This document defines and discusses key concepts related to culture, including that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, and all-encompassing. It also examines how culture is integrated and can be both adaptive and maladaptive. The document discusses how culture is transmitted through enculturation and diffusion, and how contact between cultures can lead to acculturation or resistance to change through processes like ethnocentrism. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of how culture is defined and changes over time through various social and environmental factors.
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Culture is way of life that includes Laws, believes, Norms, habits, Knowledge that human adopted or collected from their forefather to live in society. Every community have different culture their Laws their Traditions are also differ.
Read and Share to your friends
Culture is way of life that includes Laws, believes, Norms, habits, Knowledge that human adopted or collected from their forefather to live in society. Every community have different culture their Laws their Traditions are also differ.
Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
Culture defined in one slide, how does it created and how does it change overtime. As we know, culture is part of our daily life, there is no society without culture. It is intergrated. Thus in this slide will provide a basic understanding about culture. Anthropology and Sociology Department of University Malaya.
This includes parameters to define cultural diversity and what is cultural diversity at work places,how to manage it followed by Indian cultural diversity
Case study: Highly modular site structure with MagnoliaNiko Salminen
This presentation was given at Magnolia Conference Basel, June 7-9 2016. It demonstrates how we leveraged Magnolia CMS's light modules to aid our Frontend development while migrating a large telecom operator's site to Magnolia 5.4 from legacy systems.
Video of the presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW23nHVGAdQ&index=6&list=PLxHBbwVVoCoaJ49u_q7IUTvzlTdQ1Uzpt
Define the concept social change
Theories of social change
Discuss the characteristics of social change
Discuss the following sources of social change
Cultural innovation
Culture defined in one slide, how does it created and how does it change overtime. As we know, culture is part of our daily life, there is no society without culture. It is intergrated. Thus in this slide will provide a basic understanding about culture. Anthropology and Sociology Department of University Malaya.
This includes parameters to define cultural diversity and what is cultural diversity at work places,how to manage it followed by Indian cultural diversity
Case study: Highly modular site structure with MagnoliaNiko Salminen
This presentation was given at Magnolia Conference Basel, June 7-9 2016. It demonstrates how we leveraged Magnolia CMS's light modules to aid our Frontend development while migrating a large telecom operator's site to Magnolia 5.4 from legacy systems.
Video of the presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZW23nHVGAdQ&index=6&list=PLxHBbwVVoCoaJ49u_q7IUTvzlTdQ1Uzpt
There is a misconception in Caribbean that modular homes look too much alike. Prefabricated concrete modular homes have no design limitations and are custom made to owner's requirements and needs. Any architectural style that you desire can be constructed. Good architects do much more than design plus looks, they are also responsible for the functional design of the home as well. DRM Investments has the expertise to blend the forms and functions & execute the plans to perfection anywhere in the Caribbean subcontinent.
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Homelessness is the condition of people without a regular dwelling. The legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region.In bangladesh who suffers in poverty are the most are homeless.Bangladesh is a poor country.Occuring Natural calamities making people homeless.Homeless peoples are mainly the beggers,the day labourers.Now a days they make their shelter under the flyover,beside train station,make their own slum.
The Nature of CultureThe Brief DefinitionCulture i.docxcherry686017
The Nature of Culture
The Brief Definition
Culture is that which is learned, shared,
and transmitted
– Learning: we are taught culture, as opposed
to it being instinctual or purely biological
– Shared: culture is a characteristic of groups.
An individual’s learned behaviors are not
cultural unless others share them.
– Transmitted: Cultural behaviors are multi-
generational, often lasting for hundreds or
thousands of years.
A Brief History of Culture
Since Homo habilis, if not before, hominins
have been cultural (over 2 million years)
Culture was, and is a means of adaptation
Culture is, to some extent, a solution to
problems and cultural differences
throughout the world are rooted in different
problems and/or different solutions to
similar problems
Culture is learned
The process of learning culture is called
“Enculturation”
The “Mama Theory”: culture is how your
mama raises you
Human behavior is malleable and any
infant can be enculturated into any culture
Culture is Shared
By definition culture is about groups of people
Those groups can be of varying scales
– Societies: a group of people who interact with each
other on a regular basis
Societies are groups, culture is something that binds them
together
– Smaller groups: ethnic groups, religious groups, kin
groups
– These smaller groups may possess distinctive forms
of behavior, belief, speech, etc. that we can define as
a sub-culture
Sub-Cultures
Sub-cultures always stand in a relationship to
the broader (society-wide) dominant culture
Examples: In greater LA we might
(hypothetically)identify sub-cultures defined by
ethnicity, such as Latino culture, African
American culture, Armenian culture, etc. Each
of these articulates with the others through
intersection with the dominant culture, which,
arguably, is based on Western European
cultural traditions such as the use of English for
most official business.
Culture is transmitted
Learning is transmission, but learning over
generations builds cultural traditions
Not just what is learned, but how it is learned is
part of culture
Sources of learning (agents of enculturation may
include
– Observation
– Oral history
– Formal schools
– apprenticeships
– Public media (TV, movies, advertising, music,
literature)
Culture: The Long definition
Tylor (1871)
– “Culture is that complex whole, which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and
any other capabilities acquired by man (sic)
as a member of society
Culture is Integrated
Culture isn’t transmitted piecemeal, but
more commonly as a whole package
Economics, social organization,
subsistence, politics, religion, all fit
together (the key insight of the
functionalist school).
Even when we study aspects of culture in
isolation, it is important to remember the
constitution of the whole
Ethnocentrism and Cultural
Relativism
Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture
is su ...
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics - Culture and SocietyJuan Miguel Palero
This is a powerpoint presentation of one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. For this powerpoint, this serves as a presentation about the topic of culture and society.
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What Is My Culture Essay
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From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
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Matt Rife Cancels Shows Due to Health Concerns, Reschedules Tour Dates.pdfAzura Everhart
Matt Rife's comedy tour took an unexpected turn. He had to cancel his Bloomington show due to a last-minute medical emergency. Fans in Chicago will also have to wait a bit longer for their laughs, as his shows there are postponed. Rife apologized and assured fans he'd be back on stage soon.
https://www.theurbancrews.com/celeb/matt-rife-cancels-bloomington-show/
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
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compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Culture Change
1. ASSIGNMENT ON
CULTURE
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF:ALLAUDDIN
LECTURER
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE
PREMIER UNIVERSITY
CHITTAGONG
SUBMITTED BY:
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2. What is Culture?
Culture Is Learned
Culture Is Shared
Culture Is Symbolic
Culture and Nature
Culture Is All-Encompassing
Culture Is Integrated
Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice
Culture Is Learned
The ease with which children absorb
any cultural tradition rests on the
uniquely elaborated human capacity
to learn.
On the basis of cultural learning,
people create, remember, and deal
with ideas.
Every person begins immediately,
through a process of conscious and
unconscious learning and interaction
with others, to internalize, or
incorporate, a cultural tradition
through the process of enculturation.
Culture also is transmitted through
observation.
Culture Is Shared
Culture is an attribute not of
individuals per se but of
individuals as members of
groups.
Culture is transmitted in society.
Shared beliefs, values,
memories, and expectations link
people who grow up in the same
culture
Enculturation unifi es people by
providing us with common
experiences.
Culture Is Symbolic
Symbolic thought is unique and crucial
to humans and to cultural learning.
A symbol is something verbal or
nonverbal, within a particular language
or culture, that comes to stand for
something else
Culture symbolizes consists of tools,
implements, utensils, clothing,
ornaments, customs, institutions,
beliefs, rituals, games, works of art,
language, etc.
Culture and Nature
Culture takes the natural
biological urges we share with
other animals and teaches us
how to express them in
particular ways.
People have to eat, but culture
teaches us what, when, and how.
Cultural habits, perceptions, and
inventions mold “human nature”
into many forms.
Characterstics Of Culture:
Culture Is All-Encompassing
For anthropologists, culture includes much more than refinement, good taste,
sophistication, education, and appreciation of the fine arts.
The most interesting and significant cultural forces are those that affect people
every day of their lives, particularly those that influence children during
enculturation.
As a cultural manifestation comic book may be as significant as a book-award
winner.
3. Culture Is Integrated
Cultures are not haphazard
collections of customs and beliefs.
Cultures are integrated, patterned
systems.
If one part of the system (the
overall economy, for instance)
changes, other parts change as
well.
Attitudes and behavior regarding
marriage, family, and children
have changed. Late marriage,
“living together,” and divorce
have become more common.
Cultures are integrated not simply
by their dominant economic
activities and r elated social
patterns but also by sets of values,
ideas, symbols, and judgments.
Cultures train their individual
members to share certain
personality traits.
A set of characteristic core
values (key, basic, central
values) integrates each culture and
helps distinguish it from others.
Different sets of dominant values
infl uence the patterns of other
cultures.
Culture Can Be Adaptive and
Maladaptive
Humans have both biological and
cultural ways of coping with
environmental stresses.
Besides our biological means of
adaptation, we also use “cultural
adaptive kits,” which contain
customary activities and tools that aid
us.
Although humans continue to adapt
biologically, reliance on social and
cultural means of adaptation has
increased during human evolution and
plays a crucial role.
Sometimes, adaptive behavior that
offers short-term benefits to particular
subgroups or individuals may harm the
environment and threaten the group’s
long-term survival.
Thus, cultural traits, patterns, and
inventions can also be maladaptive ,
threatening the group’s continued
existence (survival and reproduction).
Many cultural patterns such as
overconsumption and pollution
appear to be maladaptive in the long
run
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice
Generations of anthropologists have theorized about the relationship between the “ system,”
on one hand, and the “person” or “individual” on the other.
The system can refer to various concepts, including culture, society, social relations, or social
structure. Individual human beings always make up, or constitute, the system. But, living
within that system, humans also are constrained (to some extent, at least) by its rules and by
the actions of other individuals.
Cultural rules provide guidance about what to do and how to do it, but people don’t always
do what the rules say should be done.
People use their culture actively and creatively, rather than blindly following its dictates.
Cultures are dynamic and constantly changing.
People learn, interpret, and manipulate the same rule in different ways—or they emphasize
different rules that better suit their interests.
Culture is contested
The ideal culture consists of what people say they should do and what they say they do.
Real culture refers to their actual behavior as observed by the anthropologist.
The system shapes how individuals experience and respond to external events, but
individuals also play an active role in how society functions and changes.
Practice theory recognizes both constraints on individuals and the fl exibility and
changeability of cultures and social systems.
4. CULTURE CHANGE
Culture changes through developments in
technology, political beliefs and religious
ideas. External encounters with diverse
societies and environmental factors also
change cultural beliefs. Cultural
change sometimes causes a backlash from
those with more traditional social views
Cultures change in a number of ways. The only way new cultural traits emerge is through
the process of discovery and invention. Someone perceives a need and invents something to
meet that need. Seems a simple enough concept; however, it often takes a long time for a new
invention to be fully integrated into a culture. Why? Because often other elements of the culture
have to change to meet or maintain the needs of the new invention. This is referred to as culture
lag. The automobile is a good example of discovery and invention and culture lag. The auto was
invented as a mode of more efficient transportation. Many things had to change in order for the
automobile to become a fixture in a culture. People had to be persuaded that the automobile was
a better form of transportation. Roads had to be constructed; a way to procure fuel needed to be
developed; mechanics were needed to fix cars; efficient production of cars had to be developed
to meet supply demands; safety concerns, rules of the road, insurance, and numerous other
elements of culture had to catch up with the invention of the automobile.
Another way cultures change is through diffusion. Diffusion is simply the borrowing of traits.
There is a long laundry list of things in US culture that were borrowed from other cultures.
Pajamas made their way to the US from India. Spaghetti was borrowed from China by way of
Italy, and corn came from Mesoamerica. Ralph Linton, a noted anthropologist, wrote a short
article entitled “One Hundred Percent American” in which he outlines numerous things that U.S.
culture borrowed from other cultures.
Yet another way cultures change is through the process of acculturation. Acculturation is also
the borrowing of traits; however, there is a superordinate, or dominant, and subordinate, or
minority, relationship between cultures. The dominant culture picks and chooses those traits
from the subordinate culture that it deems useful, i.e., diffusion. The subordinate culture is
pressured to adopt the traits of the dominant culture. It is the element of pressure that
differentiates acculturation from diffusion.
Acculturation manifests itself in multiple ways. One way is called the Melting Pot. The melting
pot refers to a blending of cultures. This primarily occurs through intermarriage of people from
the two cultures. What frequently happens is that one of the two cultures is dominant and the
other subordinate within the relationship so that only some of its traits are practiced.
Another form of acculturation is called the Salad Bowl, or cultural pluralism. This occurs when
people immigrate and keep as many original cultural traits as possible. Chinatown in San
Francisco is a good example of the salad bowl. The different types of acculturation are not
necessarily mutually exclusive. Even in the case of cultural pluralism people must adopt certain
traits of the host country;
5. Diffusion: the spreading of something more widely.
Acculturation: Acculturation is the process of cultural change and psychological change that
results following meeting between cultures. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple
levels in both interacting cultures.
Processes of Change
All Cultures are inherently predisposed to change and, at the same time, to resist
change. There are dynamic processes operating that encourage the acceptance of new ideas
and things while there are others that encourage changeless stability. It is likely that social
and psychological chaos would result if there were not the conservative forces resisting
change.
There are three general sources of influence or pressure that are responsible for both change
and resistance to it:
Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions
may be either technological or ideological. The latter includes such things as the invention
of algebra and calculus or the creation of a representative parliament as a replacement for
rule by royal decree. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and
transportation methods as well as more frivolous and ephemeral things such as style of dress
and bodily adornment.
Culture loss is an inevitable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. For
instance, not many Americans today know how to care for a horse. A century ago, this was
common knowledge, except in a few large urban centers. Since then, vehicles with internal
combustion engines have replaced horses as our primary means of transportation and horse
care knowledge lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these
skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles,
televisions, stereos, cellular phones, computers, and iPods.
Within a society, processes that result in the resistance to change include habit and the
integration of culture traits. Older people, in particular, are often reticent to replace their
comfortable, long familiar cultural patterns. Habitual behavior provides emotional security
in a threatening world of change. Religion also often provides strong moral justification and
support for maintaining traditional ways. In the early 21st century, this is especially true of
nations mostly guided by Islamic Law, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
The fact that cultural institutions are integrated and often interdependent is a major source of
resistance to change. For instance, in the second half of the20th century, rapidly changing
roles of North American and European women were resisted by many men because it
inevitably resulted in changes in their roles as well. Male and female roles do not exist
independent of each other. This sort of integration of cultural traits inevitably slows down
and modifies cultural changes. Needless to say, it is a source of frustration for both those
who want to change and those who do not.
Forces at work within a society
Contact between societies
Changes in the natural environmental
6. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are
Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion
occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural
meaning. For instance, when McDonald's first brought their American style hamburgers to
Moscow and Beijing, they were accepted as luxury foods for special occasions because they
were relatively expensive and exotic. In America, of course, they have a very different
meaning--they are ordinary every day fast food items.
Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when alien traits diffuse in on a large
scale and substantially replace traditional cultural patterns. After several centuries of
relentless pressure from European Americans to adopt their ways, Native American cultures
have been largely acculturated. As a result, the vast majority of American Indians now
speak English instead of their ancestral language, wear European style clothes, go to school
to learn about the world from a European perspective, and see themselves as being a part of
the broader American society. As Native American societies continue to acculturate, most
are experiencing a corresponding loss of their traditional cultures despite efforts of
preservationists in their communities.
Diffusion
Acculturation
Transculturation
While acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when alien traits overwhelm
it, transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and
adopts its culture. Immigrants who successfully learn the language and accept as their own the
cultural patterns of their adopted country have transculturated. In contrast, people who live as
socially isolated expatriates in a foreign land for years without desiring or expecting to
become assimilated participants in the host culture are not transculturating.
There is one last process leading to change that occurs as an invention within a society as a
result of an idea that diffuses from another. This isstimulus diffusion --a genuine invention that
is sparked by an idea from another culture. An example of this occurred about 1821 when a
Cherokee Indian named Sequoyah saw English writing which stimulated him to create a
unique writing system for his own people. Part of hissyllable based system is illustrated
below. Note that some letters are similar to English while others are not.
It is also likely that ancient Egyptians around 3050 B.C. invented their hieroglyphic writing
system after learning about the cuneiform writing system invented by Sumerians in what is
today Southern Iraq.
There are processes operating in the contact between cultures as well that result in resistance
to change. These are due to "us versus them" competitive feelings and
perceptions. Ethnocentrism also leads people to reject alien ideas and things as being
unnatural and even immoral. These ingroup-outgroup dynamics commonly result in
resistance to acculturation and assimilation.
7. Summation
Culture is an essential aspect of being human. The few recorded cases of
children raised in isolation show that growing up as a member of society is
absolutely fundamental to human development.