This document discusses environmental ethics and different approaches to valuing the natural environment. It presents three general ethical approaches that have emerged over the last 40 years: libertarian extension, the ecologic extension, and conservation ethics. It also discusses anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism as different perspectives on human interactions with the environment.

2. Prepared and presented by,
V.Antonyraj
II-MBA
Madurai school of management
Madurai

3.  Ethics = the study of good and bad, right and wrong
 Ethical standards = criteria that help differentiate
right from wrong
 Environmental ethics = the study of ethical questions
regarding human interactions with the environment

4.  part of environmental philosophy which considers
extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from
solely including humans to including the non-human
world it exerts influence on a large range of disciplines
including environmental law, environmental
sociology, ecotheology, ecological
economics, ecology and environmental geography

5. There are many ethical decisions that human beings make
with respect to the environment:
 Should we continue to clear cut forests for the sake of
human consumption?
 Why should we continue to propagate our species, and life
itself?
 Should we continue to make gasoline powered vehicles?
 What environmental obligations do we need to keep for
future generations?
 Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a
species for the convenience of humanity?
 How should we best use and conserve the space
environment to secure and expand life?

6.  Anthropocentrism
 Biocentrism
 Ecocentrism

7.  Humans are placed in domination of nature
and have the right to use resources and
abuse nature as we choose.

8. All living organisms have intrinsic values and rights regardless whether they
are useful or not.

9.  Based on the view that oneself should do everything
what support’s one’s own interest and profit
◦ The whole is more important than its individual parts
◦ Only oneself has an intrinsic value
◦ Other human and nature have instrumental value
◦ Any action is based on one’s personal wealth

10.  There have been a number of scholars who've tried to
categorize the various ways the natural environment is
valued. Alan Marshall and Michael Smith are two
examples of this, as cited by Peter Vardy in "The
Puzzle of Ethics". For Marshall, three general ethical
approaches have emerged over the last 40 years.
Marshall uses the following terms to describe them:
Libertarian Extension, the Ecologic Extension and
Conservation Ethics.

11.  Economic conditions
 Economic policies
 International economic environment
 Economic legislations
 Economic system

12.  Demand and Supply
 Marginal and Total Utility
 Money and Banking
 Economic Growth and Development
 Income and Employment
 General Price Level
 Trade Cycles

13.  GDP-Gross Domestic product
 Business Cycle
 Employment
 Interest Rates
Recession
Growth
 Inflation

15.  Human resources
 Natural Resources
 Capital Formation
 Technological Change and Innovation

16.  Economic Factors
Natural resources
Capital formation
Human resources
Population growth
 Non-Economic Factors
Political factors
Education
Religious factors

17.  Industrialization Vs Agriculture
 Inward Vs Outward orientation
 State Vs Market