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Underutilized Capsicum pepper diversity in its Andean centre of origin
1. Underutilized Capsicum pepper
diversity in its Andean centre of
origin
Advances in high-value differentiation
Maarten van Zonneveld, Marleni Ramirez, David Williams, Michael Petz, Sven
Meckelmann, Teresa Avila, Carlos Bejarano, Llermé Rios, Mathias Jaeger,
Dimary Libreros, Karen Amaya, Xavier Scheldeman
August 6, International Crop Science Congress, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil
2. Hypothesis
Enhancing the use of native and neglected crop diversity will
increase in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity and will result
in higher incomes, more sustainable production systems and
other benefits for small-scale farmers.
Purpose
Take advantage of the growing demand for differentiated, high-
value foods and ingredients by focusing on Capsicum peppers in
Peru and Bolivia as a model for enhancing the use of under-
exploited crop diversity and the benefits derived by small-scale
farmers who produce them.
3. How…
Understand and Identify promising
conserve material
diversity
Identify markets and
Multi-actor understand value
platforms chains
Good agricultural
and post-harvest practises
4. How…
Multi-disciplinary team
Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) (Peru)
Fundación PROINPA (Bolivia) Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos (ITA) (Bolivia)
Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Pairumani (CIFP) (Bolivia)
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) (Peru)
Wuppertal University , Department of Food Chemistry (Germany)
Hannover University, Institute of Environmental Economics and Global Trade (Germany)
Hohenheim University, Department of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture (Germany)
5. Bolivia: centre of Capsicum origin
Neotropical origin, at the
moment 40 Capsicum species
described according GRIN
taxonomy
Project focus on Bolivia and
Peru
6. Five cultivated species
Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum frutescens
Capsicum chinense
Capsicum pubescens
Capsicum annuum
7. Peru: centre of cultivated Capsicum
pepper diversity
Mercado Iquitos Mercado Puerto Maldonado
C. annuum
C. baccatum
C. chinense
C. pubescens
C. chinense
C. frutescens
8. Understand Identify promising
and conserve material
diversity
In each country:
•A geographically representative ex situ collection
•Taxonomic identification, morphological and molecular
characterization
•Selection of 100 accessions representative for taxonomic and
ecogeographic diversity for biochemical screening
•Selection of 40 promising material representative for the wide
range of functional attributes for further field evaluation
•Selection of 15 elite material with commercial attributes
9. Ex situ conservation
Peru: 711 accessions including Bolivia: 494 accessions including
germplasm of the 5 cultivated species germplasm of the 5 cultivated species and
(299 C. Pubescens accessions) 7 wild relatives
10. Examples of promising material
Species: Capsicum annuum
Region: Lambayeque
Selection criteria:
-Agromorfological promising
characteristics
- ají cerezo type
-Representativeness of C.
annuum
Tasting:
Delicious, tasteful, braised beef
aroma, pungent
11. Examples of promising material
Species: Capsicum chinense
Region: San Martín
Selection criteria:
ají charapita type
Tasting: subtle, aromatic, low pungency,
good colour, rich of flavours
13. Sample arrival in Wuppertal and analyses in 2011
PROINPA, ITA
Pairumani 114
CIDRA 23
INIA 19
UNALM 25
ICTA 38
__________________
Sum 225
Between 450 and 550 samples expected to be analyzed in 2012 including
Mexican samples
14. Influence of drying and grinding on
important attributes
Fresh
Freeze-dried
30°C oven-dried
50°C oven-dried
Vitamine C Polifenols Extractable color
(ASTA 20.1)
Antioxidative cap. Capsaicinoids
20. Still to be finished before the end
of the project (February 2013)
•Use and evaluation of promising material by
farmers and entrepreneurs for development of
high-value products
•Identification in each evaluation site of elite
material with commercial attributes
•Completion of biochemical analysis to understand
variation of biochemical attributes between different
environments
•Molecular characterization of ~800 accessions
with 16 microsatellites to better understand intra-
specific diversity
Four centres of Capsicumdiversity have been identified: two in Brazil and on in Central-WesternAmericaincluding Guatemala and finally the putative centre of origin of the Capsicum genepoolbeing in current Bolivia. From the many wild species occurring in Bolivia many are used for dietary and cultural purposes. Current Bolivia is also thought to be the centre of crop origin of C. baccatum and C. pubescens.
C. baccatum and C. pubescensare two of the five recognized cultivated species. The other three are C. frutescens, C. chinense and C. annuum which sometimesare considered to form a species complex because genetically they closely related to each other .
Here you see an example of promising material from Peru as identified by two Capsicum pepper entrepreneurs. This is Ajicerezo, cherry chili in English, a Capsicum annuum from the north of Peru. According to our entrepeneurs this accession is tasteful, an aroma of braised beef, and pungent and can be used in different processed products such as dried peppers.
This is another example of Peruvian promising material identified by Capsicum pepper entrepreneurs. A pepper called charapita from the Amazon, Capsicum chinense. According to our entrepreneurs it has a subtle taste, rich of flavours and low pungency,.
Biochemical screening is a useful tool in selecting promising material for further evaluation. This particular plant has an interesting biochemical profile suggesting complex flavours but is also very pungent compared to other plant biochemically screened, which makes it mainly relevant for local consumption and less for most national and international markets where many consumers prefer less pungent peppers. The challenge seems thus to find less pungent material that still has that rich flavour.Scoville = 222560
Therefore our project partner Wuppertal is carrying out biochemical analysis of the Capsicum peppers from Bolivia and Peru. Also samples have been included from Guatemala which is part of a secondary centre of Capsicum diversity for human use. We hope include this year also samples from Mexico to get an even more comprehensive view of variation in biochemical attributes selected for human use in the Andean and Mesoamerican centres of domestication.
All samplesare oven-dried and milled before sending to Wuppertal. This seems to have little influence on most characteristics as this graph shows. The concentration of most characteristics remains stable under different drying methods -freeze-drying, 30 deg. Celcius oven-dried, 50 deg. Celcius oven-dried- compared to fresh material except for vitamin C of which the content clearly degenerates when samples are oven-dried.
In the following slides I will present preliminary analysis by Wuppertal University of variation in biochemical attributes. This variation is presented in boxplots indicating maximum, median and minimum concentration or intensity and the concentration range sin which 50 % of the samples fall.
High variation in the content of capsaicinoids can be observed in the samples from Ucayali, the Peruvian Amazon, which allows selection of richly flavoured Capsicum peppers with different degrees of pungency .
Also a wide variation of total phenols including gallicacidshave been observed in Capsicum samples from Peru.
Several Bolivian capsicum accessions are characterized by high fat content which may be interesting as a health product as they consists of vitamin E. Oils from Capsicum seeds may be a high-value product for cosmetics and human consumption such as traditional foods in combination with peanut paste.
Currently promising material in each country is being evaluated in different environments. In each site, we are looking for material with commercial attributes that are uniquely performing in that site. These materials can be grown locally by small-scale farmers for the development of differentiated high-value products . At the same time this promotesin situ conservation of different Capsicum varieties in different parts of each country.
The following activities are pending to be completed by the end of the project February 2013:Use and evaluation of promising material by farmers and entrepreneurs for development of high-value productsIdentification of elite material with commercial attributes in each evaluation siteCompletion of biochemical analysis to understand variation of biochemical attributes between different environmentsMolecular characterization of ~800 accessions with 16 microsatellites to better understand intra-specific diversity
