The document provides an overview of the development of human rights from ancient times to modern international law. It traces the origins of concepts like natural rights in documents like the Magna Carta and Declaration of Independence. It then summarizes major milestones in establishing international human rights standards, including the UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and International Covenants on Civil/Political and Economic/Social/Cultural Rights. The final sections define key terms like human rights, humanitarian law, and the different categories of rights.

2. WWII Broke out –
Hitler Kills
No human rights United Nations (1945)
approximately 9 million
people
Universal Declaration of
Cyrus the Great (Cyrus
Gandhi Protests (1915) Human Rights (1946-
Cylinder)
1948)
French Revolution
(1789) : Declaration of
Rome’s Natural Law Rights and Man of the
Citizen (NATURAL
RIGHTS)
Kings were limited of United State’s
their rights by their Declaration of
subjects; Magna Carta Independence: Individual
(1215) and Petition of Rights and Right of
Rights (1628) Revolution (1776)

3. UDHR
The International Covenant on Civil
Not a binding Derives its and Political Rights
Passed on:
part of power from and the
December
International the UN International Covenant on
10, 1948
Law Charter Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights
Article Approved Binding
55 on 1966 treaties
“all the members to Expand and
promote universal provide details
respect for and
obedience of human to principles
rights and fundamental bodied by the
freedoms”.
UDHR.

4. Definition of Human Rights
“ Human: noun
A member of the Homo sapiens species; a man, woman or child; a
person.
Rights: noun
Things to which you are entitled or allowed; freedoms that are
guaranteed.
Human Rights: noun
The rights you have simply because you are human. ”

6. Humanitarian Law
 aims to protect people who do not or
are no longer taking part in hostilities
applies in situations of armed conflict

7.  Developed through practice and then through treaty law; contains a
very large number of detailed rules that reflect the balance.

8. Humanitarian
Human Rights
Law
protect the applies during
individual at all armed conflict
times, in war and situations and those
peace alike. of occupation.
individuals and military necessity
State and humanity
can be international international in
or regional scope

11. • Right to free speech
• Right to a fair trial

12. • Right to freedom from • Right to protection of
torture, abuse the law

13. • Right to education
Second Generation
(Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)

14. • Right to health

15. • Right to employment
• Right to an adequate
income

16. • Right to social security

17. Right to benefit
Right to economic
Right to prosperity from economic
development
growth
Right to a healthy
Right to social
environment, clean
harmony
air and water, etc.

18. International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Also known as the
Law of Armed Conflict
(LOAC), IHL is a branch of
Public International Law
and constitutes a subset of
Human Rights Law.It
becomes operational only
during times of armed
conflict.

19. International humanitarian
law is rooted in the rules of
ancient civilizations and
religions – warfare has
always been subject to
certain principles and
customs.

20. The Geneva Law as it has
evolve since the Battle of
Solferino in 1895 concerned itself
mainly for the protection of the
victims of war while Hague Law
focused on the limitations of the
means and methods of warfare.

21. Ottawa Treaty of
1997 that banned
the
production, use
and transfer of anti
personnel mines.

22. Categories of IHL
1. Treaties on the protection of victims of
war, e.g., Geneva Conventions I-IV and
two additional 1977 Protocols
Protocol I Protocol II

23. 2. Treaties on the limitation
and/ or prohibition of
different types of arms
e.g. The Hague Law
3. Treaties on the protection of certain
objects, e.g., the protocol for the protection of
cultural property in the event of armed conflict
4. Treaties governing international
jurisdiction (repression of crimes) i.e.,
the Statute of the International Criminal Court,
Rome, 1998

25. Natural Rights
Constitutional Rights
• Political Rights
• Civil Rights
• Rights of an accused
Statutory Rights

26. Natural Rights
 These Rights are naturally
conferred upon a person by his
creator as human and rational
being, which are so indispensable
and inalienable. A person needs
not to invoke the source of his
right, as right to life, for example is
an inherent one.

27. Constitutional
Rights
 They are those rights which are
conferred and protected by the
Constitution. Since they are part
of the fundamental law, they
cannot be modified or taken
away by the law-making body.

28. Division of Constitutional Rights
a. Political Rights. The opportunity
granted to the citizens to take part in
the establishment or administration
of the state known as political rights.
b. Civil Rights. Those rights which the law
will enforce at the instance of private
individuals for the purpose of securing
to them the enjoyment of their means
of livelihood.
c. Rights of the Accused. Those rights
intended for the protection of a
person who is accused of any crime.

29. Statutory
Rights
 They are those rights which are
provided by laws promulgated by law-
making body and. Consequently, may
be abolished by the same body.