This Presentation is prepared for the Paper "Mass Media and Communication".

1. Unit 3 – Television and Radio
Prepared by
Dr.Dhwani Joshi
Edited by
Ms.Vaidehi Hariyani
(Research Scholar)
Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

2. Unit 3: Television, Radio, E-media
Topics: A
Development of TV in India
• Experiments in Television broadcasting were initiated during the 1920s in the
United States and Europe.
• Evolution of mechanical scanning disk , iconoscope in 192, the electric television
tube later on, then the kinescope or picture tube followed by the electronic
camera and TV home receivers gave impetus to the growth of this medium in it’s
early years.
• By 1930s NBC , National Broadcasting Corporation had set up a TV station in New
York and BBC in London that offered regular telecast programmes.
• The World War put a brake on further developments, though Nazi propaganda
made a good use of this medium.
• Eventually by 1962, age of Satellite Communication had dawned.

3. Development of TV in India
• Television is one of the major mass media of India and is a huge industry and has
thousands of programmes in all the states of India.
• Approximately half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2010, the
country has a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of
distribution media, through which there are over 515 channels and 150 are pay
channels.
• Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi
on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio
• The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The
television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972.
• Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan
remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated
from radio in 1976
• National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was
introduced in the Indian market. Indian small screen programming started off in the
early 1980s. At that time there was only one national channel Doordarshan, which
was government owned
• The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian mythological stories) were the first
major television series produced.

4. • By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though
there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence
the government opened up another channel which had part national programming
and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels
were broadcast terrestrially.
• PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD
programmes in half the regions of the world.An international channel called DD
International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a day to
foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe,Asia and Africa,and via PAS-1 to North
America.
• The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991.
Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to
engage in limited operations in India.
• Foreign channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun
TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by
1991 TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of
more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.

5. TV as mass media
• Television is audio-visual in nature
• This powerful visual nature helps television to create vivid impressions in our
minds which in turn leads to emotional involvement. The audio visual quality also
makes television images more memorable.
• The live (broadcast) nature of television allows it to transmit visuals and
information almost instantly. Thus it can also be termed as a ‘live’ medium.
• This capacity of the medium makes it ideal for transmitting live visuals of news and
sports events. If you are watching a football match in a television channel, you can
almost instantly see the goal hit by your favourite team. On the other hand, you
can read about the football match only in the next day’s newspaper.
• Television allows you to witness events which happen thousands of miles away.
• All of us know that there are a large number of people who cannot read or write.
• Such people may not be able to read a newspaper, but they can watch television.
• Any one with a television receiver can access the information shown on television.
• This makes it an ideal medium to transmit messages to a large audience.
• In a country like ours, with a huge illiterate population, this characteristic of
television makes it an ideal instrument for transmitting social messages. Television
also has a very wide output, range and reach. It is truly a mass medium.

6. Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
• The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE - launched in India in
1975, designed jointly by NASA and the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO)
• The project made available informational television programmes to rural India.
• The main objectives of the experiment were to educate the poor people of
India on various issues via satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain
technical experience in the field of satellite communications.
• The experiment ran for one year from 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976, covering
more than 2500 villages in six Indian states and territories.
• The project was supported by various international agencies such as
the UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF and ITU.
• The experiment was successful, as it played a major role in helping develop
India's own satellite program, INSAT.

7. Background
• As part of its Applications Technology Satellites program in the 1960s, NASA sought to field
test the direct broadcast of television programs to terrestrial receivers via satellite and
shortlisted India, Brazil and the People's Republic of China as potential sites to stage the
test.
• The country which would receive these broadcasts would have to be large enough and
also close to the equator for testing a direct-broadcast satellite.
• India emerged as the only suitable candidate; however, its strained relationship with the
U.S. prevented the U.S. government from directly asking for its assistance, preferring India
to make the first request for assistance for its own nascent space program.
• At the same time, India was trying to launch its national space program under the
leadership of Vikram Sarabhai. India was interested in the role of satellites for the
purpose of communication and asked UNESCO to undertake a feasibility study for a
project in that field.
• Arnold Frutkin, then NASA's director of international programs, arranged to have the
Vikram Sarabhai approach NASA for help. Sarabhai saw this as a great opportunity for India
to expand its space program and to train Indian scientists and engineers. Consequently,
the Indian Department of Atomic Energy and NASA signed an agreement regarding SITE
in 1969.The experiment was launched on 1 August 1975.

8. Objectives
• gain experience in the development, testing and management of a satellite-
based instructional television system particularly in rural areas and to determine
optimal system parameters;
• demonstrate the potential value of satellite technology in the rapid development
of effective mass communications in developing countries;
• demonstrate the potential value of satellite broadcast TV in the practical
instruction of village inhabitants; and
• stimulate national development in India, with important managerial, economic,
technological and social implications.
 The primary general objectives from an Indian perspective were to educate the
populace about issues related to family planning, agricultural practices and
national integration.
 The secondary objectives were to impart general school and adult education,
train teachers, improve other occupational skills and to improve general health
and hygiene through the medium of satellite broadcasts.

9. Village Selection
 As the broadcasting time was limited, it was decided that the direct reception
receivers would only be installed in 2400 villages in six regions spread across the
country. Technical and social criteria were used to select suitable areas to
conduct this experiment.
 A computer program was specially designed at ISRO to help make this selection.
As one of the aims of the experiment was to study the potential of TV as a
medium of development, the villages were chosen specifically for their
backwardness.
 According to the 1971 census of India, the states having the most number of
backward districts in the country were Orissa, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka.

10. Impact
• The SITE transmissions had a very significant impact in the Indian villages. For the entire
year, thousands of villagers gathered around the TV set and watched the shows.
• Studies were conducted on the social impact of the experiment and on viewership trends.
It was found that general interest and viewership were highest in the first few months of
the program (200 to 600 people per TV set) and then declined gradually (60 to 80 people
per TV set). This decline was due to several factors, including faults developing in the
television equipment, failure in electricity supply, and hardware defects, as also the
villagers' pre-occupation with domestic or agricultural work.
• Impact on the rural population was highest in the fields of agriculture and family
planning.
• Before SITE, the focus was on the use of terrestrial transmission for television signals. But
SITE showed that India could make use of advanced technology to fulfill the socio-
economic needs of the country.
• This led to an increased focus on satellite broadcasting in India. ISRO began preparations
for a country-wide satellite system. After conducting several technical experiments,
the Indian National Satellite System was launched by ISRO in 1982.
• The Indian space program remained committed to the goal of using satellites for
educational purposes.
• In September 2004, India launched EDUSAT, which was the first satellite in the world built
exclusively to serve the educational sector. EDUSAT is used to meet the demand for an
interactive satellite-based distance education system for India.

11. Educational TV
• Use of television as an instructional medium was first reported in 1932 by State
University of IOWA in USA on an experimental basis in a world fair. Later on, due to the
World War II the introduction of television was slowed down; by 1948 there were very few
educational institutions involved in using television as an instructional medium in spite of
great interest in television by the educationists.
• In India, since the inception of TV network, television has been perceived as an efficient
force of education and development. With its large audience it has attracted educators as
being an efficient tool for imparting education to primary, secondary and university level
students. Some of the major educational television projects are discussed as hereunder:

12. Secondary School television project (1961)
• Aim to improve the standard of
teaching in view of shortage of
laboratories, space, equipment
and dearth of qualified teachers
in Delhi this project started on
experimental basis in October
1961 for teaching of Physics,
Chemistry, English and Hindi for
students of Class XI.

13. Delhi Agriculture Television (DATV) Project
(Krishi Darshan) (1966):
• The project named Krishi
Darshan was initiated on January
26, 1966 for communicating
agricultural information to the
farmers on experimental basis
for the 80 selected villages of
Union territory of Delhi through
Community viewing of television
and further discussions among
themselves.

14. Indian National Satellite project (INSAT)
(1982):
• The prime objective of the INSAT
project was aimed at making the
rural masses aware of the latest
developments in the areas of
agricultural productivity, health
and hygiene. It was initially
targeted at villagers and their
school going Children of selected
villages in Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.

15. UGC-Higher Education Television Project
(HETV) (1984)
• University students were the beneficiaries of this project. The
University Grants Commission in collaboration with INSAT started
educational television project, popularly known as ‘Country wide
Classroom’ on August 15, 1984 with the aim to update, upgrade and
enrich the quality of education while extending their reach.

16. IGNOU-Doordarshan Telecast (1991):
• aim to provide tele-counselling
to students of open universities
in remote areas. Owing to the
encouraging response from
viewers, the frequency of this
project was increased to five
days a week. This programme is
very popular.

17. Gyan-Darshan Educational Channel (2000)
• Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Information &
Broadcasting, the Prasar Bharti
and IGNOU launched Gyan
Darshan (GD) jointly on 26th
January 2000 as the exclusive
Educational TV Channel of India.

18. TV Production
As with filmmaking or other electronic media production, production of an individual
episode can be divided into three parts. These are:
Pre-production
Pre-production begins when a script is approved. Pre-production tasks include
storyboarding, construction of sets, props, and costumes, casting guest stars, budgeting,
acquiring resources like lighting, special effects, stunts, etc.
Principal photography
Principal photography is the actual filming of the episode. Director, actors and crew will
gather at a television studio or on location for filming or videoing a scene. A scene is
further divided into shots, which should be planned during pre-production. Depending
on scheduling, a scene may be shot in non-sequential order of the story.
Post production
Once principal photography is complete, producers coordinate tasks to begin the video
editing. Visual and digital video effects are added to the film; this is often outsourced to
companies specializing in these areas. Often music is performed with the conductor
using the film as a time reference (other musical elements may be previously recorded).
An editor cuts the various pieces of film together, adds the musical score and effects,
determines scene transitions, and assembles the completed show.

19. TV Genre
Genre: "kind" or "sort“
is the term for any category of literature or other forms of art or culture, e.g. music, and in
general, any type of discourse, whether written or spoken, audial or visual, based on some
set of stylistic criteria. Genres are formed by conventions that change over time as new
genres are invented and the use of old ones are discontinued. Often, works fit into multiple
genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions.
 TV News
 TV Documentaries or Features/ Factual Television
 Talk Shows
 Children’s Programmes
 ‘Talent Hunt’ Shows
 Reality TV
 Religious Programmes
 Other Genres
 Soap Operas
 Telenovela
Refer:
http://www.wikipedia.org

20. TV and Development
Public television in India, according to various Prasar Bharati and Doordarshan
publications, has the following social objectives:
1. To act as a medium for social change
2. To promote national integration
3. To stimulate a scientific temper in the minds of the people.
4. To disseminate the message of family planning as a means of population control and
family welfare.
5. To provide essential information and knowledge in order to stimulate greater
agricultural production.
6. To promote and help preserve environmental and ecological balance.
7. To highlight the need for social welfare measures including welfare of women,
children and the less privileged.
8. To promote interest in games and sports.
9. To create values of appraisal of art and our cultural heritage.

21. RADIO
Topics: B
• A combination of a number of discoveries of electro magnetic waves, radio waves, the
wireless telegraph and the triode amplifier valve by scientists and technicians from
different countries gave rise to the development of wireless telegraphy and later to
radio broadcasting.
• ]
• WWI prompted the industrialization of wireless telegraphy. In US the radio created a
communication environment in which amateurs could operate freely.
• Radio Broadcasting needed the mass production of receivers and marketing for it to
be commercially viable. WWI military requirements facilitated this.
• Earliest radio transmission in 1915 were by universities to disseminate news.
• First radio stations were setu in Pittsburg, New York and Chicago in 1920s to broadcast
election news, sporting events and even opera performances.
• By mid 1923 as many as 450 stations sprouted across US
• In Europe, public service oriented broadcasting supported by taxes or license fees
rather than advertising oriented commercial broadcasting found widespread favour.
• Thus as CBS Columbia Broadcasting Station and NBC National Broadcasting Stations in
the US were established as private stations, the British Government took the initiative
ti set up BBC in 1920 as an autoomous public service corporation.

22. Development of Radio in India
• Broadcasting was introduced in India by amateur radio clubs in Calcutta, Bombay,
Madras and Lahore.
• Before the clubs launched their ventures, several experimental broadcasts were
conducted in Bombay and other cities.
• The Times of India records that a broadcast was transmitted from the roof of it’s
building on August 20, 1921.
• By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India
• Amateur radio operators played an important part in the Indian independence
movement with the establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations in the
1940s.
• The three decades after India's independence saw only slow growth in the numbers
of operators until the then Prime Minister of India and amateur radio operator, Rajiv
Gandhi, waived the import duty on wireless equipment in 1984.
• Since then, numbers have picked up, and as of 2007, there were more than 16,000
operators in the country.
• Amateur radio operators have played a vital role during disasters and national
emergencies such as earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, floods, and bomb blasts, by
providing voluntary emergency communications in the affected areas.

23. All India Radio
• All India Radio (AIR), officially known since 1956 as Akashvani is the radio broadcaster of
India and a division of Prasar Bharati. Established in 1936, it is the sister service of Prasar
Bharati's Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster. All India Radio is one of the
largest radio networks in the world.
• In British India, broadcasting began in June 1923 with programmes by the Radio Club of
Bombay and other radio clubs.
• According to an agreement of 1926, the private Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was
authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and
the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927.
• On 1 March 1930, however, the company went into liquidation.
• The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State
Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 (on an experimental basis for two years, and
permanently in May 1932). On 8 June 1936 the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
• When India became independent in 1947 the AIR network had only six stations (in Delhi,
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow, and Tiruchi); the total number of radio sets at that
time was about 275,000.
• On 3 October 1957 the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to compete with Radio
Ceylon.
• Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR, but was split off from the
radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
• FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Madras, and was expanded during the 1990s.

24. AIR Services
 Vividh Bharati
 Prasar Bharati
 Regional Services:
The headquarters of the Regional Deputy Directors General are located at Delhi and
Chandigarh (NR), Lucknow and Bhopal (CR), Guwahati (NER), Kolkata (ER), Mumbai and
Ahmedabad (WR), Chennai and Bangaluru (SR).
 External Services:The external services of All India Radio broadcast in 27 languages to
countries outside India. The first broadcasts were in Pushto, beamed to Afghanistan and
the North-West Frontier Province. Soon broadcasts began in other languages including Dari,
Persian, Arabic, English, Burmese, Japanese, Chinese, Malay and French. The external
services broadcast in 16 foreign and 11 Indian languages, with a total program output of
70¼ hours per day on medium- and shortwave.
 News-On-Phone Service:All India Radio launched news-on-phone service on 25 February
1998 in New Delhi; it now has service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna and
Bangalore. The service is accessible through STD, ISD and local calls
 Direct-To-Home Service:Direct-to-home (DTH) service is offered on 21 channels via Insat.
 FM

25. AIR Programmes
News Bulletins
NewsReels
Documentaries/Radio features
Radio Plays
Radio Talks
Music Programmes
Movie trailers
Quizzes

26. Vividh Bharati
The Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio was conceptualized to combat Radio
Ceylon in 1957. Within no time it proved to be a popular channel of every
household. Vividh Bharati radio channel was launched on October 3, 1957. The service
provides entertainment for nearly 15 to 17 hours a day.
Vividh Bharati is one of the best-known services of AIR. Its name roughly translates as
"Multi-Indian Service", and it is also known as the Commercial Broadcasting Service
(CBS).
It is the most commercially-accessible of the AIR networks and is popular in Mumbai and
other large cities.
Vividh Bharati offers a wide range of programmes including news, film music and comedy
programs.
It operates on different medium wave-band frequencies for each city.
40 Vividh Bharati stations across the country down-linked these programmes through
captive earth stations provided at each of these AIR stations.
These 40 Vividh Bharati stations are known as Commercial Broadcasting Service Stations
and are located at all major and commercially vibrant cities covering 97% of the Indian
population.
Some programs broadcast on Vividh Bharati are:
Hawa-mahal: Radio plays based on novels and plays

27. Prasar Bharati
• Prasar Bharati is India's largest public broadcaster. It is an autonomous body set up by an
Act of Parliament and comprises Doordarshan television network and All India Radio which
were earlier media units of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of
India.
• Prasar Bharati was established on November 23, 1997 following a demand that the
government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many
other countries. The Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but
it was not enacted until September 15, 1997.
Functions and Objectives
It shall be the primary duty of the Corporation to organise and conduct public broadcasting
services to inform, educate and entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development of
broadcasting on radio and television.