The document discusses various laws and constitutional provisions in India related to fundamental rights and human rights protections: - Part III of the Indian Constitution contains the Fundamental Rights that citizens can enjoy, such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, and freedom of religion. - Other laws discussed include the Protection of Civil Rights Act (preventing religious discrimination), the Scheduled Castes and Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act (protecting marginalized communities), and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (committing countries to respect individual rights and freedoms). - The document also outlines the structure of the Indian criminal justice system under the Criminal Procedure Code, including the roles of police, courts,

1. Unit – II
Indian Constitutional Guarantee on
Human Rights

2. Fundamental Rights

3. Fundamental Rights - Meaning
• Basic human freedoms which every Indian
citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and
harmonious development of personality

4. Fundamental Rights –
Part III of the Indian Constitution

5. Fundamental Rights –
Part III of the Indian Constitution
• 'Part III - Fundamental Rights' is a ‘Charter of
Rights’
• Bill of Rights - a list of the most important
rights of the citizens of a country)

6. Fundamental Rights - Examples
• Equality before Law
• Freedom of Speech and Expression
• Peaceful Assembly
• Freedom to Practice Religion
• Right to Constitutional Remedies for the
Protection of Civil Rights

7. Violation of these rights result in
punishments as prescribed in the
Indian Penal Code, subject to
discretion of the judiciary.

8. Habeas Corpus
• it is a writ (legal action) which requires a
person under arrest to be brought before a
judge or into court.
• This ensures that a prisoner can be released
from unlawful detention

9. The Seven Fundamental Rights
Recognized By the Indian
Constitution

10. 1) Right To Equality

11. 1) Right To Equality
• Equality before law,
• Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex or place of birth,
• Equality of opportunity in matters of employment,
• Abolition of untouchability
• Abolition of titles.

12. 2) Right To Freedom

13. 2) Right To Freedom
• Speech and expression
• Assembly
• Association or union or cooperatives, movement
• Residence
• Right to practice any profession or occupation
• Right to life and liberty
• Right to education

14. 3. Right Against Exploitation

15. 3. Right Against Exploitation
• Prohibiting all forms of forced labour,
• Child labour
• Traffic in human beings

16. 4) Right To Freedom of Religion

17. 4) Right To Freedom of Religion
• Free profession practice
• Propagation of religion
• Freedom to manage religious affairs
• Freedom from certain taxes
• Freedom from religious instructions in certain
educational institutes.

18. 5) Cultural And Educational Rights

19. 5) Cultural And Educational Rights
• Freedom to conserve their culture language or
script
• Right of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions of their choice.

20. 6) Right to constitutional remedies for
enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

21. 7) Right to education which ensures
that children up to the age of 14 get
education. It can also be free of
cost.

22. Directive principles part IV of the
constitution
The Directive Principles of State
Policy

23. • Guidelines to the central and state
governments of India
• To be kept in mind while framing laws and
policies.
• They are not legally enforceable

24. Object of the Directive
Principles of State Policy

25. • 1. Welfare State
• 2. Social Revolution
• 3. Emphasizes the ideals of Preamble

26. The Criminal Procedure Code,
1973

27. • The main legislation on procedure for administration of
substantive criminal law in India.
• approved in 1973 came into force on 1 April, 1974.
• It provides the machinery for the investigation of
crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection
of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the
accused person and the determination of punishment
of the guilty.

28. • The Act consists of 484 sections, 2 schedules
and 56 forms.
• The sections are divided into 38 chapters.

29. Classification of Offences under
the Code

30. 1. Cognizable and Non-cognizable
Offences
• Cognizable
– Those offences for which a police officer may
arrest without court mandated warrant in
accordance with the first schedule of the code.
• Non-cognizable Offences
– Non-cognizable cases the police officer may arrest
only after being duly authorized by a warrant.

31. 2. Summons case and warrant case
• Summons case
– A magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is to
issue summons for the attendance of the accused
if the case is a summons case.
• warrant case
– If the case appears to be a warrant case, he may
issue a warrant or a summons as he sees fit.

32. 3. Bailable and Non-Bailable
• Bailable
– Bailable offences are offences listed under the
First Schedule
• Non-Bailable
– All other offences are non-bailable

33. Functionaries under the code
Magistrates and
judges of the
Supreme Court
and High Court
Police Public prosecutors
Defense Counsels
Correctional
services personnel

34. The Protection of Civil Rights
Act, 1955

35. What is Civil Rights?
• Any right accumulate to a person by reason
of the abolition of ‘untouchability’ by article
17 of the constitution.

36. Importance of this Act
• This Act prescribes punishments for enforcing religious disabilities
on the ground of untouchability
• The Central Government has been empowered for the
implementation of the Act
• Example:
– preventing any person from entering any place of public worship
which is open to other persons professing the same religion or any
section of the religion.

37. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

38. • Enacted by the parliament of India to prevent
atrocities against SC & ST people
• popularly known as ‘POA’, ‘the SC/ST Act’, the
‘Prevention of Atrocities Act’, or simply the
‘Atrocities Act’.

39. Objectives of the Act
Aims that the government to deliver
justice to SC and ST communities

40. Salient Features
• Divided into three different categories
 Provisions of criminal law - establishes criminal liability
for defined atrocities
 Provisions for relief and compensation
 Provisions that establish special authorities for the
implementation and monitoring of the act

41. International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (ICCPR)

42. • It is a multilateral treaty adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on
December 16, 1966, and in force from March
23, 1976.

43. It commits its parties to respect the civil
and political rights of individuals

44. The ICCPR is part of the
International Bill of Human Rights,
along with the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR).