Unit c heat & temperature notes(heating tech)
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Unit c - 1.1 heat history Modified
The document discusses how humans use heat and fire for survival and how heating technologies have evolved over time. It notes that fire provided the primary source of heat, thermometers measure heat, and heat is used in homes, schools, and arenas. Key developments included humans making fire in 7000 BC, chimneys appearing in Europe in 1200 AD, and fireplaces being built into walls in the 1300s. More recent technologies are cast-iron stoves, forced air heating, and electric heaters.
histowiki.com-Timeline History Of The Central Heating Industry.pdf
Timeline History Of The Central Heating Industry
https://histowiki.com/history/3390/timeline-history-of-the-central-heating-industry -
Histowiki introduces the history of the Central Heating Industry in this informative and authoritative timeline article.
history of the central heating industry
Workers
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Industrial Revolution in the United States from the 1860s to 1900. It describes how the Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a largely agrarian economy to one dominated by factories and new manufacturing technologies. This led to massive population growth in cities, but also exposed many workers, including children, to unsafe working conditions and accidents in the coal mines and factories of the time.
ELECTRIC HEATING.pdf
Electric heating has several advantages over other heating systems including cleanliness, ease of control, and low maintenance costs. There are various methods of electric heating including direct resistance heating, indirect resistance heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. Resistance heating is used in appliances like water heaters and ovens. Induction heating induces currents in metals to heat them and is used in induction furnaces. Dielectric heating uses alternating electric fields to cause dielectric losses and heating in non-metallic materials.
Geothermal energy case study: Tuscany and Hungary
Geothermal energy has significant potential in Tuscany, Italy and Hungary due to their geothermal gradients. In Tuscany, the two main areas of exploitation are Larderello and Monte Amiata. In Hungary, geothermal gradients reach 6°C/100m. The document discusses three geothermal energy projects: 1) A geothermal heat pump system simulation for a building in Tuscany, 2) An energy/exergy analysis of a dry steam power plant in Larderello using EES software, 3) A study of a small binary cycle power plant for Hungary using EES software and comparing results to previous studies. Geothermal energy can be used for district heating
Industrial Revolution 2.ppt
The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed production through the widespread use of new machinery powered by steam engines. This transition began in the late 18th century in England due to factors such as available capital, raw materials, markets, workforce, and transportation infrastructure. Major developments included factories replacing domestic production, new machines and energy sources automating textile manufacturing, improved transportation networks, and advances in communication technologies. The Agricultural Revolution accompanied this through innovations that boosted crop yields and allowed farmers to feed growing urban populations.
Introduction to cryogenics engineering from CERN
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on cryogenic engineering. The course covers topics like the history of cryogenics from early refrigeration methods to modern cycles, standard components, heat transfer and insulation, safety, and applications. The first day focuses on the history from Newton's time to modern refrigeration cycles like the Linde-Hampson cycle. It discusses key historical figures and developments. Standard components covered on the second day include refrigerants, cryostats, and material properties. The course examines refrigeration principles, cycles, and expansion machines.
introduction and overview
This document summarizes the history and evolution of ironmaking. It discusses how early iron was extracted through the reduction of iron oxide in bowl-shaped furnaces using charcoal as the reducing agent. It then describes the development of cast iron and wrought iron production. The document outlines key innovations like the use of coke and steam engines that improved furnace efficiency. Modern developments include processes like injecting pulverized coke and oxygen enrichment to produce iron on a larger scale. Alternative ironmaking processes now account for 8% of global production.
Recommended
Unit c - 1.1 heat history Modified
The document discusses how humans use heat and fire for survival and how heating technologies have evolved over time. It notes that fire provided the primary source of heat, thermometers measure heat, and heat is used in homes, schools, and arenas. Key developments included humans making fire in 7000 BC, chimneys appearing in Europe in 1200 AD, and fireplaces being built into walls in the 1300s. More recent technologies are cast-iron stoves, forced air heating, and electric heaters.
histowiki.com-Timeline History Of The Central Heating Industry.pdf
Timeline History Of The Central Heating Industry
https://histowiki.com/history/3390/timeline-history-of-the-central-heating-industry -
Histowiki introduces the history of the Central Heating Industry in this informative and authoritative timeline article.
history of the central heating industry
Workers
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the Industrial Revolution in the United States from the 1860s to 1900. It describes how the Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a largely agrarian economy to one dominated by factories and new manufacturing technologies. This led to massive population growth in cities, but also exposed many workers, including children, to unsafe working conditions and accidents in the coal mines and factories of the time.
ELECTRIC HEATING.pdf
Electric heating has several advantages over other heating systems including cleanliness, ease of control, and low maintenance costs. There are various methods of electric heating including direct resistance heating, indirect resistance heating, induction heating, and dielectric heating. Resistance heating is used in appliances like water heaters and ovens. Induction heating induces currents in metals to heat them and is used in induction furnaces. Dielectric heating uses alternating electric fields to cause dielectric losses and heating in non-metallic materials.
Geothermal energy case study: Tuscany and Hungary
Geothermal energy has significant potential in Tuscany, Italy and Hungary due to their geothermal gradients. In Tuscany, the two main areas of exploitation are Larderello and Monte Amiata. In Hungary, geothermal gradients reach 6°C/100m. The document discusses three geothermal energy projects: 1) A geothermal heat pump system simulation for a building in Tuscany, 2) An energy/exergy analysis of a dry steam power plant in Larderello using EES software, 3) A study of a small binary cycle power plant for Hungary using EES software and comparing results to previous studies. Geothermal energy can be used for district heating
Industrial Revolution 2.ppt
The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed production through the widespread use of new machinery powered by steam engines. This transition began in the late 18th century in England due to factors such as available capital, raw materials, markets, workforce, and transportation infrastructure. Major developments included factories replacing domestic production, new machines and energy sources automating textile manufacturing, improved transportation networks, and advances in communication technologies. The Agricultural Revolution accompanied this through innovations that boosted crop yields and allowed farmers to feed growing urban populations.
Introduction to cryogenics engineering from CERN
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on cryogenic engineering. The course covers topics like the history of cryogenics from early refrigeration methods to modern cycles, standard components, heat transfer and insulation, safety, and applications. The first day focuses on the history from Newton's time to modern refrigeration cycles like the Linde-Hampson cycle. It discusses key historical figures and developments. Standard components covered on the second day include refrigerants, cryostats, and material properties. The course examines refrigeration principles, cycles, and expansion machines.
introduction and overview
This document summarizes the history and evolution of ironmaking. It discusses how early iron was extracted through the reduction of iron oxide in bowl-shaped furnaces using charcoal as the reducing agent. It then describes the development of cast iron and wrought iron production. The document outlines key innovations like the use of coke and steam engines that improved furnace efficiency. Modern developments include processes like injecting pulverized coke and oxygen enrichment to produce iron on a larger scale. Alternative ironmaking processes now account for 8% of global production.
Structural forms
The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
- Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions produce light through chemical processes in glow sticks and deep sea creatures.
- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
Unit b cells & systems
The document provides information about microscopes and cells. It discusses the first microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen and how it allowed humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains the basic parts and use of the compound light microscope, including how lenses are used to enlarge images and micrometers are used to measure tiny objects. It also discusses estimating sizes of objects viewed under the microscope using the field of view. The document concludes by outlining the six main characteristics of living things: made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond to environment, reproduce, and have adaptations.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
Monitoring the atmosphere
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat in the atmosphere. It defines greenhouse gases as atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that trap heat. It then explains the greenhouse effect as radiant energy from the sun being reflected back to the Earth's surface by a layer of these gases, trapping heat. It also discusses the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities and deforestation, which add to the heat-trapping in the atmosphere. A separate section explains ozone depletion and the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation, and how CFC chemicals released into the atmosphere break down the ozone.
Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
Monitoring water quality
Monitoring water quality is important to detect harmful pollutants and their concentrations. Five important chemical factors that indicate water quality are undissolved solids, phosphates and nitrates, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, and heavy metals. Each of these factors can be tested through specific chemical reactions to determine their presence and concentration in water samples. Biological indicators like the presence of certain aquatic organisms can also help assess water quality.
Human impacts
Human activities like agriculture, solid waste disposal, and industry have significantly impacted the environment by adding and releasing chemicals. Agriculture contributes to eutrophication through fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides that can accumulate up the food chain. Solid waste disposal in landfills produces leachate containing heavy metals and other toxins that seep into soil and water without protective layers. Wastewater from daily use also contaminates the environment with chemicals even after treatment at sewage plants. Burning fossil fuels further pollutes the air with gases causing acid rain and air pollution.
Transport of substances
This document discusses several methods of transporting substances in biology. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane. Active transport moves nutrients against a concentration gradient using energy. Ingestion directly takes substances in, while hydrolysis uses enzymes and water to break down larger molecules. A substrate provides nutrients and a surface for an organism to live or move on.
Acids & bases
This document defines acids and bases, their properties, and how pH is used to measure acidity and alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7 and increase hydrogen ion concentration in water, tasting sour. Bases have a pH above 7 and increase hydroxyl ion concentration, tasting bitter. Neutral substances have a pH of 7. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with lower numbers being more acidic and higher more basic. Acid rain forms when rainwater reacts with air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industry and vehicles.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Structural forms
The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
- Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions produce light through chemical processes in glow sticks and deep sea creatures.
- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
Unit b cells & systems
The document provides information about microscopes and cells. It discusses the first microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen and how it allowed humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains the basic parts and use of the compound light microscope, including how lenses are used to enlarge images and micrometers are used to measure tiny objects. It also discusses estimating sizes of objects viewed under the microscope using the field of view. The document concludes by outlining the six main characteristics of living things: made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond to environment, reproduce, and have adaptations.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
Monitoring the atmosphere
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat in the atmosphere. It defines greenhouse gases as atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that trap heat. It then explains the greenhouse effect as radiant energy from the sun being reflected back to the Earth's surface by a layer of these gases, trapping heat. It also discusses the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities and deforestation, which add to the heat-trapping in the atmosphere. A separate section explains ozone depletion and the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation, and how CFC chemicals released into the atmosphere break down the ozone.
Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
Monitoring water quality
Monitoring water quality is important to detect harmful pollutants and their concentrations. Five important chemical factors that indicate water quality are undissolved solids, phosphates and nitrates, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, and heavy metals. Each of these factors can be tested through specific chemical reactions to determine their presence and concentration in water samples. Biological indicators like the presence of certain aquatic organisms can also help assess water quality.
Human impacts
Human activities like agriculture, solid waste disposal, and industry have significantly impacted the environment by adding and releasing chemicals. Agriculture contributes to eutrophication through fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides that can accumulate up the food chain. Solid waste disposal in landfills produces leachate containing heavy metals and other toxins that seep into soil and water without protective layers. Wastewater from daily use also contaminates the environment with chemicals even after treatment at sewage plants. Burning fossil fuels further pollutes the air with gases causing acid rain and air pollution.
Transport of substances
This document discusses several methods of transporting substances in biology. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane. Active transport moves nutrients against a concentration gradient using energy. Ingestion directly takes substances in, while hydrolysis uses enzymes and water to break down larger molecules. A substrate provides nutrients and a surface for an organism to live or move on.
Acids & bases
This document defines acids and bases, their properties, and how pH is used to measure acidity and alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7 and increase hydrogen ion concentration in water, tasting sour. Bases have a pH above 7 and increase hydroxyl ion concentration, tasting bitter. Neutral substances have a pH of 7. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with lower numbers being more acidic and higher more basic. Acid rain forms when rainwater reacts with air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industry and vehicles.
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+
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−
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
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�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Male reproduction physiology by Suyash Garg .pptx
Physiology of Male reproduction.
Video mentioned at page no. 23 as summary for better understanding
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Recently uploaded (20)
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Unit c heat & temperature notes(heating tech)
- 2. Heating Technology Furnaces and Air conditioners are examples of technologies we use.
- 3. Heating Technology Timeline 7000 BC or earlier: Humans Created Fire 100 BC: Romans developed central heating (heat travels from 1 source to different areas in a building)
- 4. Heating Technology Timeline 1200: Chimneys first appear in Europe 1300: Fireplaces with chimneys are built into the walls of buildings
- 5. Heating Technology Timeline 1700s: Cast-iron stoves are used to heat rooms Late 1700s: Central Heating reappears using coal
- 6. Heating Technology Timeline 1800s: forced-air heating 1906: Electric heaters
- 7. Needs vs Wants Needs: are things we must have to stay alive (food, water, air) Wants: are things we would like to have (I-pods, cell phones, TV’s) In Canada we have some heat technology NEEDS.
- 8. Needs vs Wants Standard of Living: A measure of how well we live, including the level of technology that we use in our daily lives
- 9. Heating Technology Timeline Think about microwaves! What others can you think of?
- 10. Controlling Heat Why do we need to control heat? Example: A furnace and a thermostat. A furnace generates and transfers the heat from one area to another. A thermostat allows us to control and monitor that heat. If it is too hot, we turn the thermostat down. If it is too cold, we turn the thermostat up.
- 12. Sustainable Sustainable: means something can be maintained or used again and again Examples of Sustainable Resources: • Wind • Water • Wood
- 13. Non-Sustainable Non-Sustainable: means something can NOT be maintained or used again and again Examples of Non-Sustainable Resources: • Coal • Oil • Gas
- 14. Sustainable or Non-Sustainable What about the sun?