This document provides an overview of disaster resistant buildings and management. It discusses fragile ecosystems and factors that cause climate change. It also examines various natural disasters like floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis. The document outlines the components and functions of ecosystems. It describes fragile ecosystems like deserts, forests, wetlands and mountains. It analyzes threats to these ecosystems from climate change, pollution, development activities and more. Finally, it discusses disaster management concepts like hazards, vulnerability, risk, coping capacity and the disaster management cycle.

1. DISASTER RESISTANT
BUILDINGS AND
MANAGEMENT
Unit 1

2. SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 Basic understanding of fragile Eco-systems and factors that cause
global climatic changes. Overview of major natural disasters, design and
planning solutions for disaster mitigation, organizational and management
aspects.
UNIT 2 Introduction to Natural Disasters: Understanding the effects of
natural calamities such as floods, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, landslides,
forest fires, draughts and Tsunami.

3. ECO SYSTEMS
A group of organisms
interacting among
themselves and with
environment is known as
ecosystem.
Types
Natural ecosystem
a. Terrestrial ecosystem
b. Aquatic ecosystem
Man – made (or) Artificial
ecosystems

4. COMPONENTS

5. FUNCTION OF AN
ECOSYSTEM
The function of an ecosystem
is to allow flow of energy and
cycling of nutrients.
Energy cycle
Nutrients cycle
Hydrological cycle
Food chain
Food web

6. FARGILE ECO SYSTEMS
Fragile ecosystems are local environments that are extremely sensitive to
changes in temperature, air and water quality and other environmental
conditions.
Fragile ecosystems include deserts, semi–arid lands, mountains, forests,
wetlands, small islands and certain coastal areas.

7. DESERT ECO SYSTEM
Deserts cover about a fifth of the Earth's surface. Deserts have extreme environments.
Deserts get between 1 and 15 inches of precipitation per year. Desert plants and
animals have special adaptations that help them survive in this extreme environment.
There are four types of deserts:
subtropical deserts are hot and dry year-round;
coastal deserts have cool winters and warm summers;
cold winter deserts have long, dry summers and low rainfall in the winter;
polar deserts are cold year-round.

9. HAZARDS
In some cases, the balance of life is so fragile
that one unusually dry or wet season can lead
to massive changes.
Climate Patterns
Climate Change
Drought &Wild Fires will burn away the slow-growing
fauna.
Environmental Degradation
Human Development
Water pollution, Air pollution
Poachers
Roads and Transportation
https://education.seattlepi.com/ecological-problems-hazards-face-desert-4809.html

11. MOUNTAINS
A mountain is a landform that stretches
high above the surrounding terrain in a
limited area. Mountain usually have steep,
sloping sides and sharp or slightly
rounded ridges and peaks. Mountain
rages are long chains or groups or
mountains. Ranges are usually 1000 or
more miles long.
Mountains are places where many rivers
begin their sources.

13. THREATS
Water
Land resources
Agriculture
Forests and bio diversity, Soil Erosion
Energy
Transport, infrastructure and communication
Mining
Tourism
Human health
Threats
Climate
change
Habitat loss
Infrastructu
re
Developme
nt
Deforestrati
on
Urbanisatio
n

14. Extractive industries Hydropower/
Infrastructure
Transport Tourism
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN
MOUNTAINS
Climate change
Waste

15. FORESTS
A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds
of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout
the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree
height, land use, legal standing and ecological function.

16. INFLUENCE OF FORESTS
Air Temperature
Local Precipitation
Atmospheric Humidity
Soil and Temperature of soil
Seepage and Water Retention
Soil Erosion
Floods
Control of Air Pollution
Control of Water Pollution through Forests
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/1018-B2.HTM

17. THREATS TO THE FOREST
ECOSYSTEM
Deforestation
• Poaching
• Overexploitation of resources
• Development activities (mining, dams)
• Changing land use patterns
• Fragmentation
• Habitat degradation

19. COASTAL AND RIVER

20. THREATS
Climate change
Pollution
Habitat damage
https://www.slideshare.net/jitenderanduat/threats-to-
marine-biodiversity

21. COASTAL POLLUTION
1.Bacteria and viruses (pathogens).
2. Oxygen-depleting substances such as
sewage, other carbon-based waste, and
dissolved carbon-based material,
3. Toxic substances such as:
 A. Heavy metals, especially in carbon-based
compounds:
 B. Arsenic
 C. Cadmium
 D. Cobalt
 E. Copper
 F. Lead
4. Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates),
5. Hot water discharge from power plants,
6. Trash, including plastic rings used to hold
7.packs of cold drinks.
8. Noise, especially noise that interferes
with marine mammals and other animals
communications and hearing.

22. WET LANDS
A wetland is a
distinct ecosystem that
is inundated by water, either
permanently or seasonally, where
oxygen-free processes prevail.
Wetlands play a number of
functions, including water
purification, water storage,
processing of carbon and other
nutrients, stabilization of shorelines,
and support of plants and animals.
Wetlands are also considered the
most biologically diverse of all
ecosystems, serving as home to a

25. THREATS
Industrial threats
Invasive species
Pollution
Climate change
Dams
http://wwf.panda.org/our_work/water/intro/threats/

26. EVOLUTIO
N OF
EARTH

28. CONTINENTAL DRIFT

30. CLIMATE
Climate is traditionally defined
as the description in terms of
the mean and variability of
relevant atmospheric variables
such as temperature,
precipitation and wind. Climate
can thus be viewed as a
synthesis or aggregate of
weather.
the World Meteorological
Organisation (WMO), 30 years is
the classical period for performing
the statistics used to define

31. THE ATMOSPHERE
Wind speed
with ref to
heights

37. CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns
when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to
millions of years).
If the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call it climate change.
Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations
in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions.

38. CAUSES
- The Earths climate can be affected by natural factors that are external to
the climate system.
a. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
b. OCEAN CURRENT
c. EARTH ORBITAL CHANGES
d. SOLAR VARIATIONS
e. CURRENT GLOBAL WARMING

39. HUMAN CAUSES (Anthropogenic or Man-made
causes)
 Greenhouse gases
 Deforestation
 Coal mining
 Burning of fossil fuels
 Industrial processes

40. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect is the
process by which radiation
from a planet's atmosphere
warms the planet's surface to
a temperature above what it
would be without its atmosph
]
•water vapor, 36–70%
•carbon dioxide, 9–26%
•methane, 4–9%
•ozone, 3–7%
•Nitrous oxide

42. CORRELATION
BETWEEN CO2
AND
TEMPERATURE

43. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
DECLINE IN CROP PRODUCTIVITY
ECOSYSTEMS ARE CHANGING
HURRICANES
RISE IN TEMPERATURE

45. INTRODUCTION TO
DISASTER
a sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage or
loss of life.
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of
the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources

46. DISASTER
"disaster" means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any
area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence
which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and
destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is
of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the
community of the affected area
THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT BILL, 2005

47. HAZARD is any substance, phenomenon or situation, which has the
potential to cause disruption or damage to people,their property, their
services and their environment
ƒ
Natural ƒ
Biological ƒ
Technological ƒ
Societal

48. Secondary hazards These are
hazards that follow as a result of other
hazard events.
Hazards secondary to an earthquake
may be listed as follows to illustrate
the concept.
Primary hazard is the earthquake.
Secondary hazards are
• Building collapse
• Dam failure
• Fire
• Hazardous material spill
• Interruption of power/ water supply/
communication/ transportation/ waste
disposal
• Landslide • Soil liquefaction •
Tsunami (tidal wave) • Water pollutio

49. Multiple hazards
When more than one hazard event impacts the same area, there arises a
multiple hazard situation. These different hazard events may occur at the
same time or may be spaced out in time.
The Return Period
Majority of hazards have return periods on a human time-scale.
Examples are five-year flood, fifty-year flood and a hundred year flood.
This reflects a statistical measure of how often a hazard event of a given
magnitude and intensity will occur. The frequency is measured in terms of a
hazard’s recurrence interval.

50. VULNERABILITY ?
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a
community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects
of a hazard.
There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors.
According to UNESCO/UNDRO (1982) Definitions of Hazard & Risk Terminology
Vulnerability (V) is the degree of loss to a given element or set of elements at risk
resulting from the occurrence of a hazardous phenomenon of a given magnitude. It
is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total loss).

51. Vulnerability = Exposure + Resistance + Resilience
Exposure: at risk property and population
Resistance: Measures taken to prevent, avoid or reduce loss
Resilience: Ability to recover prior state or achieve desired post-disaster
state

53. TYPES
Physical Vulnerability:
Meaning the potential for physical impact on the physical environment –
which can be expressed as elements-at-risk (EaR). The degree of loss to a
given EaR or set of EaR resulting from the occurrence of a natural
phenomenon of a given magnitude and expressed on a scale from 0 (no
damage) to 1 (total damage)”
Environmental Vulnerability:
Natural resource depletion and resource degradation are key aspects of
environmental vulnerability. Example: Wetlands, such as the Caroni Swamp,
are sensitive to increasing salinity from sea water, and pollution from storm
water runoff containing agricultural chemicals, eroded soils, etc.

54. 2.Economic Vulnerability:
the potential impacts of hazards on economic assets and processes (i.e.
business interruption, secondary effects such as increased poverty and job
loss) Vulnerability of different economic sectors. The poor are usually more
vulnerable to disasters because they lack the resources to build sturdy
structures and put other engineering measures in place to protect
themselves from being negatively impacted by disasters.
3. Social Vulnerability:
refers to the inability of people, organizations and societies to withstand
adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent in social
interactions, institutions and systems of cultural values.
It includes aspects related to levels of literacy and education, the
existence of peace and security, access to basic human rights,
systems of good governance, social equity, positive traditional values,
customs and ideological beliefs and overall collective organizational
systems (UNISDR). Example- When flooding occurs some citizens, such as
children, elderly and differently-able, may be unable to protect themselves or
evacuate if necessary

55. WHAT IS COPING CAPACITY ?
“The ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and
resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or
disasters“ The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources
and good management, both in normal times as well as during crises or
adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster
risks (UN-ISDR, 2009).
Types of Resources There are two (2) types of resources: national and
international. The national resources have two (2) subdivisions: government
resources and non-government resources. • National Resources are “assets”
and/or “wealth” which a country possesses • International Resources are
external “means” which a country may tap or access for disaster
management purposes.

56. WHAT IS RISK ?
The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of
their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Risk is a function of threats exploiting vulnerabilities to obtain, damage or
destroy assets.
Thus, threats (actual, conceptual, or inherent) may exist, but if there are no
vulnerabilities then there is little/no risk.

60. TYPES OF DISASTERS
Cause
Frequency and Risk
Duration of Impact
Speed of Onset
Scope of Impact
Destructive Potential
Predictability
Control
Human Vulnerability

61. TIME PHASE OF DISASTER

62. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DM involves a continuous and
integrated process of planning ,
organising, coordinating and
implementing measures which are
necessary or expedient for:

64. E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD) plays a key role in forewarning the
disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing.
It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In
addition there are 31 special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.
The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the disaster
strike areas are United Nation agencies.
Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UNICEF
World Food Programme (WFP)
Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)
E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations
Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE)
International committee of Red cross
International committee of Red cross

65. https://www.slideshare.net/anupsingh3363/disaster-management-act-2005-
78231649

66. ASSIGNMENT- DISASTER
MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR
BELOW TOPICS ( INDIA OR
INTERNATIONAL)
2 Avalanches
3 Blizzards
4 Droughts
5 Earthquakes
6 Wildfires
7 Floods
9 Flash floods
10 Tornadoes
11 Heat Waves
12 Land Slides
13 Tsunamis
14 Volcanic
Erruptions
15 Rail Accidents
16 Road Accidents
17 Industrial Accidents
18 Mining Disasters
19 Nuclear and
radiation accidents
20 Epidemics
21 Dust Storms
22 derecho events
23 Ice Storms
24 structural failures
and collapses
25 Fire or Explosions
26 Oil Spills
27 Maritime Disasters
28 Air/Land/ Water
pollution