1) Public speaking involves preparing and delivering a speech before an audience. It is both an art and a process that requires research and structure. 2) When preparing a speech, one should understand the audience and gather relevant materials. The speech should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion and use various techniques to engage listeners. 3) Effective delivery requires practicing the speech, using notes appropriately, employing gestures, maintaining eye contact and controlling nerves. Taking questions at the end is another opportunity to reinforce key points.

1. COMMUNICATION METHODS –
ORAL/VERBAL: Public speaking
Mr. Paul Mboya Jabuya

2. PUBLIC SPEAKING
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3. A. Description
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⬢ Pubic speaking is a process, an act and an art of making a
speech before an audience.
(Successful public speaking Arina Nikitina 2011)

4. B. Preparation and research
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1. Know what is expected
⬡ Be sure you know exactly what the organisers of an event at
which you have to speak expect of you.
⬡ Ask them about the audience (Age, gender, occupation,
knowledge, attitude towards subject, size)
⬡ Know when you are speaking and duration otherwise clarify how
long you will speak.

5. B. Preparation and research Cont…
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2. Gathering your material
⬡ Jot down ideas and do any necessary research.
⬡ If appropriate, ask friends and colleagues for information.
⬡ Put yourself in the position of a member of your audience and
think of the question he or she might want to ask.

6. C. Structure your speech
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1. Ways to structure speech
⬡ Topic by topic: Take different aspects of the subject and cover
them one by one.
⬡ Geographically: Covering content by location e.g. District by
district on the same subject.
⬡ Chronologically: Sharing information in time sequence.
⬡ Using problem and solution structure

7. C. Structure your speech Cont…
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2. Organizing speech content
⬡ Introduction: An opening to the speech. Seize your listener’s
attention with your opening, and you are well on the way to
success.
Do not apologise during the opening.
⬡ Body: Similar to taking people on a journey and you need to
signpost the road. Tell them what you are going to cover. At
points, remind them of what you have already established.

8. C. Structure your speech Cont…
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2. Organizing speech content Cont…
Plot your use of humour so that it comes at intervals throughout
the speech to revive the audience’s attention. Never sabotage
your jokes by saying ‘I’m going to tell you a really funny joke
now’.
Keep anecdotes/stories brief and to the point.
Try to surprise your audience e.g., by directing questions to
them, ask for a show of hands etc.

9. C. Structure your speech Cont…
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2. Organizing speech content Cont…
Get your listeners to write things down.
Visual aids and audio recordings are another way to keep your
audience alert.
Be careful with criticism and controversy.
Appeal also to people’s financial and social aspirations, or group
pride and instincts to explore new ideas – their desire to be
identified with a particular group in society.

10. C. Structure your speech Cont…
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3. Conclusion
⬡ Make it memorable as it is what the audience hear last.
⬡ Do not introduce a new points into the conclusion.
⬡ Reiterate in strong, memorable words and phrases the purpose
of the whole speech.
⬡ Learn your concluding like your opening lines. (Close strong)

11. D. Effective delivery
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1. Notes and scripts
⬡ There are three ways/methods of delivering a speech;
a. carrying the content and structure in your head.
b. Using notes
c. Reading it from a script.
⬡ Audiences find the first method impressive.
⬡ If using notes, write them on cards the size of postcards – sheets
of paper can be distracting.

12. D. Effective delivery
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1. Notes and scripts Cont…
⬡ You may write stage directions i.e ‘Pause’ , ‘louder’, or even when
to make particular gestures etc.
Winston Churchill marked his speeches with detailed stage directions,
even to the point of marking down where he would make particular
gestures.
⬡ Notes should not destruct you and tie your cards together not to
disorganize them or number them.

13. D. Effective delivery
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1. Notes and scripts Cont…
⬡ Keep your notes close to your body and clear of your face.
⬡ Try to look up at your audience most of the time.
⬡ If you are to refer to your notes, inform the audience that you are
checking that you have covered every thing you wanted to cover.
⬡ Politicians often speal from script as a safeguard against slips of
the tongue during speeches which will be reported in the press or
broadcast. This requires great deal of skill.

14. D. Effective delivery
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1. Notes and scripts Cont…
⬡ Scripts can be a barrier between you and your audience. When
using them, remember to adopt conversational tone and to lift
your eyes up from the page as often as you can.
⬡ Underline sentences, phrases and words that you want to
emphasise.

15. D. Effective delivery
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2. Rehearsing
⬡ Talk various points of your speech through aloud to yourself, if
no one else is prepared to listen. This will get you used to
articulating your themes.
⬡ Days before your speech, try it out on a few friends, colleagues or
relatives. Choose people who will give you constructive criticism.
⬡ Get them to ask you question and ask about the impression they
received.

16. D. Effective delivery
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3. Effective language and gesture
⬡ Using right language, rhetorical tricks and gestures are important
aspects of effective delivery.
⬡ use short sentences and simple language.
⬡ Use rhetorical tricks. They help get key points across particularly
at the beginning and end of a speech.
⬡ Use gestures and it is better it comes before the point it is
emphasising. In this way, it stimulates the attention of the
audience

17. D. Effective delivery
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3. Effective language and gesture Cont…
⬡ Have clear speech, project your speech so that the audience can
hear you clearly and pay attention to your articulation.
⬡ Use of pauses are vital element in good public speaking as they
can mark the end of a stage in the speech and create expectation
and suspense. They also give you time to take breath, to organize
your thoughts for the next point and give audience time to
assimilate what you have said.

18. D. Effective delivery
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3. Effective language and gesture Cont…
⬡ Variety of pace, pitch and volume. The sound of your voice is
especially important in keeping an audience interested.
⬡ Keep eye contact to see how they react. When speaking to a
small gathering, aim to make eye contact with everyone present
and do not dart aimlessly around the group which will give an
impression of secrecy.

19. D. Effective delivery
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4. Equipment
⬡ Check that all the equipment you need works.
⬡ Make sure your slides, if you are to use them, are in the right
order.
⬡ Beware of the lectern/reading stand. It symbolises a certain
authority and they can also create barriers between you and your
audience, making it harder to gain their trust.

20. D. Effective delivery
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5. Stage fright
⬡ This is not a bad thing but when nervousness gets out of control
– with adrenalin pumping madly in the body – it can paralyse a
speaker. When controlled, on the other hand, it can lift a
speaker’s performance.
⬡ May manifest through; feeling tense in your neck and shoulders,
mouth may feel dry or start to over produce saliva, knees may
wobble, chest may feel tight, your heart may beat faster.

21. D. Effective delivery
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5. Stage fright
a. The right frame of mind
⬡ Be prepared and to not hold back on rehearsing. Make sure you
are thoroughly comfortable with all ideas you have to express.
⬡ Ask yourself what could possibly go wrong and prepare yourself
accordingly.
⬡ Spend a few moments before the speech visualising it as going
well and the audience as responding to it favourably. Positive
thinking can influence your performance.

22. D. Effective delivery
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5. Stage fright
b. Controlling the symptoms
⬡ Warm yourself up beforehand.
⬡ Give yourself time to relax before you speak.
⬡ Sit in a chair and work through your body from the feet upwards,
tensing each part then relaxing it completely.
⬡ Work out exactly where you tend to feel tension.
⬡ Counteract facial tension by blowing your cheek out as far as
they will go and them sucking them in.

23. D. Effective delivery
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5. Stage fright
c. Controlling the symptoms
⬡ Warm yourself up beforehand.
⬡ Give yourself time to relax before you speak.
⬡ Sit in a chair and work through your body from the feet upwards,
tensing each part then relaxing it completely.
⬡ Work out exactly where you tend to feel tension.
⬡ Counteract facial tension by blowing your cheek out as far as
they will go and them sucking them in.

24. D. Effective delivery
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6. Taking questions
⬡ This is a time for you to amplify and build on what you have said
in your speech.
⬡ Important to let the audience know the can ask questions at the
end.
⬡ Make sure when you take a question that the rest of the
audience have heard it. Repeat it loud and clearly. This also give
you a little extra time to prepare your answer.

25. D. Effective delivery
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6. Taking questions Cont…
⬡ Occasionally, someone will ask a question that really is not a
question at all, but an expression of his or her own point of view.
Quietly restate your own case, then move on to the next
question.
⬡ If asked a question you cannot answer, admit you do not know
the answer but tell the questioner that you can find out and will
call him or her later.

26. D. Effective delivery
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6. Taking questions Cont…
⬡ If someone starts to challenge or heckle you, don’t let your face
and body language show that you feel threatened. Keep an open
posture and answer calmly.
If this continues, break eye contact, turn to another part of the
audience and ask for another question.

27. THANKS!
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