2. contents
• Introduction- what is television?
• The story of television
• Television programme production
• Script Writing for television
3.
4. INTRODUCTION
• How do you feel while watching a cricket match on television? Isn’t it almost like
being there in the stadium? It is quite different from reading about the match in the
next day’s newspaper or hearing a radio commentary. What makes the cricket
match on television more interesting?
• This audio visual character of television
makes it a magic medium which allows us
to watch the world from our drawing
rooms.
• You might remember how exactly Sachin hit a sixer in a crucial match. For most of
• us, “seeing is believing”. This powerful visual nature helps television to create
vivid impressions in our minds which in turn leads to emotional involvement.
5.
6. WHAT IS TELEVISION ?
• A television is a widely used
telecommunication medium f or transmitting
and receiving moving images, either
monochromatic ("black and white") or
color, usually accompanied by sound.
• The word television comes from Greek word
meaning ‘seen from a far’
• Television" may also ref er specif ically to a
television set, television programming or
7. IMPORTANCE OF
•
TELEVISION ions
Television is one of t he f ew invent t hat t r uly
changed t he wor ld.
• I t was t he key t o deliver ing images t o whole nat ions
and indeed t he whole wor ld as t hey happened. I t
was t he f ir st t echnology t hat allowed many people
t o see and exper ience event s t hat wer e hundr eds
or t housands of miles away.
• Television is one of t he gr eat inf or mer s.
• Television br ought ent er t ainment r ight int o t he
home and it made ent er t ainment a passive act ivit y.
• Television has changed home lif e dr amat ically. I n
t he ear ly par t of t he 20t h cent ur y, t he home was
8.
9. Once Upon a Time…
• Believe it or not, there
was once a time when
no television existed.
• What was life like
without the TV?
10. Entertainment before Television
• Before television most
people used the family
radio as their way of
receiving communication
from the world around
them.
• A family would gather
around the radio and listen
to different programs and
news stories.
11. Television ‘s humble beginning
• The term television was first used in 1900.
• Inventors of the television from the 1890’s
until the 1950’s thought of TV as an
additional means for delivering information
and entertainment.
• Television was seen to simply be an
extension of the telephone, radio, and
theatre.
12. Who do you think was the
inventor?
• This may seem like a simple enough question,
but it is far from so. The invention of the
television has many contributors from all over
the world.
• In the next few slides we will discuss some of
the major contributors to the television.
13. John L ogie B aird (August 13, 1888 – June 14,
1946) a Scottish engineer, is known as the inventor
of the first working television system.
In his first attempts to invent television, Baird
experimented with the Nipkow disk and
demonstrated that a semi-mechanical analogue
television system was possible with the transmission
of a static image of a ventriloquist's dummy
in London in February 1924
14. • Alt hough t he development of t elevision was
t he r esult of wor k by many invent or s
(including Bair d, Paul Got t lieb Nipkow and
Bor is Rosing) Bair d is one of it s f or emost
pioneer s. He is gener ally cr edit ed wit h being
t he f ir st per son t o pr oduce a discer nible
t elevision image, and went on t o pr oduce ot her
advances in t he f ield
15. Timeline of the Television
• In 1862 Abbe Giovanna Caselli invents his Pan telegraph and
becomes the first person to transmit a still image over wires.
• Then in 1906 Lee de Forest built a vacuum tube that worked in
the first mechanical working television.
• In 1940 Peter Goldmark invents the first color television with
343 lines of revolution.
16. Timeline of the Television
• In 1948 cable television was introduced in
Pennsylvania.
• In 1981 NHK demonstrates the HDTV which had
1,125 lines of revolution.
• In 1992 the first 21-inch full color plasma TV was
introduced
• In 2010 the first 3-D televisions were put on the market.
17. Major Changes of the Television.
• Then finally in 1956 the first remote control was
made for the TV that was made with wires. The only
problem was that the wires would not work in
sunlight.
• Later the first HDTV was made for viewers to get a
better and higher quality image.
• And in 2010 the first 3D TVs were sold letting
viewers watch their programs in 3D.
19. HISTORY OF
•
BROADCASTING
1936 - British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
of Britain began the
• first television service of the world
• 1939 - Television broadcasts began in US
• 1950s - Other countries began television
broadcasting on a wide scale
• 1953 - The first successful programme in colour
was transmitted by CBS
• in USA
20. TELEVISION HISTORY IN INDIA
15TH SEPT 1959- TELEVISION BEGAN IN INDIA ON AN EXPERIMENTAL
BASIS. There were only two one-hour programmes a week, each of one hour
duration.
All India Radio handled these initial broadcasts.
By the 1970s, television centers were opened in other parts of the country
also.
In 1976, Doordarshan, which was All India Radio’s television arm until
then became a separate department.
1975-1976, SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONALTELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE)
21. SITE(1975-1976)
SITE was an important step taken by India to use television for development.
It was conducted between August 1975 and July 1976. Under this programme, the
Indian government used the American satellite ATS-6 to broadcast educational
programmes to Indian villages. Six states were selected for this experiment and
television sets were distributed in these states.
The programmes were mainly produced by Doordarshan which was then a part of
AIR. The telecasts happened twice a day, in the morning and evening.
Other than agricultural information, health and family planning were the other
important topics dealt with in these programmes. Entertainment was also included in
these telecasts in the form of dance, music, drama, folk and rural art forms.
22. A major milestone in the history of Indian television was the
coverage of the Ninth Asian Games in 1982. Doordarshan provided
national coverage for the first time through the satellite INSAT 1A.
Also, for the first time, the transmission was in colour.
By 1983, government sanctioned a huge expansion of Doordarshan.
Thus towards the end of 80s around 75 per cent of the population could
be covered by the transmitters. Many of the programmes of Doordarshan
like Hum Log, Buniyaad and Nukkad were immensely popular.
1997- Establishment of PRASAR BHARATI: The Prasar Bharati
Corporation was esablished to serve as the public service broadcaster of
the country which would achieve its objectives through AIR and DD
1990s :ADVENT OF PRIVATE TELEVISION CHANNELS IN
INDIA
23. Emergence of Private TV channels
Today, we have many channels other than Doordarshan. Private
television channels like Zee, Star, Aaj Tak, CNN have come into the
Indian television scene quite recently.
In the earlier days, Doordarshan had a monopoly as it was the only
channel available to the Indian television audience.
This changed in the 1990s with the arrival of private channels. The
coverage of the Gulf War by the American news channel, Cable News
Network (CNN) propelled the arrival of satellite television in India.
Satellite dishes were used to catch the CNN signals and cable operators
took to satellite broadcasting immediately.
24. Hong Kong based STAR (Satellite Television Asian Region) entered into an agreement with
an Indian company and Zee TV was born. It became the first privately owned Hindi satellite
channel of India. The agreement between STAR and Zee did not last long.
The Supreme Court ruling of 1995 which stated that the airwaves are not the monopoly of
the Indian government boosted their growth. Several regional channels also came into being
during this period. Sun TV (Tamil), Asianet (Malayalam) and Eenadu TV were a few of them.
Apart from the regional channels, a host of international channels like CNN, BBC and
Discovery are also available to the Indian television audience. With different categories of
channels like 24 hour news channels, religious channels, cartoon channels and movie
channels, there is something for everyone to watch.
25. Have you ever thought what goes
behind any television programme
production?
Or, have you ever noticed the names of
the people involved in production
process
that appear on television after the
programme ends?
Lets learn
26. TELEVISON PROGRAMME
PRODUCTION
• There are three stages of programme
production
1. Pre production: This stage includes everything you do before entering
the studio or reaching the shooting location. It involves idea generation, research,
scripting, discussions with all the crew members and talents (actors), arranging
equipment, video / audio tapes, properties, costumes, sets designing or location
hunting and booking of editing shifts.
2. Production: This is the stage when you are on the studio floor or on
location and are ready to shoot or are actually shooting.
3. Post production: This is the third stage of programme production.. e It
includes cutting the recorded visuals into appropriate length, arranging the visuals in a
proper sequence, use of desired effects for the visuals or text / captions, commentary
recording, music/song recording, and final assembly of the entire programme
29. Script Writing for television
Television needs more good writers. Somebody’s gotta tell the little
people that live in that box what to say and when to say it, and that,
my friends, is where you come in!
30. BEfORE wRITING ThE SCRIPT ONE
ShOULD hAVE ThE fOLLOwING ThINGS IN
hIS MIND :
(1)Types of audience:- The writer should have in his mind, before
writing the script, the type of audience he is going to feed, whether
homogeneous or heterogeneous group.
(2)Objectives: -The objectives of the script should be more specific.
These should not be in general terms.
(3)Content: - The content should be based on the objectives. It is the
duty of the script writer to collect the data according to the subject
matter, arrange them logically and in an interesting manner and finally
with the help of audio-visual aids to present the topic in the way which
will receive appreciation of the audience.
31. (4) Resources: - this is a creative process. What are the resources to
be adopted to match the content and objectives are to be decided by
the writer.
(5) Limitations:-the writer is handicapped in relation to the limitations
of the studio facilities, the finances, studio timing etc.
(6) Image perception: -The TV is the combination of both picture and
sound. If a picture will do what is the necessity of using words? The
programme becomes boring and monotonous if the script writer
forgets that it is a visual medium.
(7) Script: - the language of the script should be as such which can
easily be understood and can be related by the audience. They will
find pleasure in the programme.
32. Important StepS In
DevelopIng a televISIon
1. programme :-
Select a subject matter field which is need based from
rural audience point of view.
2. Choose an appropriate topic from the subject matter.
3. Determine the main points to be made in the
programme.
4. Get an overall picture of programme in your mind.
5. Divide the programme into important steps and arrange
them in logical order.
6. Consult resource persons and materials to make the
telecast more accurate.
33. 7. List out all the visual, equipment and other materials
used in the production of a farm telecast.
8. Determine the participants such as farmer, home makers,
specialists, folk artists and other.
9. Make an outline of the programme.
10.Divide a sheet of paper into two columns. In the left
column write the things you want to show, in the right
column put the things you want to say or talk about.
Label the left column “VIDEO” and the right column
“AUDIO
11.Write the opening and closing shots, action and talk that
will take to do each important step of the programme.
34. 12.Correct the out line as per the suggestions of programme
producers and provide a copy to the producer and to the
participants. This should be done at least on week before
the programme is to be telecast
13.Keep ready all the visual. Specimens and participants
before going for recording.
14.Prepare the audio and visual to each sequence according
to time segment.
15.Rehearse the programme at home, office or some other
convenient place. Add or substrate material to fit the
script into the desired time.
35. poIntS to be remembereD whIle
televISIon programme IS beIng
recorDeD or beIng telecaSt:-
• Arrive at shooting place well in advance.
• Acquaint the participants with the TV equipment and get, and
introduce them to the programme producer.
• Set up your equipments and rehearse the programme without
camera. If time permits and facilities are available rehearse the
programme with camera.
• Make any last minutes changes that are necessary and relax until
the programme is to be telecast.
• While the programme is being telecast concentrate on the subject
36. • Try to get an informal approach to the programme.
• If something un expected happens or make a mistake or drop
something, don’t let it bother you. Recognize the mistake and
continue your programme as planned.
• Shows visuals samples, specimen. This makes programme more
interesting.
• Pronunciations should be clear and audible. Avoid difficult words
in communication.
• Don’t have apologetic opening. Open with an appealing tone with
authentic information.
• Let your voice have vitality, vigour, energy and enthusiasm
• Maintain time segment.
