, benefits, and planning/control. It also covers quantitative analysis of simple FMS problems. Additionally, it examines automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS), their applications, vehicle guidance technologies, and vehicle management/safety.
UNIT -3-02225265555- CELLULA MANUFACTURING .pptdharma raja`
This document discusses group technology and cellular manufacturing. It defines group technology as a manufacturing philosophy that groups similar parts together based on their design and production similarities. Parts are classified into part families that have similar processing steps. Machines are then arranged into manufacturing cells specialized for certain part families. This reduces setup times, work in process, and improves other metrics. The document outlines various ways to identify part families including visual inspection and coding schemes. It provides details on the Opitz classification and coding system, which was one of the first published schemes using codes to convey part design and manufacturing attributes.
UNIT -5-0001235689- INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS .pptdharma raja`
This document discusses robot anatomy and programming. It describes the key components of an industrial robot, including the manipulator, joints, links, end effectors, sensors, and control systems. It also summarizes common robot configurations, joint types, programming methods like leadthrough and textual languages, and applications in material handling, processing, and assembly.
The document provides an overview of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). It discusses the reasons for implementing CAD, including increasing productivity and improving quality. It describes the basic CAD modeling techniques of wireframe, solid modeling, and engineering analysis tools. The document also outlines common CAM applications in manufacturing planning, such as computer-aided process planning and computer-assisted NC part programming. Applications in manufacturing control discussed include process monitoring, quality control, and just-in-time production systems.
ppt-3. III-Desgn of riveted joint12314.pptxdharma raja`
The document discusses the design of various types of riveted joints for boiler shells. It provides sample design calculations for a double riveted butt joint with cover plates, a triple riveted butt joint with unequal plates, and a triple riveted lap joint with zigzag riveting. It also includes the design of longitudinal and circumferential joints for a boiler shell with an inside diameter of 1.6m subjected to a working pressure of 2.5N/mm2. The calculations determine the plate thickness, rivet diameter, pitch, efficiency, and failure modes based on given allowable stresses. Design parameters such as cover plate thickness, joint margin, and pitch are obtained from referenced design standards.
ppt-1.Unit -III Design of Cotter joint-12222.pptxdharma raja`
Cotter joints are used to connect circular rods subjected to tensile or compressive stress. A cotter joint uses a tapered wedge-shaped cotter pin inserted through holes in the rods. Cotter joints are not suitable for rotating members. Design considerations for cotter joints include the diameter and thickness of the rods, diameter and thickness of sockets and collars, width and length of the cotter, and clearances. Cotter joints can fail due to tension failure of rods or sockets, shearing of the cotter pin, or crushing of parts against each other. The document provides examples of designing cotter joints to withstand specific tensile loads and varying compressive/tensile loads.
Ppt-Design of Helical Springs11211111.pptdharma raja`
This document discusses the design of helical springs. It provides equations for determining spring properties like wire diameter, number of coils, free length, and stiffness based on factors like applied load, required deflection, material properties, and end conditions. It also gives examples of spring design problems, showing the step-by-step calculations used to solve for spring parameters. Design considerations like checking for buckling and natural frequency are also addressed.
This document discusses leaf springs used in automobiles and other vehicles. It provides information on simply supported and cantilever beams which can be used as leaf springs to absorb energy under load. Leaf springs can act as both structural members and energy absorbing devices. Laminated leaf springs are discussed, which use multiple flat plates stacked to increase load capacity. Formulas are provided for stresses, deflections, and the design of leaf springs. Examples are given for designing leaf springs to meet specified load and stress criteria.
The document discusses flywheels and their use in internal combustion engines. It makes three key points:
1. Flywheels are used to store energy generated during the power stroke of each cylinder and release it more uniformly to keep the crankshaft rotating at a steady speed, compensating for the intermittent power impulses from pistons.
2. The proportion of energy from each cycle that must be stored in the flywheel decreases as the number of cylinders increases, since the overlap of power strokes is greater and other rotating engine parts have more inertia.
3. A flywheel absorbs energy when supply exceeds demand, increasing its rotational speed, and releases energy when demand exceeds supply, decreasing its speed
The document summarizes the process of laser beam welding (LBW). LBW uses a concentrated coherent light beam from a laser to produce coalescence of materials. The laser beam interacts with and heats the work material, causing melting, vaporization, and joining. Key parameters include beam intensity, diameter, and melting temperature of the materials. LBW can weld high alloy metals and dissimilar metals with a narrow heat affected zone and low thermal input.
Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining process that uses a rotating tool to join two facing workpieces without melting them. Frictional heat is generated between the shoulder and pin of the tool and the material to create a weld. It was invented in 1991 and has since been adopted by 28 organizations worldwide. Key benefits over fusion welding include improved mechanical properties, reduced distortion and defects, and the ability to weld previously unweldable materials. It can weld in all positions and creates straight or complex welds.
Soldering and brazing are metal joining processes where a filler metal is used to join two base metals. In soldering, the filler metal has a melting point below 450°C, while in brazing it is above 450°C but below the melting point of the base metals. Both processes form metallurgical bonds between the filler and base metals through capillary action without fully melting the base metals. Common applications include joining pipes, electrical components, and jewelry. Key differences are the higher temperatures used in brazing allow joining of thicker or dissimilar metals.
1. Sand casting is a versatile and economical process that uses refractory molds to produce metal parts. It can produce parts ranging in size from small to very large.
2. Sand casting molds are made by packing sand around a pattern to form cavities and then pouring molten metal. Molds are single-use and destroyed after casting is removed.
3. Common defects in sand castings include blowholes from moisture, porosity from gas entrapment, misruns from improper gating, and hot tears from constrained solidification. Careful control of the casting process can minimize defects.
Electric furnaces are used for producing high quality castings. There are three main types - direct arc furnaces, indirect arc furnaces, and core type induction furnaces. Direct arc furnaces preheat the interior and draw an electric arc between electrodes and metal charge, reaching temperatures over 6000°C. They allow for accurate control of melt composition and temperature. Indirect arc furnaces generate an electric arc between graphite electrodes to melt a charge without direct contact.
The document describes the key components and operation of a cupola furnace used for melting iron. A cupola furnace uses coke, iron, and limestone charges that are stacked and then melted by hot air blown in through tuyeres. Once the iron reaches its melting point of around 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit, the molten metal collects in the well until it is ready to be tapped out of the tap hole. Impurities rise to the surface and are removed through the slag hole. The furnace operates by repeatedly charging, melting, slagging, and tapping the metal.
The document provides an introduction to CAD/CAM and MasterCAM software. It outlines the objectives of learning to create 2D geometries and toolpaths in MasterCAM, generate NC codes, and identify optimal toolpaths. Key points include that CAD is used for design and CAM for manufacturing planning, and MasterCAM allows importing part geometry, defining tools and fixtures, and generating toolpaths and NC code for CNC machining. The document guides learning the basics of 2D drawing and contour toolpath creation in MasterCAM.
CAD (computer-aided design) involves using computers to aid in engineering design. It allows for 2D and 3D modeling and visualization of products. Key aspects of CAD include modeling objects like curves, surfaces and solids; displaying and visualizing the models; and various applications like analysis, simulation and integration with CAM. Data is stored about the objects, surfaces, and curves that make up 3D solids. Displays include CRTs refreshed via a frame buffer, while inputs include mice, tablets, and other devices. Outputs include flatbed and drum plotters as well as various printers.
The engineer as an assistant to serve the society and
employer.
Technician: The engineer as a technician to solve technical
problems.
Manager: The engineer as a manager to achieve organizational
goals.
Citizen: The engineer as a responsible citizen to protect public
interest.
Entrepreneur: The engineer as an entrepreneur to earn profit.
Scholar: The engineer as a scholar to advance knowledge.
Whistleblower: The engineer as a whistleblower to expose
wrongdoings.
Judge: The engineer as a judge to make fair decisions.
Mediator: The engineer as a mediator to resolve conflicts.
Reformer: The engineer
This document discusses safety, risk assessment, and testing for engineering designs. It provides information on different definitions of safety and risk, factors that influence risk acceptability, and challenges in assessing risk and safety due to uncertainties and lack of information. The document emphasizes that thorough testing of prototypes and finished products is essential to determine safety and ensure risks are minimized.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. UNIT V GLOBAL ISSUES
Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics –
Computer Ethics – Weapons Development –
Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers –
Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors – Moral
Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social
Responsibility
2. 5.GLOBALIZATION
Globalization means integration of countries through commerce, transfer
of technology, and exchange of information and culture.
In a way, it includes acting together and interacting economies through
trade, investment, loan, development schemes and capital across
countries.
In a different sense, these flows include knowledge, science, technology,
skills, culture, information, and entertainment, besides direct human
resource, tele-work, and outsourcing.
This interdependence has increased the complex tensions and ruptures
among the nations.
For the engineers, the issues such as multinational organizations,
computer, internet functions, military development and environmental
ethics have assumed greater importance for their very sustenance and
3. 5.1 MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Organizations, who have established business in more than one country, are
called Multinational Corporation. The headquarters are in the home country
and the business is extended in many host countries.
The Western organizations doing business in the less-economically developed
(developing, and overpopulated) countries gain the advantage of inexpensive
labor, availability of natural resources, conducive-tax atmosphere, and virgin
market for the products.
At the same time, the developing countries are also benefited by fresh job
opportunities, jobs with higher remuneration and challenges, transfer of
technology, and several social benefits by the wealth developed.
But this happens invariably with some social and cultural disturbance. Loss of
jobs for the home country, and loss or exploitation of natural resources,
political instability for the host countries are some of the threats of
globalization.
4. 5.1.1 International Human Rights
To know what are the moral responsibilities and obligations of the
multinational corporations operating in the host countries, let us discuss with
the framework of rights ethics.
Common minimal rights are to be followed to smoothen the transactions when
the engineers and employers of MNCs have to interact at official, social,
economic and sometimes political levels.
At international level, the organizations are expected to adopt the minimum
levels of
(a) Values, such as mutual support, loyalty, and reciprocity,
(b) the negative duty of refraining from harmful actions such as violence and
fraud, and
(c) basic fairness and practical justice in case of conflicts.
5. 5.1.1 International Human Rights…
The ten international rights to be taken care of, in this context are:
1. Right of freedom of physical movement of people
2. Right of ownership of properties
3. Freedom from torture
4. Right to fair trial on the products
5. Freedom from discrimination on the basis of race or sex. If such
discrimination against women or minorities is prevalent in the host country,
the MNC will be compelled to accept. MNCs may opt to quit that country if
the human rights violations are severe.
6. 5.1.1 International Human Rights…
6. Physical security. Use of safety gadgets have to be supplied to the
workers even if the laws of the host country do not suggest such measures.
7. Freedom of speech and forming association
8. Right to have a minimum education
9. Right to political participation
10. Right to live and exist (i.e., coexistence).
The individual liberty and sanctity of the human life are to be respected by
all societies.
7. 5.1.2 Technology Transfer
It is a process of moving technology to a new setting and implementing it
there.
Technology includes hardware (machines and installations) and the
techniques (technical, organizational, and managerial skills and
procedures).
It may mean moving the technology applications from laboratory to the
field/factory or from one country to another.
This transfer is effected by governments, organizations, universities, and
MNCs.
8. 5.1.3 Appropriate Technology
Identification, transfer, and implementation of most suitable technology
for a set of new situations, is called appropriate technology.
Technology includes both hardware (machines and installations) and
software (technical, organizational and managerial skills and
procedures).
Factors such as economic, social, and engineering constraints are the
causes for the modification of technology.
Depending on the availability of resources, physical conditions (such as
temperature, humidity, salinity, geographical location, isolated land area,
and availability of water), capital opportunity costs, and the human value
system (social acceptability) which includes their traditions, beliefs, and
religion, the appropriateness is to be determined.
9. 5.1.4 How Appropriate is Appropriate
Technology?
1. A case against the technology transfer is that the impact of borrowed or
transferred technology has been threatening the environment beyond its capacity
and sustainable development of the host countries. Large plantations that orient
their efforts to exports leave the small farmers out of jobs and at the mercy of the
foreign country. For example, genetically modified cotton have shown sufficient
disturbance in Europe and Africa. This has made the European Union to oppose
the entry of G.M. cotton into Europe.
2. The high technology has contributed to large-scale migration from villages to
the cities where corporations are located, leading to the undesirable side-effects
of overcrowding of cities, such as the scarcity of water, insanitation, poverty, and
the increase in crimes.
3. The term ‘appropriate’ should emphasize the social acceptability and
environmental protection of the host countries, and this need to be addressed
while transferring technology. Thus, we confirm the view that engineering is a
continual social experimentation with nature.
10. 5.1.5 MNCs and Morality
The economic and environmental conditions of the home and host countries may vary. But the
multinational institutions have to adopt appropriate measures not to disturb or dislocate the social and
living conditions and cultures of the home countries. A few principles are enlisted here:
1. MNC should respect the basic human rights of the people of the host countries.
2. The activities of the MNC should give economic and transfer technical benefits, and implement
welfare measures of the workers of the host countries.
3. The business practices of the multinational organisations should improve and promote morally
justified institutions in the host countries.
4. The multinationals must respect the laws and political set up, besides cultures and promote the
cultures of the host countries.
5. The multinational organisations should provide a fair remuneration to the employees of the host
countries. If the remuneration is high as that of home country, this may create tensions and if it is too
low it will lead to exploitation.
6. Multinational institutions should provide necessary safety for the workers when they are engaged in
hazardous activities and ‘informed consent’ should be obtained from them. Adequate compensation
should be paid to them for the additional risks undertaken.
12. 5.1.6 Ethical Balance
Should an organization adopt the rules and practices of the host country
fully and face dangers and other serious consequences or adopt strictly
their own country’s standards and practices in the host country?
There is a saying, “When in Rome do as Romans do”. Can this be applied
in the case of MNCs? This is called ethical relativism. The actions of
corporation and individuals that are accepted by law, custom and other
values of a society can be morally right in that society. It is morally false, if it
is illogical. It means, the corporation (and the engineers) functioning in
other countries must understand their law, customs, and beliefs and act in
line with those prevailing in that country.
This will lead to disaster if the country is a developing one where the safety
standards are given a go-bye. Laws and conventions are not morally self-
sustaining.
13. 5.1.6 Ethical Balance….
In a overpopulated country, the loss of human lives may not physically affect
them, but the tragedy cast shadow for over decades, as it happened in Bhopal
in 1984. This will be criticized from the points of view of human rights, public
welfare, and respect to people.
On the other hand, the organizations may practice laws of the home country,
without adjustments to the host culture. This stand is called ethical absolutism.
This is again false, since the moral principles in a different culture come into
conflicts, and implementation in the ‘hostile’ culture is almost impossible.
Hence, MNCs may adopt ethical relationalism (contexualism) as a
compromise. Moral judgments are made in relation to the factors prevailing
locally, without framing rigid rules. The judgments should be contextual and in
line with the customs of other cultures. The ethical pluralism which views more
than one justifiable moral solution is also adaptable. This principle accepts
cultural diversity and respects the legitimate cultural differences among
14. 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Environmental ethics is the study of
(a) moral issues concerning the environment, and
(b) moral perspectives, beliefs, or attitudes concerning those issues.
Engineers in the past are known for their negligence of environment, in
their activities. It has become important now that engineers design eco-
friendly tools, machines, sustainable products, processes, and projects.
These are essential now to
(a) ensure protection (safety) of environment
(b) prevent the degradation of environment, and
(c) slow down the exploitation of the natural resources, so that the future
generation can survive.
15. 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS…
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) code of ethics, has
specifically requires that “engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health,
and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of professional duties”
The term sustainable development emphasizes on the investment,
orientation of technology, development and functioning of organizations to
meet the present needs of people and at the same time ensuring the future
generations to meet their needs.
Compaq Computer Corporation (now merged with HP) was the leader, who
exhibited their commitment to environmental health, through
implementation of the concept of ‘Design for environment’ on their products,
unified standards all over the world units, and giving priority to vendors with
a record of environmental concern.
16. 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS…
Engineers as experimenters have certain duties towards
environmental ethics, namely:
1. Environmental impact assessment: One major but sure and
unintended effect of technology is wastage and the resulting
pollution of land, water, air and even space. Study how the industry
and technology affects the environment.
2. Establish standards: Study and to fix the tolerable and actual
pollution levels.
3. Counter measures: Study what the protective or eliminating
measures are available for immediate implementation
4. Environmental awareness: Study on how to educate the people on
environmental practices, issues, and possible remedies.
18. 1. Plastic Waste Disposal
In our country, several crores of plastic bottles are used as
containers for water and oil, and plastic bags are used to pack
different materials ranging from vegetables to gold ornaments.
Hardly any of these are recycled.
They end up in gutters, roadsides, and agricultural fields. In all
these destinations, they created havoc.
The worse still is the burning of plastic materials in streets and
camphor along with plastic cover in temples, since they release
toxic fumes and threaten seriously the air quality.
Cities and local administration have to act on this, collect and
arrange for recycling through industries.
19. 2. e-Waste Disposal
The parts of computers and electronic devices which have served its useful
life present a major environmental issue for all the developing countries
including India. This scrap contains highly toxic elements such as lead,
cadmium, and mercury.
Even the radioactive waste will lose 89% of its toxicity after 200 years, by
which time it will be no more toxic than some natural minerals in the
ground.
It will lose 99% of its remaining toxicity over the next 30,000 years. The
toxic chemical agents such as mercury, arsenic, and cadmium retain
toxicity undiminished forever. But these scraps are illegally imported by
unscrupulous agencies to salvage some commercially valuable inputs.
Instead of spending and managing on the scrap, unethical organizations
sell them to countries such as India. This is strictly in violation of the Basel
Convention of the United Nations Environment Program, which has banned
20. 2. e-Waste Disposal…
A recent report of the British Environment Agency has revealed that the
discarded computers, television sets, refrigerators, mobile phones, and
electrical equipments have been dispatched to India and Pakistan in large
quantity, for ultimate disposal in environmentally-unacceptable ways and at
great risk to the health of the labour.
Even in the West, the electronic junk has been posing problems. Strong
regulation including (a) pressure on industries to set up disassembling
facilities,
(b) ban on disposal in landfill sites,
(c) legislation for recycling requirements for these junk and
(d) policy incentives for eco-friendly design are essential for every country.
Every country needs regulations to define waste, measures to stop illegal
imports, and institutional structures to handle safe disposal of domestic
21. 3. Industrial Waste Disposal
There has been a lot of complaints through the media, on
(a) against the Sterlite Copper Smelting Plant in Thuthukkudi (1997)
against its pollution, and
(b) when Indian companies imported the discarded French Warship
Clemenceau for disposal, the poisonous asbestos compounds were
expected to pollute the atmosphere besides exposing the labor to a
great risk, during the disposal.
The government did not act immediately.
Fortunately for Indians, the French Government intervened and
withdrew the ship, and the serious threat was averted!
22. 4. Depletion of Ozone Layer
The ozone layer protects the entire planet from the ill-effects of
ultraviolet radiation and is vital for all living organisms in this world.
But it is eaten away by the Chloro-fluro-carbons (CFC) such as
Freon emanating from the refrigerators, air conditioners, and
aerosol can spray.
This has caused also skin cancer to sun-bathers in the Western
countries. Further NO and NO2 gases were also found to react with
the ozone.
Apart from engineers, the organizations, laws of the country and
local administration and market mechanisms are required to take up
concerted efforts to protect the environment.
23. 5. Global Warming
Over the past 30 years, the Earth has warmed by 0.6 °C. Over the last 100
years, it has warmed by 0.8 °C. It is likely to push up temperature by 3 oC
by 2100, according to NASA’s studies.
The U.S. administration has accepted the reality of global climate change,
which has been associated with stronger hurricanes, severe droughts,
intense heat waves and the melting of polar ice.
Greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide emitted by motor vehicles and
coal-fired power plants, trap heat like the glass walls of a greenhouse,
cause the Earth to warm up.
Delegates from the six countries — Australia, China, India, Japan, South
Korea and US met in California in April 2006 for the first working session of
the Asia- Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate.
These six countries account for about half of the world’s emissions of
climate-heating greenhouse gases.
24. 6. Acid Rain
Large emissions of sulphur oxides and nitrous oxides are being
released in to the air from the thermal power stations using the
fossil fuels, and several processing industries.
These gases form compounds with water in the air and precipitates
as rain or snow on to the earth.
The acid rain in some parts of the world has caused sufficient
damage to the fertility of the land and to the human beings.
25. 5.2.2 Human-centered Environmental Ethics
This approach assumes that only human beings have inherent moral worth
duly to be taken care of.
Other living being and ecosystems are only instrumental in nature.
Utilitarianism aims to maximize good consequences for human beings.
Most of the goods are engineered products made out of natural resources.
Human beings have also (a) recreational interests (enjoy leisure through
mountaineering, sports, and pastimes), (b) aesthetic interests (enjoy nature
as from seeing waterfalls and snow-clad mountains), (c) scientific interests
to explore into nature or processes, and (d) a basic interest to survive, by
preservation as well as conservation of nature and natural resources.
Rights ethicists favor the basic rights to live and right to liberty, to realise
the right to a live in a supportive environment.
26. 5.2.2 Human-centered Environmental Ethics…
Further, virtue ethics stresses importance of prudence, humility,
appreciation of natural beauty, and gratitude to the mother nature that
provides everything.
However, the nature-centered ethics, which ensures the worth of all living
beings and organisms, seems to be more appropriate in the present-day
context.
Many Asian religions stress the unity with nature, rather than domination
and exploitation.
The Zen Buddhism calls for a simple life with compassion towards humans
and other animals.
Hinduism enshrines the ideal of oneness (advaitha) in and principle of
ahimsa to all living beings. It identifies all the human beings, animals, and
plants as divine.
27. 5.3 COMPUTER ETHICS
Computer ethics is defined as
(a) study and analysis of nature and social impact of computer technology,
(b) formulation and justification of policies, for ethical use of computers.
This subject has become relevant to the professionals such as designers of
computers, programmers, system analysts, system managers, and
operators.
The use of computers have raised a host of moral concerns such as free
speech, privacy, intellectual property right, and physical as well as mental
harm.
There appears to be no conceptual framework available on ethics, to study
and understand and resolve the problems in computer technology.
28. 5.3.1 Types of Issues
Different types of problems are found in computer ethics.
1. Computer as the Instrument of Unethical Acts
2. Computer as the Object of Unethical Act
3. Problems Related to the Autonomous Nature of Computer
29. 1. Computer as the Instrument of Unethical
Acts
(a) The usage of computer replaces the job positions. This has been
overcome to a large extent by readjusting work assignments, and
training everyone on computer applications such as word
processing, editing, and graphics.
(b) Breaking privacy. Information or data of the individuals accessed
or erased or the ownership changed.
(c) Defraud a bank or a client, by accessing and withdrawing money
from other’s bank account.
30. 2. Computer as the Object of Unethical Act
The data are accessed and deleted or changed.
(a) Hacking: The software is stolen or information is accessed from other
computers. This may cause financial loss to the business or violation of
privacy rights of the individuals or business. In case of defense information
being hacked, this may endanger the security of the nation.
(b) Spreading virus: Through mail or otherwise, other computers are
accessed and the files are erased or contents changed altogether. ‘Trojan
horses’ are implanted to distort the messages and files beyond recovery.
This again causes financial loss or mental torture to the individuals. Some
hackers feel that they have justified their right of free information or they do
it for fun. However, these acts are certainly unethical.
(c) Health hazard: The computers pose threat during their use as well as
during disposal.
31. 3. Problems Related to the Autonomous Nature of
Computer
(a) Security risk: Recently the Tokyo Stock Exchange faced a major embarrassment. A
seemingly casual mistake by a junior trader of a large security house led to huge losses
including that of reputation. The order through the exchange’s trading system was to sell one
share for 600,000 Yen. Instead the trader keyed in a sale order for 600,000 shares at the
rate of one Yen each. Naturally the shares on offer at the ridiculously low price were lapped
up. And only a few buyers agreed to reverse the deal! The loss to the securities firm was
said to be huge, running into several hundred thousands. More important to note, such an
obvious mistake could not be corrected by some of the advanced technology available. For
advanced countries like Japan who have imbibed the latest technology, this would be a new
kind of learning experience.12
(b) Loss of human lives: Risk and loss of human lives lost by computer, in the operational
control of military weapons. There is a dangerous instability in automated defense system.
An unexpected error in the software or hardware or a conflict during interfacing between the
two, may trigger a serious attack and cause irreparable human loss before the error is
traced. The Chinese embassy was bombed by U.S. military in Iraq a few years back, but
enquiries revealed that the building was shown in a previous map as the building where
insurgents stayed.
32. The ethical problems initiated by computers in the workplace are:
1. Elimination of routine and manual jobs. This leads to
unemployment, but the creation of skilled and IT-enabled service jobs
are more advantageous for the people.
2. Health and safety: The ill-effects due to electromagnetic radiation,
especially on women and pregnant employees, mental stress, wrist
problem known as Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, and back pain due to
poor ergonomic seating designs, and eye strain due to poor lighting
and flickers in the display and long exposure, have been reported
worldwide.
3. Computer failure: Failure in computers may be due to errors in the
hardware or software. Hardware errors are rare and they can be
solved easily and quickly. But software errors are very serious as they
5.3.2 Computers In Workplace
33. The property issues concerned with the computers are:
1. Computers have been used to extort money through anonymous telephone
calls.
2. Computers are used to cheat and steal by current as well as previous
employees.
3. Cheating of and stealing from the customers and clients.
4. Violation of contracts on computer sales and services.
5. Conspiracy as a group, especially with the internet, to defraud the gullible,
stealing the identity and to forge documents.
6. Violation of property rights: Is the software a property? The software could
be either a Program (an algorithm, indicating the steps in solving a problem)
or a Source code (the algorithm in a general computer language such as
FORTAN, C and COBOL or an Object code (to translate the source code into
the machine language). How do we apply the concept of property here? This
demands a framework for ethical judgments.
5.3.3 Property Issues
34. The ethical features involved in computer crime are:
1. Physical Security
The computers are to be protected against theft, fire, and physical
damage. This can be achieved by proper insurance on the assets.
2. Logical security
The aspects related are (a) the privacy of the individuals or
organizations, (b) confidentiality, (c) integrity, to ensure that the
modification of data or program are done only by the authorized
persons, (d) uninterrupted service. This is achieved by installing
appropriate uninterrupted power supply or back-up provisions, and (e)
protection against hacking that causes dislocation or distortion.
5.3.4 Computer Crime
35. The ethical features involved in computer crime are:
1. Physical Security
The computers are to be protected against theft, fire, and physical
damage. This can be achieved by proper insurance on the assets.
2. Logical security
The aspects related are (a) the privacy of the individuals or
organizations, (b) confidentiality, (c) integrity, to ensure that the
modification of data or program are done only by the authorized
persons, (d) uninterrupted service. This is achieved by installing
appropriate uninterrupted power supply or back-up provisions, and (e)
protection against hacking that causes dislocation or distortion.
5.3.4 Computer Crime
36. Major weaknesses in this direction are:
(a) the difficulty in tracing the evidence involved and
(b) absence of stringent punishment against the crime.
The origin of a threat to the Central Government posted from an
obscure browsing center, remained unsolved for quite a long time.
Many times, such crimes have been traced, but there are no clear
cyber laws to punish and deter the criminals.
5.3.4 Computer Crime….
37. The data transmission and accessibility have improved tremendously by using
the computers, but the right to privacy has been threatened to a great extent.
Some issues concerned with the privacy are listed hereunder:
1. Records of Evidence
Service records or criminal records and the details of people can be stored and
accessed to prove the innocence or guilty. Records on psychiatric treatment
by medical practitioners or hospital, or records of membership of
organizations may sometime embarrass the persons in later years.
2. Hacking
There are computer enthusiasts who willfully or for fun, plant virus or “Trojan
horses” that may fill the disc space, falsify information, erase files, and even
harm the hardware. They breakdown the functioning of computers and can
be treated as violation of property rights.
5.3.5 Privacy and Anonymity
38. 3. Legal Response
In the Indian scene, the Right to Information Act 2005 14 provides the
right to the citizens to secure access to information under the control of
public authorities, including the departments of the central government,
state governments, government bodies, public sector companies and
public sector banks, to promote transparency and accountability of
public authorities.
Right to information: Under the Act, section 2 (j), the right to information
includes the right to (1) Inspect works, documents, records, (2) take
notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records, (3) take
certified samples of material, and (4) obtain information in the form of
printouts, diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other
electronic mode.
5.3.5 Privacy and Anonymity…..
39. 4. Anonymity
Anonymity in the computer communication has some merits as well as
demerits. While seeking medical or psychological counseling or
discussion (chat) on topics, such as AIDS, abortion, gay rights, the
anonymity offers protection (against revealing their identity). But
frequently, anonymity is misused by some people for money
laundering, drug trafficking and preying upon the vulnerable.
5.3.5 Privacy and Anonymity…..
40. The computer professionals should be aware of different conflicts of interests
as they transact with other at different levels.
The IEEE and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have established
the codes of ethics to manage such responsibilities.
5.3.6 Professional Responsibility
Almost all the countries are now connected by the internet. But there are no
international laws to regulate the issues of freedom of speech, intellectual property
rights, privacy rights etc.
Another development in this direction is, the universities offering degrees-on-line.
Third World is certainly gaining knowledge and education.
Even Google.com has announced plans to publish research papers through the
World Wide Web. Knowledge is power.
Knowledge is internationalised! Will this lead to empowerment of the Third World
and promotion of World peace? Only the future can answer this question.
5.3.7 The Big Net
41. Military activities including the world wars have stimulated the growth of
technology. The growth of Internet amply illustrates this fact.
Engineers involve in weapons development because of the following
reasons:
1. It gives one job with high salary.
2. One takes pride and honor in participating in the activities towards the
defense of the nation (patriotic fervor).
3. One believes the he fights a war on terrorism and thereby contribute to
peace and stability of the country. Ironically, the wars have never won peace,
only peace can win peace!
4. By research and development, the engineer is reducing or eliminating the
risk from enemy weapons, and saving one’s country from disaster.
5. By building-up arsenals and show of force, a country can force the rogue
country, towards regulation.
5.4 WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT
42. 5.5.1 Characteristics
The characteristics of engineers as managers are:
1. Promote an ethical climate, through framing organization policies,
responsibilities and by personal attitudes and obligations.
2. Resolving conflicts, by evolving priority, developing mutual
understanding, generating various alternative solutions to problems.
3. Social responsibility to stakeholders, customers and employers.
They act to develop wealth as well as the welfare of the society.
5.5 ENGINEERS AS MANAGERS
43. In solving conflicts, force should not be resorted. In fact, the conflict situations
should be tolerated, understood, and resolved by participation by all the
concerned. The conflicts in case of project managers arise in the following
manners:
(a) Conflicts based on schedules: This happens because of various levels of
execution, priority and limitations of each level.
(b) Conflicts arising out of fixing the priority to different projects or
departments. This is to be arrived at from the end requirements and it may
change from time to time.
(c) Conflict based on the availability of personnel.
(d) Conflict over technical, economic, and time factors such as cost, time, and
performance level.
(e) Conflict arising in administration such as authority, responsibility,
accountability, and logistics required.
(f) Conflicts of personality, human psychology and ego problems.
(g) Conflict over expenditure and its deviations.
Most of the conflicts can be resolved by following the principles listed here:
5.5.2 Managing Conflicts
44. 1. People
Separate people from the problem. It implies that the views of all
concerned should be obtained. The questions such as what, why, and
when the error was committed is more important than to know who
committed it. This impersonal approach will lead to not only early
solution but also others will be prevented from committing errors.
2. Interests
Focus must be only on interest i.e., the ethical attitudes or motives and
not on the positions (i.e., stated views). A supplier may require
commission larger than usual prevailing rate for an agricultural product.
But the past analysis may tell us that the material is not cultivated
regularly and the monsoon poses some additional risk towards the
supply. Mutual interests must be respected to a maximum level. What
5.5.2 Managing Conflicts……
45. 3. Options
Generate various options as solutions to the problem. This helps a
manager to try the next best solution should the first one fails. Decision
on alternate solutions can be taken more easily and without loss of
time.
4. Evaluation
The evaluation of the results should be based on some specified
objectives such as efficiency, quality, and customer satisfaction. More
important is that the means, not only the goals, should be ethical.
5.5.2 Managing Conflicts……
46. The consulting engineers work in private. There is no salary from the employers. But they
charge fees from the sponsor and they have more freedom to decide on their projects. Still they
have no absolute freedom, because they need to earn for their living. The consulting engineers
have ethical responsibilities different from the salaried engineers, as follows:
1. Advertising
The consulting engineers are directly responsible for advertising their services, even if they
employ other consultants to assist them. But in many organisations, this responsibility is with
the advertising executives and the personnel department. They are allowed to advertise but to
avoid deceptive ones. Deceptive advertising such as the following are prohibited:
(a) By white lies.
(b) Half-truth, e.g., a product has actually been tested as prototype, but it was claimed to have
been already introduced in the market. An architect shows the photograph of the completed
building with flowering trees around but actually the foundation of the building has been
completed and there is no real garden.
(c) Exaggerated claims. The consultant might have played a small role in a well-known project.
But they could claim to have played a major role.
(d) Making false suggestions. The reduction in cost might have been achieved along with the
reduction in strength, but the strength details are hidden.
(e) Through vague wordings or slogans.
5.6 CONSULTING ENGINEERS
47. 2. Competitive Bidding
It means offering a price, and get something in return for the service
offered. The organizations have a pool of engineers. The expertise can be
shared and the bidding is made more realistic. But the individual
consultants have to develop creative designs and build their reputation
steadily and carefully, over a period of time. The clients will have to choose
between the reputed organizations and proven qualifications of the
company and the expertise of the consultants. Although competent, the
younger consultants are thus slightly at a disadvantage.
5.6 CONSULTING ENGINEERS….
48. 3. Contingency Fee
This is the fee or commission paid to the consultant, when one is
successful in saving the expenses for the client. A sense of honesty and
fairness is required in fixing this fee. The NSPE Code III 6 (a) says that the
engineers shall not propose or accept a commission on a contingent basis
where their judgment may be compromised.
The fee may be either as an agreed amount or a fixed percentage of the
savings realized. But in the contingency fee-agreements, the judgment of
the consultant may be biased. The consultant may be tempted to specify
inferior materials or design methods to cut the construction cost. This fee
may motivate the consultants to effect saving in the costs to the clients,
through reasonably moral and technological means.
5.6 CONSULTING ENGINEERS….
49. 4. Safety and Client’s Needs
The greater freedom for the consulting engineers in decision making on
safety aspects, and difficulties concerning truthfulness are the matters to be
given attention. For example, in design-only projects, the consulting
engineers may design something and have no role in the construction.
Sometimes, difficulties may crop-up during construction due to non-
availability of suitable materials, some shortcuts in construction, and lack of
necessary and adequate supervision and inspection. Properly-trained
supervision is needed, but may not happen, unless it is provided. Further,
the contractor may not understand and/or be willing to modify the original
design to serve the clients best. A few on-site inspections by the consulting
engineers will expose the deficiency in execution and save the workers, the
public, and the environment that may be exposed to risk upon completion
of the project.
5.6 CONSULTING ENGINEERS….
50. Frequently engineers are required to act as consultants and provide
expert opinion and views in many legal cases of the past events.
They are required to explain the causes of accidents, malfunctions and
other technological behavior of structures, machines, and instruments, e.g.,
personal injury while using an instrument, defective product, traffic
accident, structure or building collapse, and damage to the property, are
some of the cases where testimonies are needed.
The engineers, who act as expert-witnesses, are likely to abuse their
positions in the following manners:
5.7 ENGINEERS AS EXPERT WITNESS
51. 1. Hired Guns
Mostly lawyers hire engineers to serve the interest of their clients.
Lawyers are permitted and required to project the case in a way favorable
to their clients. But the engineers have obligations to thoroughly examine
the events and demonstrate their professional integrity to testify only the
truth in the court. They do not serve the clients of the lawyers directly. The
hired guns forward white lies and distortions, as demanded by the lawyers.
They even withhold the information or shade the fact, to favor their clients.
2. Money Bias
Consultants may be influenced or prejudiced for monitory considerations,
gain reputation and make a fortune.
5.7 ENGINEERS AS EXPERT WITNESS….
52. 3. Ego Bias
The assumption that the own side is innocent and the other side is guilty, is
responsible for this behavior. An inordinate desire to serve one’s client and
get name and fame is another reason for this bias.
4. Sympathy Bias
Sympathy for the victim on the opposite side may upset the testimony. The
integrity of the consultants will keep these biases away from the justice.
The court also must obtain the balanced view of both sides, by examining
the expert witnesses of lawyers on both sides, to remove a probable bias.
5.7 ENGINEERS AS EXPERT WITNESS….
53. 5.7.1 Duties
1. The expert-witness is required to exhibit the responsibility of confidentiality just
as they do in the consulting roles. They can not divulge the findings of the
investigation to the opposite side, unless it is required by the court of law.
2. More important is that as witness they are not required to volunteer evidence
favorable to the opponent. They must answer questions truthfully, need not
elaborate, and remain neutral until the details are asked for further.
3. They should be objective to discover the truth and communicate them
honestly.
4. The stand of the experts depends on the shared understanding created within
the society. The legal system should be respected and at the same time, they
should act in conformance with the professional standards as obtained from the
code of ethics.
5. The experts should earnestly be impartial in identifying and interpreting the
observed data, recorded data, and the industrial standards. They should not
distort the truth, even under pressure.
5.7 ENGINEERS AS EXPERT WITNESS….
54. Moral leadership is essentially required for the engineers, for the reasons listed
as follows:
1. It is leading a group of people towards the achievement of global and
objectives. The goals as well as the means are to be moral. For example, Hitler
and Stalin were leaders, but only in an instrumental sense and certainly not on
moral sense.
2. The leadership shall direct and motivate the group to move through morally
desirable ways.
3. They lead by thinking ahead in time, and morally creative towards new
applications, extension and putting values into practice. ‘Morally creative’ means
the identification of the most important values as applicable to the situation,
bringing clarity within the groups through proper communication, and putting
those values into practice.
4. They sustain professional interest, among social diversity and cross-
disciplinary complexity. They contribute to the professional societies, their
professions, and to their communities. The moral leadership in engineering is
5.9 MORAL LEADERSHIP
55. 5. Voluntarism: Another important avenue for providing moral leadership
within communities, by the engineers is to promote services without fee or
at reduced fees (pro bono) to the needy groups. The professional societies
can also promote such activities among the engineers. This type of
voluntarism (or philanthropy) has been in practice in the fields of medicine,
law and education. But many of the engineers are not self-employed as in
the case of physicians and lawyers. The business institutions are
encouraged to contribute a percentage of their services as free or at
concessional rates for charitable purposes.
6. Community service: This is another platform for the engineers to exhibit
their moral leadership. The engineers can help in guiding, organizing, and
stimulating the community towards morally- and environmentally-desirable
goals. The corporate organizations have come forward to adopt villages
and execute many social welfare schemes, towards this objective.
5.9 MORAL LEADERSHIP….
56. Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members
of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the higher
standards of honesty and integrity.
Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for
all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require
honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated
to the protection of then public health, safety, and welfare.
Engineer must perform under a standard of professional behavior
that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical
conduct.
Code of Conduct
57. I Fundamental Canons
Engineers in the fulfillment of their professional duties shall
1. hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.
2. perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. issue public statements only in objective and truthful manner.
4. act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.
5. avoid deceptive acts.
6. conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and
lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of
the profession.
Code of Conduct…
58. II Rules of Practice
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare
of the public.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their
competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective
and truthful manner.
4. Engineers shall at for each employer or client as faithful agents
or trustees
5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts
Code of Conduct…
59. III Professional Obligations
1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relation by the highest
standards of honesty and integrity.
2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest.
3. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the
public.
4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential
information concerning the business affairs or technical
processes of any present or former client or employer, or public
body on which they serve.
5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by
Code of Conduct…
60. III Professional Obligations
6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement
or professional engagements by untruthfully criticizing other
engineers, or by other improper methods.
7. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly
or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, practice, or
employment of other engineers. Engineers who believe others are
guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall resent such information to
the proper authority for action.
8. 8. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their
professional activities, provided, however, the engineers may seek
indemnification for services arising out of their practice for other
than gross negligence, where the engineer’s interests can not
otherwise be protected.
9. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom
Code of Conduct…
61. A company has an economic responsibility: it must earn a return
for its stockholders within the confines of the law.
However, corporate social responsibility means that
organizations have also ethical and societal responsibilities that
go beyond their economic responsibilities.
CSR requires organizations to expand their understandings of
their responsibilities to include other stakeholders such as
employees, customers, suppliers, local communities, state
governments, international organizations, etc.
Ethics could be seen as a crucial component of individual and
group behaviors at the heart of organizations’ responsibilities.
Corporate Social Responsibility
62. References
1. https://sites.google.com/site/drtgnanasekaran/course-materials
2. Mike W. Martin and Roland Schinzinger, “Ethics in Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi, 2003.
3. Govindarajan M, Natarajan S, Senthil Kumar V. S, “Engineering Ethics”, Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2004.
4. Charles B. Fleddermann, “Engineering Ethics”, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2004.
5. Charles E. Harris, Michael S. Pritchard and Michael J. Rabins, “Engineering Ethics –
Concepts and Cases”, Cengage Learning, 2009
6. John R Boatright, “Ethics and the Conduct of Business”, Pearson Education, New Delhi,
2003
7. 4. Edmund G Seebauer and Robert L Barry, “Fundametals of Ethics for Scientists and
Engineers”,Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001
8. Laura P. Hartman and Joe Desjardins, “Business Ethics: Decision Making for Personal
Integrity and Social Responsibility” Mc Graw Hill education, India Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi