This document discusses process planning activities, including calculating important process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. It also covers selecting jigs and fixtures, the economics of process planning such as cost estimating and break even analysis, and determining the break even point through algebraic and graphical methods. Key factors that affect selecting the cutting speed for different machine operations and materials are also outlined.

1. Unit 2 - Process Planning Activities

2. Process parameter calculation for
various production processes
Three important process parameters to be
calculated for production operation during
process planning are
Cutting speed
Feed rate
Depth of cut

3. Cutting speed
• Cutting speed is defined as the relative speed
between the tool and job
• It is expressed in metre per minute(mpm)

4. Factors affecting the selection of
cutting speed
Nature of cut
Work material
Cutting tool material
Cutting fluid application
Purpose of machining
Type of machining operation
Capacity of the machine tool
Condition of the machine tool

5. Cutting speed for different combination of
operation and materials

6. Calculation of cutting speed

12. Feed rate

13. Depth of cut

14. Selection of jigs and fixtures

15. JIGS

17. Fixtures

19. Jigs vs Fixtures

21. Reason for using Jigs and Fixtures

22. Types of Jigs and Fixtures
JIGS
• Drill jigs
• Boring jigs
Drill jig

23. FIXTURES

25. Economics of Process
Planning

26. Introduction
The process planner should have the knowledge of
Cost estimating
Cost accounting
Types of costs
Calculation of manufacturing cost
Components cost

27. The knowledge of costing will help the
Process Planner
• Type of material to be used for the
component
• Type of manufacturing process to be used for
the product
• Volume of product to be manufactured
• Make or buy a product
Concept of break Even Analysis with respect to process
planning activity

28. Break Even Analysis

29. Aim of Break Even analysis

30. Break Even Point(BEP)

31. Determination of Break Even Point
• Algebric method
• Graphical method

32. 1. Algebric Method
a)Fixed costs (FC)
The fixed costs are the items of expenditure
which remain more or less constant irrespective
of the volume of production. Some important
items under fixed costs are
Depreciation of plant and machinery and building
Interest on capital
Supervisory charges
Cost of lighting, heating and cleaning the works,
operator charges, rent of building

33. 2. Variable costs (VC)
Variable costs are those items of expenditure
which vary with the volume of production. Some
important items under variable costs are
Direct material cost,
Cost of power/fuel consumed,
Cost of tools used,
Cost of consumable stores,
Repair and maintenance charges, storage charges,

36. Contribution

37. 2. Graphical method

38. Break-Even chart
It is a graphical representation of inter-relationship
between quantity produced, cost of producing and
sales return.
The total cost of production (fixed cost +variable
cost) and total sales return are plotted against
quantity produced.
The intersection of the total cost and total sales
return lines gives the break-even point.

40. Example 1

45. TC = FC+(VCXQ)